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1945. The End or the New Beginning? Cover Image
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1945. Kpaj или нови почетак?
1945. The End or the New Beginning?

Contributor(s): Zoran Janjetović (Editor), Zoran Janjetović (Translator)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, History, Diplomatic history, Political history, Social history, Recent History (1900 till today), Special Historiographies:, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Fascism, Nazism and WW II
Published by: Institut za noviju istoriju Srbije
Keywords: history; The Second World War; post-war period; economic history; political history; communism; USSR; Yugoslavia; political systems; diplomatic history; international relations; Bleiburg; refugees; Communist Party; Jews; displaced persons; war crimes;
Summary/Abstract: In 2015, the world celebrated its 70th anniversary since the end of World War II. On the initiative of Dr Dragan Aleksić, the Institute for Contemporary History of Serbia decided to join the commemoration of this significant date by publishing a collection of scientific papers that would not only be of a suitable character but would also represent a scientific contribution to the anniversary. It was an honor for me to be the editor of this collection, and my idea of ​​what it should look like revolved around 1945 as a turning point: a time when the war was ending and a new era was beginning. The end of World War II, to a much greater extent than the end of World War I, also marked the end of an old, pre-war world. After World War I, three empires disappeared, a series of new states emerged, democracy and the right of peoples to self-determination became generally accepted ... The end of World War I sowed, however, the seeds of the next world slaughter. It was incomparably greater than the previous or any other war in history, and its end created a world that people who lived in 1914 would never recognize. Europe was devastated, effectively divided between the two victorious superpowers, while the old European powers were losers or mere formal victors: soon after World War II, and in large part thanks to it, the colonial empires of Great Britain and France began to crumble rapidly, giving birth mainly during the first two postwar decades the world as we know it today. [...]

  • Print-ISBN-13: 978-86-7005-133-1
  • Page Count: 627
  • Publication Year: 2016
  • Language: English, Croatian, Serbian
Između oslobođenja i "vladavine terora" ("The Reign of Terror"): Pogledi američkih predstavnika u Demokratskoj Federativnoj Jugoslaviji na jugoslavenske unutarnje prilike u prvoj polovici 1945. godine

Između oslobođenja i "vladavine terora" ("The Reign of Terror"): Pogledi američkih predstavnika u Demokratskoj Federativnoj Jugoslaviji na jugoslavenske unutarnje prilike u prvoj polovici 1945. godine
(Between Liberation and "The Reign of Terror": The Views of American Representatives in Democratic Federal Yugoslavia on Yugoslav Internal Affairs During the First Half of the 1945)

  • Author(s):Mario Jareb
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Sociology of Politics
  • Page Range:15-44
  • No. of Pages:30
  • Keywords:USA; Democratic Federal Yugoslavia; Tito-Šubašić agreement; Communist Party of Yugoslavia; democratic opposition; terror;
  • Summary/Abstract:The article is dealing with the views on Yugoslav internal affairs of the US representatives to the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia during the first half of 1945. Contemporary US policy was not interested in Yugoslavia, and accordingly did not want to interfere in internal affairs in new Yugoslav state. It is not therefore surprising that the activities of the US representatives were actually limited to passive observation of events and processes. Although observers, the US representatives were closely following with considerable interest and critically what was happening before their eyes. Their observations are therefore valuable source of data about the processes and events during the year of 1945 which have transformed new Yugoslav state into a country in which a totalitarian system dominated by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia was established.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Репресија комунистичког режима у Србији нa крају Другог светског рата са освртом нa европско искуство

Репресија комунистичког режима у Србији нa крају Другог светског рата са освртом нa европско искуство
(Repression of the Communist Regime in Serbia at the End of World War II with Special References on European Experience)

  • Author(s):Srđan Cvetković
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
  • Page Range:45-89
  • No. of Pages:45
  • Keywords:Yugoslavia; Europe; Serbia; World War II; communist revolution; wild cleansing;
  • Summary/Abstract:At the end of World War II and in the upcoming days a strong wave of repression and revolutionary terror followed in all the countries of Eastern Europe, so as in Yugoslavia and Serbia, through instrumentalization of antifascism for the purpose of eliminating revolution enemies. This terror was only partially motivated by war, "revenge ethos", even personal reasons, which necessarily follow almost all warfares in history. Larger part of this terror represented the first phase of well-planned communist revolution, whose aim was to gradually eliminate its class and political enemies. At first, it was done by liquidations without trials, directed by secret police. Later on, formed political trials, mostly under the accusation of war crimes or some kind of collaboration, took over.
  • Price: 6.00 €
Албански оружани отпор успостављању власти нoвe Југославије 1944-1945.

