PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI-National Defence College
Romania and the New Dynamics of International Security
Contributor(s): Marius-Silviu TOFAN (Editor), Alexandru STOICA (Editor), Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences
ISSN: 2784-2487
Published by: Carol I National Defence University Publishing House
Series: STRATEGII - Sesiunea de Comunicări Științifice
- Page Count: 151
- Publication Year: 2024
- Language: English
EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE – KEY ELEMENTS OF DEEP INTEGRATION AT THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE – KEY ELEMENTS OF DEEP INTEGRATION AT THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
(EUROPEAN SECURITY AND DEFENCE – KEY ELEMENTS OF DEEP INTEGRATION AT THE LEVEL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION)
- Author(s):Mădălin-Adrian BANGALĂ
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:5-14
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Cooperation; common defence; strategies; legal framework; integration; challenges.
- Summary/Abstract:The purpose of this article is to highlight the key elements in European security and defence that enables a deeper integration within the European Union. The security and defence represent a fundamental domain in the European architecture, a benchmark, and a challenge regarding the loyal cooperation between Member States. The methodology used is represented by a synthetic qualitative documentary analysis with an additional quantitative support.The research hypothesis is related to the correlation of key elements in the field of security and defence with the development of a deeper integration of Member States into the European project. As their own defence and security policies belong to the Member States, the research question will provide the answer to whether key elements in European security and defence generate better cooperation between Member States and deeper integration. This article aims to provide a profound understanding of the obligations, challenges, and the impact on the Member States policy on common defence. Following the latest developments in implementing the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence, new steps should be taken to achieve the common defence goal. The presentation will also seek to highlight whether the coherence of Member States policies on achieving the common goal is linked to their deeper integration into the European project.
THE COGNITIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
THE COGNITIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(THE COGNITIVE ELECTRONIC WARFARE IN THE AGE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE)
- Author(s):Alida Monica Doriana BARBU
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:15-24
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Electromagnetic spectrum (EMS); Electronic Warfare (EW); Cognitive Electronic Warfare (CEW); AI; Machine Learning; DeepNets; Directed-Energy Weapon (DEW); 2022 Russian-Ukrainian conflict.
- Summary/Abstract:Collecting and acting on data has increased the military’s dependency on the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS). Electronic Warfare (EW) controls the Electromagnetic Spectrum (EMS) in order to detect, analyze, and track potential threats. EW provides situational awareness for diplomatic insights, defensive measures and offensive options for each country. EW enables Joint Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations (JEMSO). In the EM Operation Environment, the armed forces exploit, protect and attack. More advanced EW can identify, intercept and decode the adversaries’ Data. It can also project directed energy to disrupt enemy operations, reducing the impact of conflicts or preventing some armed conflicts before they begin. Applying cognitive systems to EW helps the army personnel identify patterns and improve the systems, as well as anticipating the COA. Cognitive Electronic Warfare systems interpret a large amount of data from a range of vast sources to provide hypotheses for action plans. Combining human strategies with computer input ensures the success of Cognitive EW approach. Leaving data collection and probability calculations to computers let humans time to think, to be creative and to use their intuiton in order to find the best solutions.
THE LIMITATIONS FACED BY GEORGIA IN TERMS OF GEOPOLITICAL OPTIONS
THE LIMITATIONS FACED BY GEORGIA IN TERMS OF GEOPOLITICAL OPTIONS
(THE LIMITATIONS FACED BY GEORGIA IN TERMS OF GEOPOLITICAL OPTIONS)
- Author(s):Khatuna CHAPICHAZDE
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:25-30
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Georgia; EU; USA; Russia; limits of the geopolitical choices; erosion of neutrality; pro-Russian isolationism; Realpolitik.
- Summary/Abstract:The recent intensified challenges to Georgia’s democratic development, which since the fall of the Soviet Union has been recognized as a democratic beacon among post-Soviet states in Caucasus area for its’ continued path towards Euro-Atlantic integration, have in fact revealed to an unprecedented degree, the extreme lack of real geopolitical choices. The story seems as simple as never before, with either an option to enter and embrace the Russian domination zone, or to seize the absolutely unique opportunities for unprecedented rapprochement with the EU and realistic prospects for accession to the European Institutions, as well as for enhancing the multidimensional relationship perspectives already established with the United States, opportunities which, along with other factors, have emerged decisively due to the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian War. Our academic inquiry also examines the erosion of the concept of neutrality, as well as the Realpolitik discourse.
