Wybitni Rzymianie czasów schyłku Republiki. Gnejusz Pompejusz Wielki (106–48 przed Chrystusem)
Distinguished Romans of the late period of the Republic. Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (106-48 BC)
Contributor(s): Norbert Rogosz (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Social history, Ancient World
Published by: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Keywords: Pompey; Rome; the Republic; Sulla; Caesar; Julia; Mucia; triumvirate; consulate; senate
Summary/Abstract: This publication is not a biography of Pompey the Great, since it contains several articles on various spheres of his public activity. The issues addressed in the articles have been selected by the individual authors, therefore the publication does not comprise a comprehensive picture of the life or activity of Pompey the Great. This book, however, deals with issues that are very unique, and not very often discussed in the studies concerning this outstanding Roman. The articles included in the book have been divided into several series of issues related to Pompey's military and political achievements, intellectual attributes of his and his associates, his emotional life, especially some of his marriages, his death and the future generations’ remembrance of this significant figure. Therefore the problems examined here may be of interest to the academics who deal with ancient history, especially with the last century of the Roman Republic, to history students, teachers and antiques-lovers or hobbyists, especially because of the fact that the issues have been addressed in an original, unique way, which is interesting and accessible.
Series: Filologia Klasyczna
- E-ISBN-13: 978-83-226-3211-6
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-83-226-3210-9
- Page Count: 256
- Publication Year: 2018
- Language: English, Polish
Wojna Gn. Pompejusza z piratami
Wojna Gn. Pompejusza z piratami
(The Cn. Pompey’s War against the Pirates)
- Author(s):Ireneusz Łuć
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:13-33
- No. of Pages:21
- Summary/Abstract:The victory over pirates in the year 67 BC was nothing more than “closing” a long-lasting and arduous war between the Romans and sea pirates. Pompey’s success ended an earlier, inglorious — from the point of view of Romulus’ descendants — series of inefficient, anti-pirate operations, during which the Romans were unable to effectively defend not only their allies but also themselves.The secret of Pompey’s success in this “great war” — which he managed to end after 89 days,i.e. in less than three months instead of the originally planned three years — was the unusualspeed of military action. Among the factors that contributed to the brilliant victory were not only the tactics, tempo of conducted attacks or troops’ mobility, but also Pompey’s forbearance (clementia) towards the pirates and their families when they decided to lay down their weapons. Such a humane attitude put him in a far more favourable light than even Quintus Metellus (Q. Caecilius Metellus Creticus) who, at the same time, fought with the pirates on the island of Crete.Although the whole operation against pirates would last, as already mentioned, only less thanthree months, it was not a bloodless campaign. 10 000 pirates were killed in both land and seabattles, and 20 000 were taken into Roman captivity. Pompey’s troops were to take 120 cities and fortified outposts (pirate “nests”). It was there where prisoners held for ransom were found. The Romans assumed control of pirate armories, warehouses full of looted treasures and goods, as well as supplies of wood for shipbuilding. 400 pirate ships were captured and 1300 vessels were burned by the Romans. Pirate shipyards were also destroyed. By Pompey’s order, captured sea robbers were mostly settled in Cilicia.Pompey and his legates became patrons of cities in the East, and the content of the preservedinscriptions directly expresses residents’ gratitude for destroying the pirate threat.After spending the winter in Asia, in 66 BC, Pompey launched a new military campaign during which he also showed forbearance (clementia), which proved to be effective in pacifying the pirates. The right to hold a third triumph, which was awarded to Pompey by the Senate, was the pinnacle of all his victories he had achieved within the last five years.