Албански оружани отпор успостављању власти нoвe Југославије 1944-1945.
(The Albanian Armed Resistance to the Establishment of the Authorities of the New Yugoslavia 1944-1945)

  • Author(s):Dmitar Tasić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Civil Society, Military history, Political history, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Sociology of Politics
  • Page Range:91-106
  • No. of Pages:16
  • Keywords:Albanians; deserters; Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia; Drenica rebellion; OZNA; Yugoslav Army; KNOJ;
  • Summary/Abstract:Temporary and partial realization of the Albanian national project took place during WWII when Albanian-inhabited Yugoslav territories were united with Albania under Italian auspices. This spurred a large number of Kosovo and Macedonian Albanians to side with the Axis Powers and to try to oppose the reestablishment of the pre-war order at the time these powers faced defeat. Their inclusion into the war effort started with liberation of Albanian-inhabited Kosovo and the Metohija, Western Macedonia and parts of Montenegro. This provoked passive and active resistance. Passive resistance took the form of evasion of military service and desertions, whereas the active one meant overt rebellion. Since a large number of Albanians had been included in some forms of military organization serving the occupiers and since large quantities of weapons were in the hands of the people and because the local Yugoslav authorities encouraged resistance by their actions, the Drenica rebellion flared up. The intensity and scope of the Albanian armed rebellion were a serious challenge to the Yugoslav leadership who was forced to redirect a certain number of military units to Kosovo from other fronts - particularly from the Syrmium-Front where decisive battles were in progress. The situation in 1945 was almost identical to the one in early 1920s as the power of the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes had been established at the end of WWI. In 1945 the intensive armed clashes were followed by de-escalation and switching to individual actions and guerilla warfare, but also by transformation in the form of a political action.
  • Price: 4.50 €
Албанско становништво у процесу изградње „народне власти“ нa Косову и Метохији 1945.

Албанско становништво у процесу изградње „народне власти“ нa Косову и Метохији 1945.
(The Albanian Population during the Formation of the “People’s Government” in Kosovo and Metohija 1945)

  • Author(s):Dušan Bojković
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Civil Society, Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Inter-Ethnic Relations, Sociology of Politics
  • Page Range:107-139
  • No. of Pages:33
  • Keywords:Albanians; Serbs; Montenegrins; Kosovo and Metohija; Serbia; Communist Party of Yugoslavia; Ballists; Military Government; agrarian reform; colonists; Brotherhood and Unity;
  • Summary/Abstract:After liberation of Kosovo and Metohija in November 1944 the bulk of the Albanian population greeted the Yugoslav Army with mistrust, refusing at the same time to cooperate with the new Yugoslav authorities. Mass armed rebellion in the winter of 1944/45 organized by Albanian collaborationists and German secret services had an anti-Yugoslav, anti-Serbian and separatist character. The national policy of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija was implemented with the aim of deescalating ethnic tensions between the Serbs and the Albanians. Establishing cooperation between the new authorities and the broader masses of Albanian population was seen as crucial for the integration of the Albanians into the Yugoslav community and establishing a durable peace in that region. Political emancipation of the Albanian national minority foresaw securing rights of its representatives to participate in the government. Policy of selecting cadres was harmonized with the ethnic make-up of the Autonomous Kosovo-Metohija Region. Cultural emancipation of the Albanians was pursued through literacy courses, setting up of minority schools, launching journals in Albanian etc. Foreign political orientation of Yugoslavia that was, among other things, aimed at developing friendly relations with Albania, tended to downplay the scale of Kosovo-Albanians’ collaboration with the occupiers during the war 1941-1944 and the responsibility for crimes against Serbian civilians.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Споразуми о Јулијској крајини 1945.