CHINA, THE ILLIBERAL COUNTER-ORDER, AND THE ROLE OF VALUES IN THE STRATEGIC RESPONSE
CHINA, THE ILLIBERAL COUNTER-ORDER, AND THE ROLE OF VALUES IN THE STRATEGIC RESPONSE
(CHINA, THE ILLIBERAL COUNTER-ORDER, AND THE ROLE OF VALUES IN THE STRATEGIC RESPONSE)
- Author(s):Robert Evan ELLIS
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:31-44
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:Russia; China; Iran; International Order; international relations; illiberal regimes; great power competition.
- Summary/Abstract:This study examines how the People’s Republic of China’s advance of its economic and other objectives both supports, and benefits from the challenges by illiberal states to the rules-based international order. It argues that one of the most important dynamics of the current international system is how, in the context of interdependence and interaction accelerated by new technologies, the feedback loop between those activities of the PRC, and its international partners, are simultaneously enriching and empowering the PRC, and expanding the space in which such illiberal actors can operate, while also weakening the institutions and rule of law which have created the basis for interdependence, security, and prosperity since the end of the Second World War. This work recognizes the variety of goals of illiberal actors with which the PRC engages for its own benefit, distinguishing the dynamic from the structure of competing “blocks” that characterized the Cold War. This work further looks at the interaction between political and economic systems under stress new technologies, and the role of the state in this transformational period, It argues that the new dynamic is reopening fundamental questions about the relationship between the state, individual, and society, and associated questions about economic and political organization itself is in question. In addressing these challenges, this work concludes that transactional “competition” between Western democracies and their opponents for the loyalties of the rest is not enough. It argues that that Western democracies must both hedge against the coming destabilization of the international system, while leading by example and advancing more compelling arguments in the new context for why societal interests are best served by the protection of individual rights and individual choice as the foundation of government legitimacy, as well as for individual ownership and initiative, rather than government as the principal generator of economic value and technological progress in society.
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC INTERESTS AT THE BLACK SEA – ENERGY SECURITY ANALYSIS
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC INTERESTS AT THE BLACK SEA – ENERGY SECURITY ANALYSIS
(INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIC INTERESTS AT THE BLACK SEA – ENERGY SECURITY ANALYSIS)
- Author(s):Daniel Nicolae FÎȚĂ, Mila Ilieva OBRETENOVA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:45-56
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Black Sea; strategic interest; energy security; analysis.
- Summary/Abstract:The birth, development and propagation of regional and world conflict, as well as its escalation towards military war, global economic interests that converge towards the monopolization of strategic hydrocarbon energy resources, it transforms the Black Sea into a geostrategic space of geopolitical and geo-economic importance, but also with huge potential for confrontation and war. Positioning Romania in an inflection point of interests, in an area of strategic importance, being the buffer between NATO and the Russian Federation (the most important regional actor), it gives us the status of a state provider of regional security and welfare. The Black Sea region is important in that it is rich in hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas), it is an energy transit center and becomes a hot spot for the extended world security because it delimits the border between NATO and the Russian Federation, but also the influences from China.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMANIAN EXTENDED NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE PERIOD 2025-2030. PROMOTING INTERESTS IN A DYNAMIC WORLD, UNPREDICTABLE IN FULL EXPANSION AND CHANGE
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMANIAN EXTENDED NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE PERIOD 2025-2030. PROMOTING INTERESTS IN A DYNAMIC WORLD, UNPREDICTABLE IN FULL EXPANSION AND CHANGE
(DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMANIAN EXTENDED NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY FOR THE PERIOD 2025-2030. PROMOTING INTERESTS IN A DYNAMIC WORLD, UNPREDICTABLE IN FULL EXPANSION AND CHANGE)
- Author(s):Daniel Nicolae FÎȚĂ, Mila Ilieva OBRETENOVA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:57-66
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Development; national extended security strategy.