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Gn. Pompejusz Wielki a żołnierze. Formy utrzymywania dyscypliny i budowania esprit de corps
Gn. Pompejusz Wielki a żołnierze. Formy utrzymywania dyscypliny i budowania esprit de corps
(Pompey the Great and soldiers: forms and maintaining discipline and building the esprit de corps)
- Author(s):Michał Norbert Faszcza
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:35-52
- No. of Pages:18
- Summary/Abstract:The author attempts to show the factors that could have had an impact on the military successes of Pompey. According to the author, the most important among them was the internal cohesion of his troops, and therefore, he draws attention to the forms of building the soldiers’ loyalty. It translated, in turn, into higher level of esprit de corps and increased discipline. Both the training and strict drill were's, however, not crucial, but rather dependent on the emotional connection with the leader and shared interests.From among the factors listed by the author the most important were: victories, material benefits, personal character of the oath, and various forms of fraternization. The others were: a place of enlisting new troops, clientele, triumphs, and speeches addressed to the soldiers. Unfortunately, due to the number and nature of the preserved literary sources, it is not possible to reconstruct either the evolution of Pompey’s behaviour nor his views on the above-mentioned issues.
- Price: 4.50 €
Polityczna rola Gn. Pompejusza w Republice Rzymskiej w okresie pierwszej wojny domowej i dyktatury sullańskiej
Polityczna rola Gn. Pompejusza w Republice Rzymskiej w okresie pierwszej wojny domowej i dyktatury sullańskiej
(The Political Role of Cn. Pompeius in the Roman Republic during the First Civil War and the Dictatorship of Sulla)
- Author(s):Tomasz Ładoń
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:55-71
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:The article concerns the early political career of Cn. Pompeius Magnus. Clearly, it can be distinguished into three deparate stages. Between 87—84 BC (that is, during the so-called domination Cinnae) Pompey was associated with the Cinnans. This is evidenced by his marriage with Antistia (daughter of P. Antistius) and the involvement of leading Cinnans in the legal proceedings incurred by Pompey after the death of his father, Pompeius Strabo. In the Cinnan camp Pompey did not play an important role due to his young age and limited experience. He was valuable for Cinna, however, because of the influence in Picenum and among veterans of his father.The second stage of Pompey’s career was his activity for the benefit of Sulla. Pompey joinedSulla in 83 BC, fought at his side in the civil war with the Cinnans, and then carried out important military missions in Sicily and Africa. Military achievements strengthened political significance of Pompey in the Republic, and his position increased even more after the celebration of triumph in 81 BC.Between 81—79 BC Pompey gradually moved away from the dictator and strongly tied himself with gens Caecilia. He also began to build his own political base in the Senate. His active participation in political life is proved, for instance, by his support given to M. Aemilius Lepidus — in spite of Sulla — in the consular election of 78 BC. Pompey, however, has not withdrawn from the Sullan camp and after the outbreak of rebellion of Lepidus, sided with the Sullan Senate.
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Udział Gn. Pompejusza Wielkiego w walkach o władzę w Rzymie w latach 54—52 przed Chrystusem
Udział Gn. Pompejusza Wielkiego w walkach o władzę w Rzymie w latach 54—52 przed Chrystusem
(The struggles for power of Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus in Rome 54—52 BC)
- Author(s):Katarzyna Całus
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:73-87
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:The deteriorating political crisis in the Roman Republic over the years 54—52 BC resulting from the assassination of Publius Clodius Pulcher, forced the Senate, in 52 BC, to entrust Cnaeus Pompey the Great with the office of a sole consul in order to calm the situation in the state. Based on the retained source materials, the author analyses Pompey’s involvement in the political events in Rome during that period and assesses that Pompey became involved in political events in the Roman Republic in order to obtain the dominating position in the state. By preventing electing of the officials, Pompey increased the anarchy within the state, indicating that the Senate was unable to control the situation in the Republic at that time, and he was persuading the senators to grant him the office of the dictator.