Споразуми о Јулијској крајини 1945.
(The Agreement on Venezia Giulia 1945)

  • Author(s):Miljan Milkić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):International Law, Military history, Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Peace and Conflict Studies
  • Page Range:141-160
  • No. of Pages:20
  • Keywords:Venezia Giulia; Trieste; Yugoslavia; border; agreements; Great Britain; United States of America;
  • Summary/Abstract:The entry of the Yugoslav Army troops into Trieste on May 1, 1945 escalated the crisis in the relations between Yugoslavia and Western Allies. The bone of contention was the status of the territory of Venezia Giulia and the city of Trieste. The Yugoslav government justified its territorial aspirations by the fact that the region was Slavic-inhabited. Especially powerful argument was the Anti-Fascist Councils that had been set up in the area. On the other hand, the British and the American governments strove by agreement and through military occupation to create the possibility for annexation of Venezia Giulia to Italy after the peace treaty. During the solving of the crisis in May and June 1945 the British and the American governments kept in mind the possible reaction of the Soviet government - which ushered into the first serious misunderstandings within the Anti-Fascist coalition. The difficult matters of Venezia Giulia’s status and of control of the Trieste harbor were the topics of military expert talks, but lack of consensus threatened to lead to an armed conflict between the Yugoslav and the Allied forces. However, the armed attack on the Yugoslav units was discussed only as a matter of principle. The Allied commander in the Mediterranean, filed-marshal Alexander, warned the British government that the Allied soldiers could protest at having to fight the Yugoslav forces. Apart from the reasons of morale and reluctance to fight the recent ally, the British and the American governments also discussed strategic reasons in favor of refraining from war with Yugoslavia. The assumption that the Soviet government would react to an attack on the Yugoslav forces, led to a diplomatic solution in the form of the Belgrade and the Devin agreements. The stipulations of the latter were in force until the Peace Treaty with Italy went into force. The Yugoslav government didn’t fulfill its territorial ambitions, but the pacification of the crisis enabled it to pursue the diplomatic struggle to define the North-Western borders of Yugoslavia.
  • Price: 4.50 €
Неостварени совјетски планови преобликовања политичке карте Балкана крајем Другог светског ратa

Неостварени совјетски планови преобликовања политичке карте Балкана крајем Другог светског ратa
(Unrealized Soviet Plans about Reshaping of the Political Map of the Balkans at the End of WW II)

  • Author(s):Aleksej J. Timofejev
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Peace and Conflict Studies
  • Page Range:161-183
  • No. of Pages:23
  • Keywords:World War Two; Balkans; Soviet foreign policy; Cold War; Greek Civil War; Soviet-Turkish relations; Soviet-Bulgarian relations;
  • Summary/Abstract:The final military operations at the end of the war in the Balkans were important in the context of transformation of WW II into a conflict of the former allies. As Germany’s power waned, the Western Balkans became one of the zones where spheres of interest were to be delimitated. Conflicting Soviet and US/UK interests in the Eastern Balkans, in the hinterland of the Straits, had a larger conflict potential in the context of sudden enlargement of the Soviet zone of interest. This conflict connected with the inner Balkans was especially acute on the Mediterranean coasts. The importance of the Straits for Russia was immense already in early 20th century. During WW II the situation with delimitation of imperial zones of influence in the Balkans partly resembled the one in WW I. The USSR had reserve plans for a counter-offensive in case of the Allied betrayal that were the fruit of the possibility of the first blow being stricken by British and American forces and their potential allies - the Germans, the Italians. On the local Balkan level such documents were no secret. Tense expectation of the Soviet forces on the borders of Greece and Turkey peaked twice in the HQ of the 37th Army Division in connection with global developments – the end of WW II in Europe (spring 1945) and the final end of WW II (late summer, fall 1945). In the first case the plans were exclusively defensive and in the second they comprised (counter) attack. No doubt, these plans were only elements of both the regional policy of the USSR (support for Greek partisans through Yugoslavia and Albania, reliance on Kurdish insurgents in Iran) and the global construction of opposition to the USA and UK - which goes beyond the scope of this article.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Uklanjanje 1945/46. grobalja i grobova "okupatora" i "narodnih neprijatelja" poginulih 1941-45. na području Nezavisne Države Hrvatske