- Summary/Abstract:In the last three decades, Romania has evolved greatly through the individual and joint action of its citizens and has achieved national objectives essential for internal stability and development and strengthening its external position: integration in NATO and the European Union. The extended national security policy is built on fundamental values and benchmarks, being the expression of the common national consensus and effort. In addition to these goals, Romanians have affirmed, on numerous occasions, their attachment to defending the rule of law and democracy, the independence of the judiciary, the fight against corruption, their attachment to involvement in the public space, an indication of the development of a participatory political culture. As a state that continues to reform and aims at stability and modernization, the progress of the citizens of Romania must be the foundation of the actions of the institutions of the rule of law.
THE U.S.-CHINA TRADE WAR DURING THE JOE BIDEN PRESIDENCY: STANDSTILL OR CONTINUATION?
THE U.S.-CHINA TRADE WAR DURING THE JOE BIDEN PRESIDENCY: STANDSTILL OR CONTINUATION?
(THE U.S.-CHINA TRADE WAR DURING THE JOE BIDEN PRESIDENCY: STANDSTILL OR CONTINUATION?)
- Author(s):Przemysław FURGACZ
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:67-72
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:China; U.S.; trade war; Joe Biden; Donal Trump; U.S. trade policy; U.S. economic policy; U.S.-China relations.
- Summary/Abstract:The author's objective is to briefly outline and discuss the Joe Biden administration's trade moves towards China and attempt to answer the question to what extent the Biden administration is continuing the Trump administration's policy on this issue. The text briefly and succinctly outlines the similarities and differences between the approaches and policies of these two U.S. presidents, who fiercely compete in a presidential election year.
MANIPULATING PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOR THROUGH COGNITIVE WARFARE TECHNIQUES IN THE DIGITAL AGE
MANIPULATING PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOR THROUGH COGNITIVE WARFARE TECHNIQUES IN THE DIGITAL AGE
(MANIPULATING PERCEPTIONS AND BEHAVIOR THROUGH COGNITIVE WARFARE TECHNIQUES IN THE DIGITAL AGE)
- Author(s):Florin-Marius GÎNDILĂ
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:73-78
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:technology and information; the Internet; Propaganda; social stability; influences democracies.
- Summary/Abstract:Dominated by technology and information in our digital era, cognitive warfare has become a ubiquitous occurrence impacting views and human behavior by leveraging cognitive weaknesses. Rapid spread of propaganda and false information made possible by the Internet and social media seriously influences democracies, economics, and social stability by means of their effects on Emphasizing the need of preserving cognitive integrity, this book investigates how psychology and technology interact to control minds and behaviors. Propaganda, contrived stories, behavioral psychology, and the application of personal data for tailored influence efforts are among the strategies applied. Media education, digital literacy, and the development of psychological resilience are therefore absolutely crucial in order to offset these consequences.
TAIWAN (ROC) MUST ROCK! WHY TAIWAN'S CASE MATTERS?
TAIWAN (ROC) MUST ROCK! WHY TAIWAN'S CASE MATTERS?
(TAIWAN (ROC) MUST ROCK! WHY TAIWAN'S CASE MATTERS?)
- Author(s):Malwina Ewa KOŁODZIEJCZAK
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:79-84
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Taiwan; unrecognized state; international public law; cybersecurity.
- Summary/Abstract:The author discusses the subjectivity of Taiwan in the article. It must be remember that Taiwan is unrecognized as a state according to international public law. First then, author describes the theories of state elements. She also briefly characterizes the division of power in Taiwan. Then, she points to the organization of the cybersecurity system and methods of combating disinformation as an example of the efficient functioning of Taiwan as a state.
THE FIFTH WAR GENERATION AND ITS GEOSTRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS ON THE BLACK SEA SECURITY DIMENSION: NEW TRENDS, NEW TENDENCIES
THE FIFTH WAR GENERATION AND ITS GEOSTRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS ON THE BLACK SEA SECURITY DIMENSION: NEW TRENDS, NEW TENDENCIES
(THE FIFTH WAR GENERATION AND ITS GEOSTRATEGIC IMPLICATIONS ON THE BLACK SEA SECURITY DIMENSION: NEW TRENDS, NEW TENDENCIES)
- Author(s):Vakhtang MAISAIA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:85-94
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:New Cold War; Black Sea; fifth war generation concept; geostrategic culture; Georgia; Ukraine.