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Gn. Pompejusz a optymaci (52 rok przed Chrystusem)
Gn. Pompejusz a optymaci (52 rok przed Chrystusem)
(Cn. Pompeius and the optimates (52 BC))
- Author(s):Norbert Rogosz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:89-116
- No. of Pages:28
- Summary/Abstract:The author begins his deliberation by pointing out that the optimates decided to cooperate with Pompey because they merely had a choice, and underlining that despite that fact, their initiative led to a political breakthrough in Rome by bringing under control the successive wave of crisis besetting the Republic increasingly from 54 and by resulting in creation of a new political camp.Bearing this in mind, the author emphasizes the grounds of the mentioned breakthrough,which were based on the gradual changes that started in year 54 and continued until the beginning of 52, in the line-up on the Roman political arena, particularly between Pompey and the optimates; as well as the factors favouring their agreement and cooperation. These included the changes in policy carried out by both sides in said time, the key moments when those changes were made, gradual maturing to establishing the alliance, as well as the character and structure of Pompey’s blocs and optimates grouping.After outlining the enumerated issues, the author discusses the relations between Pompey andthe optimates subsequent to their alliance during Pompey’s third independent consulate, which he held for about six months in 52. The debate is based on those actions of Pompey and his new political partners which had or could have had impact on their relations at the time.
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The Religious Policy of Pompey the Great
The Religious Policy of Pompey the Great
(The Religious Policy of Pompey the Great)
- Author(s):Oleh Petrechko
- Language:English
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:117-127
- No. of Pages:11
- Summary/Abstract:W polityce religijnej Pompejusza szczególne miejsce zajmował kult bóstw zwycięstwa. W tym zakresie na jego poczynania widoczny wpływ wywarły koncepcje Aleksandra Wielkiego, Mitrydatesa VI Eupatora, króla Pontu oraz L. Korneliusza Sulli. Pompejusz nie sformułował własnej, gruntownie przemyślanej możliwej do zaakceptowania przez większość Rzymian koncepcji religijnej. Na jego religijność widoczny wpływ wywarły także zabobony. Nie przestrzegał też szczególnie religijnych norm, a praktykowanie kultu konkretnych bóstw uzależniał od sytuacji politycznej. Budowa świątyni Venus Victrix między innymi miała odsunąć od niego potępienie cenzorów za wybudowanie w stolicy kamiennego teatru. W Rzymie wykazał się silnym sentymentem do bogini Wenus, a nagreckim Wschodzie do Ateny. Nie odczuwał jakichkolwiek skrupułów z tego powodu, że w czasie wojny trojańskiej Atena wspierała Achajów przeciwko mieszkańcom Troji, od których zgodnie z tradycją wywodzili się Rzymianie. O przychylność Wenus Pompejusz rywalizował z Cezarem, jednak w tej konfrontacji z potomkiem Jula, Eneasza oraz owej bogini był skazany na porażkę. Pompejusz dał się też poznać z wykorzystywania religii do celów politycznych, nie unikał na przykład honorów podobnych do zastrzeżonych dla bogów.
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„Literacki sztab” Pompejusza
„Literacki sztab” Pompejusza
(The Pompey’s literary cabinet)
- Author(s):Hanna Appel
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:131-147
- No. of Pages:17
- Summary/Abstract:In her article, the author reminds an important monograph by Mieczysław Popławski, Political Opinion Journalism in the Age of Caesar and Augustus (1935), and takes up some of the Lublin-based scholar’s reflections regarding the Pompey’s “literary cabinet.” Following Popławski’s findings, she presents the figures of Theophanes — the leader’s trusted adviser; Lenaeus — Pompey’s freedman; and Voltacilius Pitholaus — the biographer of both the Pompeys, that is, Pompey Strabo and Pompey the Great; as well as the polyhistor Marcus Terentius Varo.The author’s primary focus is on those details concerning the figures analysed (or their work)which either have lost their relevance since the publication of M. Popławski’s book 80 years ago, or may today be supplemented, due to the relevant recent findings.