Uklanjanje 1945/46. grobalja i grobova "okupatora" i "narodnih neprijatelja" poginulih 1941-45. na području Nezavisne Države Hrvatske
(Removal of the Graves and Graveyards of "Occupiers" and "Enemies of the People" who had Died in the Territory of the Independent State of Croatia 1941-1945)

  • Author(s):Vladimir Geiger
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Civil Society, Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism, Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Politics of History/Memory
  • Page Range:185-226
  • No. of Pages:42
  • Keywords:1945; Croatia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Eastern Syrmia; Ministry of Interior Affairs of Democratic Federated Yugoslavia; communist repression; monuments; graves; memoricide;
  • Summary/Abstract:The duration and intensity of WWII in the territoiy of the Independent State of Croatia, the presence of occupation forces of the German Reich and the Kingdom of Italy, armed forces of the Independent State of Croatia, as well as the activities of the Yugoslav monarchists and communist-led partisans, caused direct clashes between the belligerent parties. This led to a number of casualties both among soldiers and civilians. Irreconcilable ideologies and military and political interests of the conflicting parties in the general and civil war increased the number of casualties. The communists reckoning with real or purported enemies alike in Yugoslavia during WWII and especially at its end and right after it, was massive and without mercy. Part of the radical and total reckoning of the Yugoslav communists with their enemies immediately after WWII was the order of the Interior Ministry of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia of May 18, 1945 about removal of graves of "occupiers" and "enemies of the people" that targeted graves, tombstones of German, Italian and Hungarian armies, as well as those of the ustasha, chetniks and Slovenian home guards. The fact that the order was systematically implemented in the territory of the Independent State of Croatia is proven by surviving documents and testimonies of eyewitnesses, as well as by the state of the graveyards themselves. The graves of fallen partisans and victims of "Fascist terror" were protected by law, put in order and well maintained in Yugoslavia after WWII, whereas the graves of "enemy" soldiers and "collaborators" remained outside of the pale of the law. This remained so until the break-up of Yugoslavia.
  • Price: 6.00 €
Обнова Савеза јеврејских вероисповедних општина Југославиje после Другог светског pata и повратак прве групе јеврејских заробљеника и избеглица у Србију

Обнова Савеза јеврејских вероисповедних општина Југославиje после Другог светског pata и повратак прве групе јеврејских заробљеника и избеглица у Србију
(The Reconstruction of the Union of Jewish Religious Communes in Yugoslavia after WWII and the Return of a Group of Jewish POWs and Refugees to Serbia)

  • Author(s):Mladenka Ivanković
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Civil Society, Political history, Social history, Politics and religion, Fascism, Nazism and WW II, History of the Holocaust, History of Antisemitism, Sociology of Politics
  • Page Range:229-243
  • No. of Pages:15
  • Keywords:Union of Jewish Religious Communes in Yugoslavia; civil population; Holocaust; refugees; POWs; students; children;
  • Summary/Abstract:The activity of the Union of Jewish Religious Communes in Yugoslavia (henceforth: the Union) was renewed on October 22, 1944. The Union was reconstructed on the basis of the pre-war organization that went into the same activities and bore the same name. Under the law valid at the moment the Union had been set up, it was treated as a religious community. In keeping with the changed social and political conditions, it was necessary to start the process of adapting to the new reality. The change of status and character of the post-war Jewish community was officially adopted at the sixth post-war conference of the Union of Jewish Communes in September 1952. This was made official by removing the word “religious” from the official name of the Union. After WWII there were some 4,400 Jews who had survived the war as civilians and members of the partisan movement in the whole territory of Yugoslavia. The population that had survived the horrors of the war in the Yugoslav territory was enlarged through arrival of refugees and POWs who had been in camps in occupiers’ or neutral countries. They were registered with the Union. Apart from Yugoslav citizens, among the refugees who contacted the Union there were also citizens of 18 European and non-European countries: of Germany, Switzerland, Turkey, USA, UK, Columbia, Spain, Syria, France and Poland. The Union of Jewish Religious Communes of Yugoslavia organized their lives too and took care of them, as well as of Yugoslav nationals.
  • Price: 4.50 €
Pregled najnovije literature i istraživanja na temu Bleiburga i Križnog puta