- Summary/Abstract:Paper considers and reflects new dimensions of New Cold War geostrategic balance implications at pan-regional (European) and regional (Black Sea) levels. Currently adopted new challenges in the military doctrine of the Russian Federation envisages engagement into two military conflicts simultaneously and constructed its strategic operational framework founded on incorporation of three combat elements: military, non-military and information warfare measures and proper concepts. Hence, it means that Russia can begin war-game scenarios at the same time against two neighboring nations as it occurs at time being against Ukraine and Georgia. A transformation of war strategy and geostrategic culture (it is a new jargon affiliated with cardinal shifting of strategic operational planning in wargame scenarios at global and regional levels). Hence, the process of geostrategic culture transformation occurring currently whilst introducing Fifth War Generation concept replacing the previous one due to the high technical achievements and technological introduction into the neo-modernist war dynamics itself. Generally to say, a fifth generation warfare is an attempt to accomplish strategic objectives through the use of propaganda and information attack vectors. It's carried out by unknown actors for unknown reasons. Even if the core enemy is identified, the victim nation will not be able to understand the purpose or end goal. The goal of the paper is to realize how the geostrategic cultural transformation takes place at regional level and reflection on what type of influence high-level technologies effect on war process itself.
CALLING FOR MORE SECURITY IN THE EU: THE EFFECTS OF THE “GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR” TOWARDS SECURITY INTEGRATION
CALLING FOR MORE SECURITY IN THE EU: THE EFFECTS OF THE “GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR” TOWARDS SECURITY INTEGRATION
(CALLING FOR MORE SECURITY IN THE EU: THE EFFECTS OF THE “GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR” TOWARDS SECURITY INTEGRATION)
- Author(s):Ligia NICULAE
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:95-106
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Security Integration; EU Commission; Intergovernmentalism; Supranationalism; EU Directive.
- Summary/Abstract:This paper examines the transformative trajectory of Directive 91/477/EEC, tracing its transition from a predominantly market-oriented Directive to one underscored by security imperatives based on the global war on terror. The evolution of this Directive assumes significance against the backdrop of internal dynamics within the EU proving that in times of uncertainty, the Commission becomes the leading voice of change. This is the case of 2015, when the Commission assumed a proactive role in advocating for enhanced security measures as the main security threat of the EU was terrorism. Based on this, this article underscores the pivotal role played by Directive 91/477/EEC revisions in establishing cooperative endeavors among Member States in addressing emergent security challenges. By foregrounding the Commission's assertive stance amidst prevailing uncertainties within the EU, the 2017 revision emerges as a critical juncture catalyzing substantive policy reform at the EU level marking the path towards security integration of the EU. Despite divergent perceptions among Member States regarding the nature and gravity of security threats, this article contends that the Commission's leadership in navigating the complexities of European security dynamics has been instrumental in shaping the discourse and trajectory of EU policy on security.
UNRECOGNIZED STATES AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
UNRECOGNIZED STATES AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY
(UNRECOGNIZED STATES AS A CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY)
- Author(s):Milena Palczewska
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:107-114
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:state; quasi-states; challenge; threat; security.
- Summary/Abstract:The article deals with the issues of unrecognized states that function in the international environment. These are states that have declared independence but have not been recognized by other states. The article refers to terminological issues related to unrecognized states and the features that characterize them. The main aim of the article is to present states that are not recognized as a challenge to international security. This has been done on several examples. Moreover, scenarios for the development of the future of unrecognized states are analyzed.
THREE GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIOS WITH GLOBAL IMPACT
THREE GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIOS WITH GLOBAL IMPACT
(THREE GEOPOLITICAL SCENARIOS WITH GLOBAL IMPACT)
- Author(s):Alba-Iulia Catrinel POPESCU
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:115-124
- No. of Pages:9
- Keywords:Donald J. Trump; China; BRICS; de-dollarization; Israel – HAMAS war; "Arab autumn".
- Summary/Abstract:Although it seems chaotic, the international environment is shaped by predictable forces, nurtured by interest and lust for power and domination. However, sometimes, as Nassim Nicholas Taleb pointed out, "black swans" can happen, meaning events that come as a total surprise and have a major effect. This article refers to three predictable geopolitical developments with significant impact on the global power competition, namely: the re-election of Donald J. Trump as US President; Chinese global financial initiative, including a new Asian bloc currency and a new gold/currency benchmark; and the extension of the asymmetric war between Israel and HAMAS. Three foreseeable geopolitical dynamics, which can however be influenced by chance (“black swans”). The study is linear, starting with the hypotheses, continuing with data collection, data analysis and synthesis and ending with conclusions. The research methods belong to geopolitics and combine data analysis and synthesis with inductive-deductive and ambispective methods. The data used are exclusively from open sources and include official documents, literature and journalistic sources.