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Kultura intelektualna Pompejusza
Kultura intelektualna Pompejusza
(Intellectual culture of Pompeius)
- Author(s):Tadeusz Aleksandrowicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:149-156
- No. of Pages:8
- Summary/Abstract:In scholarly literature on Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus there is tendency to relativize his attitude to broadly defined culture. His intellectual formation, when confronted with his political and military achievements, seems to be less impressive. Extant sources, however, allow us to conclude that his intellectual formation was idiosyncratic and developed throughout his life. It does not change the fact that his intellectual formation was not as profound as this of the undisputed luminaries of his times, that is, for instance, his political rivals — first Lucullus, then Caesar. Yet, they both came from families with solidified cultural traditions. Nonetheless, both popularity that Pompeius enjoyed amongst the senators as well their support might prove that his intellectual formation did not differ from what was considered average in this milieu. Additional proof of Pompeius’ intellectual interests might be provided by his cultural patronage and support given to him by the most outstanding Roman intellectuals of his period, most notably Cicero and Varro.
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Mucja — „niewierna” żona Pompejusza
Mucja — „niewierna” żona Pompejusza
(Mucia — the “unfaithul” wife of Cneus Pompeius)
- Author(s):Agnieszka Dziuba
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:159-166
- No. of Pages:8
- Summary/Abstract:Mucia was the third wife of Cneus Pompeius (Pompey the Great). The great Roman general and leader of the republicans upon the outbreak of civil war in 49 BC, was altogether married five times.However, only Mucia gave birth to his children (two sons — Cneus and Sextus, and one daughter — Pompeia). It was Pompey’s longest marriage. They finally divorced in 62 BC, and the main cause thereof was, according to the ancient literary sources, the woman’s infidelity. The subject of the present article is the analysis of the all extant literary sources, the authors of which described Mucia’s character features. Analyzing the said descriptions allows to paint a portrait of the woman who over the course of 17 years was the wife of an ambitious politician.When Pompey eventually succeeded and became one of three rulers of the Republic (along with Caesar and Crassus), Mucia had to leave their home and their children. The portrait of this woman is not complete and the opinions concerning her life are not unanimous, since the sources rarely described women outside the context of their fathers, spouses (male companions), and sons. Nevertheless, Mucia was interesting enough to merit an individual portrait (based on the analysis of ancient literature), that of a Roman matron, a proud daughter of the politician, “unfaithful” wife of the politician, and an unhappy mother of the politician.
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Iulia Caesaris w oczach jej współczesnych oraz potomnych
Iulia Caesaris w oczach jej współczesnych oraz potomnych
(Iulia Caesaris in the eyes of her contemporaries and posterity)
- Author(s):Agnieszka Bartnik
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:167-179
- No. of Pages:13
- Summary/Abstract:Due to her origin, Iulia, the daughter of Iulius Caesar and the wife of Pompey the Great was one of the most important women of Republican Rome. Mentions about Iulia preserved in written records of ancient writers, including Cicero, clearly show that she did not stand out of women of her era. She was seen as an obedient daughter, a faithful devoted wife who did not engage herself in issues not fitting for Roman aristocrat. Although the feeling that Pompey had for his very young wife was emphasized, it did not seem to affect his decisions in a broader perspective. In later times, her image was depicted freely, among others because she did not play much of a role in the history of Rome. However, even as a fictional character, she did not play the main role, remaining rather a secondary character.
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Głowa Pompejusza i inne ślady spotkania Rzymian z Egiptem
Głowa Pompejusza i inne ślady spotkania Rzymian z Egiptem
(Pompey’s Head and other consequences of the Romans’ encounter with Egypt)
- Author(s):Adam Łukaszewicz
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:183-189
- No. of Pages:7
- Summary/Abstract:Pompey met his tragic end on the Egyptian shore near Pelusium. Contrary to what Appian claims, Pompey was not brought there by wind sent by a daimon, but his flight to Egypt resulted from a rational calculation based upon his old relationships with Ptolemy XII, father of the young king of Egypt. Pompey trusted in his alliance with Ptolemy XIII, since he was a legal guardian to his children, and a custodian of his will and testament. However, after Pompey’s defeat at Pharsalos, the Egyptian allies treacherously murdered Pompey who had landed near Pelusium. They probably yielded to Caesar’s persuasion. Caesar waited near Alexandria for confirmation of Pompey’s death. According to Alexandrians of that time, Ceasar then acted buffoonish and hypocritical, refusing to accept the head of his enemy and accusing the king’s advisors of the horrible crime. The head was then mummified in a procedure which can be reconstructed based on the description in the Lucan’s poem about the civil war. The head of the great Roman was buried by Caesar in “the precinct of Nemesis.” A tomb of Pompey was also near Pelusium. Cleopatra’s policy of secret contacts with Caesar was successful. The later fate of Caesar and Cleopatra was largely determined by the events of 48 BC. There is no trace of the precinct of Nemesis and the said tomb at Pelusium. Only a giant column in Alexandria bears the erroneous name of Pompey’s Pillar.