Pregled najnovije literature i istraživanja na temu Bleiburga i Križnog puta
(The Review of the Latest Literature and Researches on "Bleiburg" and the "Passion")

  • Author(s):Martina Grahek Ravančić
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Fascism, Nazism and WW II, Politics of History/Memory
  • Page Range:245-275
  • No. of Pages:31
  • Keywords:Bleiburg; Passion; 1945; literature; researches; memories;
  • Summary/Abstract:"Bleiburg” and the "Passion" are one of the complex topics of Croatian, Slovenian, Serbian, Bosnian and Herzegovinian and Montenegrin historiographies. It had been passed in silence for a number of years, not only in historiography, but also in public life of Croatia and former Yugoslavia. Despite public silence in Yugoslavia, there were writings about "Bleiburg" mostly in Croatian, Slovenian and Serbian emigre circles. Since 1990s "Bleiburg" and the "Passion" were no longer a taboo, so that ample historiographical, publicist and memoir literature deals with the end of WWII, withdrawal of a large number of soldiers and civilians, negotiations and extradition at Bleiburg, as well as the events during the "Passion". Works of Yugoslav (socialist) historiography, as well as of foreign (German, British) historiographies are interesting for a general review. Most data are known through memoirs and statements of survivors of the Bleiburg events. However, one should keep in mind frequent subjective elements in the available narratives. Therefore the goal of this paper is to systematize, review and evaluate the more important texts, articles, collections and monographs on the Bleiburg events from May 1945.
  • Price: 5.00 €
"Bleiburg" and the British Treatment of Croatian Collaborators 1945-48

"Bleiburg" and the British Treatment of Croatian Collaborators 1945-48
("Bleiburg” and the British Treatment of Croatian Collaborators 1945-48)

  • Author(s):Bernd Robionek
  • Language:English
  • Subject(s):Local History / Microhistory, Military history, Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Peace and Conflict Studies
  • Page Range:277-308
  • No. of Pages:32
  • Keywords:Bleiburg; Croatian Exiles; British post-war policy; war criminals; Fermo;
  • Summary/Abstract:This article highlights ways in which British military and political personnel acted towards Croatian refugees fleeing the Communist takeover in the final stages of World War II and thereafter. Although events relating to the surrender o f various pro-German and anti-Communist forces at Bleiburg, a town in south Austria near the border with Yugoslavia, and the following quarrel over "war criminals" from Yugoslavia is a complex affair, this contribution examines sources shedding light on British perspectives on the Croatian part, notwithstanding that the developments and problems treated here also affected Serbian, Slovenian and (ethnic) German nationals. As a result of this study, the changes in the intentions of the decision makers in London as well as the principal-agent problem become transparent.
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"Depoi špijuna i terorista". Saveznički logori za "raseljene osobe" u Italiji, Austriji i Njemačkoj

"Depoi špijuna i terorista". Saveznički logori za "raseljene osobe" u Italiji, Austriji i Njemačkoj
("Depots of Spies and Terrorists". Allied Camps for "Displaced Persons" in Italy, Austria and Germany)

  • Author(s):Marica Karakas Obradov
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Criminal Law, Civil Society, Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
  • Page Range:309-337
  • No. of Pages:29
  • Keywords:refugee camps; displaced person; Western Allies; allied occupation zones; Yugoslavia; extradition; Ustashas;
  • Summary/Abstract:Immediately after the end of World War II, Western Allies organized refugee camps in their occupation zones in Austria, Italy and Germany which existed until early 1950s. Foreign citizens, such as forced laborers and prisoners of concentration camps, who had been found mostly in Germany and Austria after the collapse of the German Reich, were placed in those camps, as well as military and civilian post-hostilities refugees fleeing from the Red Army and partisan-communist forces from Eastern, Central and Southeastern Europe. A great number of persons were extradited to their countries of origin on charges of war crimes. Among them were many Croats, primarily members of the Croatian armed forces and the Ustasha movement. The remaining refugees are displaced around the world especially in countries of South and North America and in Australia.
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Ишчекивање судбине и нови почеци: прилози истраживању историје српске колаборационистичке емиграције у првим годинама после Другог светског pata