A LESSON IN MILITARY DOCTRINAL AND OPERATIONAL FAILURES: THE BATTLE OF HOSTOMEL AND THE RUSSIAN MILITARY’S FAILURE TO CAPTURE KYIV.
A LESSON IN MILITARY DOCTRINAL AND OPERATIONAL FAILURES: THE BATTLE OF HOSTOMEL AND THE RUSSIAN MILITARY’S FAILURE TO CAPTURE KYIV.
(A LESSON IN MILITARY DOCTRINAL AND OPERATIONAL FAILURES: THE BATTLE OF HOSTOMEL AND THE RUSSIAN MILITARY’S FAILURE TO CAPTURE KYIV.)
- Author(s):Oliver B. STEWARD
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:125-132
- No. of Pages:7
- Keywords:Battle of Hostomel; Russo-Ukrainian War; Putin; Leadership; Doctrines; operational warfare.
- Summary/Abstract:This paper will examine the underlying doctrinal and operational factors that led to the failure of the Russian military to capture Kyiv, and its subsequent military implications that led to its (re)assessment of military strategy. Firstly, this paper will examine the historical lead-up to the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War, detailing the relative political and strategic factors that impacted upon President Putin’s decision to launch the ‘Special Military Operation’. Secondly, this paper will go into detail into the relative military and tactical landscape of Russia’s attempt to capture Kyiv, in particular, its failure to seize Hostomel airport, thereby leading to strategic failure. Thirdly, this paper will contend that the failure to capture Hostomel was based in part on operational factors but also upon the inability of Russian military planners to fully predict the Ukrainian resolve, as well as the limitations found in its doctrinal approach to warfare.
RUSSIA’S EMBRACE OF ATTRITIONAL WARFARE: "WINNING BY NOT LOSING"
RUSSIA’S EMBRACE OF ATTRITIONAL WARFARE: "WINNING BY NOT LOSING"
(RUSSIA’S EMBRACE OF ATTRITIONAL WARFARE: "WINNING BY NOT LOSING")
- Author(s):Oliver B. STEWARD
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:133-140
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Putin; strategy; positional warfare; war of attrition; Ukraine; Kyiv; Drones.
- Summary/Abstract:This paper argues that once President Putin was no longer able to achieve his initial objectives of regime change in Kyiv in 2022 by using blitzkrieg operations, Russia’s grand strategy underwent a reassessment towards narrower strategic objectives. This paper will provide an account of the changing nature of Russia’s strategic aims and goals, as well as exploring the ‘Russian’ way of warfare. The shift in war aims is evident in the partial mobilisation of fresh troops, the annexation of Ukrainian territory and waging of a war of attrition. Russia has increased its military budget, the manufacturing of weaponry, as well as the import of military technology from Iran and North Korea. However, NATO allies, including Romania, have provided military aid to Kyiv to continue fighting. Taking all these factors into account, this paper argues this conflict has become a ‘long war’ of attrition.
MILITARY LEADER’S OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS
MILITARY LEADER’S OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS
(MILITARY LEADER’S OPERATIONAL CHALLENGES IN ADDRESSING EVER-CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS)
- Author(s):Laura Alexandra ŢENEA, Paul Tudorache
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Politics / Political Sciences
- Page Range:141-150
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:operational environment; challenges; military leaders; skills; resilience; technology.
- Summary/Abstract:As operational environments continue to evolve, military leaders face a broad spectrum of challenges, from rapidly changing technologies, geopolitical shifts, to increased threat diversity and the need to keep troop morale high in often difficult conditions. The aim of this study is to identify the main operational challenges and analyze their complexity, characteristics and impact on military leaders. This study also highlights the need for military leaders to develop a wide range of skills, including mental agility, critical thinking, adaptability, communication and resilience, and to remain open to continuous learning. These skills, combined with the use of technology, are necessary to respond effectively to new challenges and threats and contribute to the development of military leader resilience. The scientific research methods used to conduct this study are diverse, each with the ability to provide insight and solutions for military leaders.