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Nemezis z grobowca Pompeiusa
Nemezis z grobowca Pompeiusa
(Nemesis and the grave of Pompey)
- Author(s):Paweł Madejski
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:191-203
- No. of Pages:13
- Summary/Abstract:In 41 AD Claudius started to produce a brand new series of coins with an unprecedented iconography: Nemesis with a legend PACI AVGVSTAE. The coins were minted until 52 AD. Modern historians offer a very sophisticated explanation of the Claudius’ reasons to exploit this iconography. First, it was supposed to be base on the Roman understanding of pax: war was an instrument of punishing the superbi, so pax as a result of it could be linked to Nemesis. It is trueNemesis and Pax were juxtaposed and connected. Second part of the explanation presupposes that Claudius used the figure of Nemesis from the Pompey’s tomb as a model. This Nemesis commemorated the punished ὕβρις of Pompey. The outlined explanation was elaborated by Michail Rostovtzeff (who based his interpretation on the earlier comments by Joseph Eckhel).Eckhel-Rostovtzeff hypothesis is, however, based on very weak foundations. Claudius usedNemesis to express the meaning of the Roman concept of pax. The reason for this was quite simple: he came to power after the assassination of Caligula, in the time when the Romans observed a feast of Pax. Moreover, there are no suggestions in the preserved testimonies that Caesar wanted to denigrate the memory of his main opponent. Caesar ordered to bury the remains of Pompey and dedicated to Nemesis the plot of landfor this purpose. He did so because he aspired to be seen as a decent Roman who punished the death of his fellow citizen (and a friend, colleague, son-in-law). Probably Caesar also allowed Cornelia to transfer the ashes from the Alexandrian Nemeseion to Alba, but besides Plutarch no other source confirms that such an act in fact ever took place.
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Klaudyjscy przodkowie cesarza Tyberiusza a obóz pompejański. Zarys problemu
Klaudyjscy przodkowie cesarza Tyberiusza a obóz pompejański. Zarys problemu
(Claudian ancestors of Emperor Tiberius and the Pompeian camp. Outline of the issue)
- Author(s):Łukasz Jończyk
- Language:Polish
- Subject(s):History
- Page Range:205-219
- No. of Pages:15
- Summary/Abstract:In the article, the author analyses the connections of Emperor Tiberius’ direct ancestors with the Pompeian camp. These included the emperor’s grandfather, Tiberius Claudius Nero, and father bearing the same name, as well as his grandfather on the mother’s side, Marcus Livius Drusus Claudianus. Each of the enumerated Claudii had a connection either with Pompey or his sons, or with the politicians supporting them, which indicates how immensely significant and omnipresent on the political arena the camp was at the time of Republic’s fall. These relations were of diverse nature. In case of the first of the mentioned — Tiberius Claudius Nero — they were military, as he served as Pompey the Great’s legate, while the connections established with Pompeians by the other two representatives of theClaudian family were more diverse. On the one hand, this proves the variability of the Roman politics, and on the other — how opportunistic these politicians were, replacing faithfulness to the matter and idea with cold calculation of the potential profit and loss resulting from their support for one of the competing political camps. The said choices, however, not only affected the politicians making them, but also their descendants. Emperor Tiberius also felt the effects of the actions of his ancestors, especially in the fact of his parents divorcing, the marriage of Livia and Octavian, and perhaps in his relatively late adoption and being anointed as a successor by Augustus.
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