Ишчекивање судбине и нови почеци: прилози истраживању историје српске колаборационистичке емиграције у првим годинама после Другог светског pata
(Awaiting the Fate and New Beginnings: A Contribution to the Research of the History of Serbian Collaborationist Emigration in the First Years after WWII)

  • Author(s):Aleksandar Stojanović
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):International Law, Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Military history, Political history, International relations/trade, Politics and law, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
  • Page Range:339-374
  • No. of Pages:36
  • Keywords:refugees; collaborationists; Zbor; Chetniks; Eboli; Munster; Epsilon; McLean's commission; repatriation;
  • Summary/Abstract:During the last military operations of WWII some 70,000 members of various Yugoslav collaborationist forces and their families surrendered to the British and American authorities. At first they were allotted the status of “surrendered enemy personal” and later on of “displaced persons” under temporary care of international humanitarian organizations and the British Army and the Screening Commission. The new Yugoslav authorities demanded extradition of almost all Yugoslav citizens under control of the Allied military authorities. As a matter of fact, the number of real war criminals among the DPs (especially among the ustasha, members of the Zbor of Dimitrije Ljotić, Slovenian collaborationists, but also among the chetniks and Croatian home guards) whose guilt could easily be proven, was considerable. However, the way the new Yugoslav regime dealt with both collaborationists and war criminals and with other political and ideological enemies, went beyond the stipulations of the rule of law and of law of nations. Together with the increasing Cold War tensions, this contributed significantly to the siding of the larger part of the public and most political forces of the Western countries with the people who pleaded respect for the law of nations and for basic human rights, demanding protection from forcible repatriation. Conservative political forces and media, as well as various religious organizations strove to depict the collaborationists of yesterday as anticommunists and model Christians, whereas the disproportionate oppression of the new Yugoslav regime during the first months and years after the war provided them with enough material to argue before the world public that no-one extradited to Tito could hope to have a fair trial in Yugoslavia. American and British diplomatic reports confirmed this, so the question of extradition of DPs became, together with the question of Trieste, the main bone of contention in the relations between Tito and Yugoslavia with their former wartime allies. Desirous of solving this unpleasant question as soon as possible, but also of convincing Tito in their good intentions, the British authorities entrusted brigadier Fitzroy McLean with screening Yugoslav collaborationist refugees. After more than a year of work his commission decided that out of several thousand people, some forty were to be extradited: the Cold War atmosphere, infringements of human rights in the socialist Yugoslavia, but also fatigue and pressure of the British public opinion to get the affair off the agenda enabled many collaborationists whose guilt was indisputable, to avoid trial and to acquire permanent status of (political) refugees. Since 1947, as most of the emigre Serbian collaborationists had acquired refugee status, a new phase in the life of the Serbian emigration started. At prodding of Jakov Ljotić, the leader of the Zbor movement, most of his adherents applied for work and stay in Great Britain, from where certain groups moved to the USA, Canada and Australia. Former members of the chetnik units usually settled down in England and in the USA, although some chetniks and members of the Zbor preferred to stay in Western Germany and start a new life there. Although research has so far shown that the Serbian (and Yugoslav) emigration was disunited and often prey to internal strife, it was unquestionably united in an anti-communist front. It comprised a permanent public campaign against Tito and the Yugoslav authorities, diplomatic intriguing aimed at destabilizing the regime in Yugoslavia, and in several cases even terrorist actions. For these reasons the emigrants were often targeted by Yugoslav intelligence and security services and their conflict with these services lasted to all intents until late 1980s and the bloody break-up of Yugoslavia that ensued.
  • Price: 6.00 €
Миграције нa територији Војводине 1945-1948. Узроци и демографске последице

Миграције нa територији Војводине 1945-1948. Узроци и демографске последице
(Migrations in Vojvodina region 1945-1948. Causes and Demographic Consequences)

  • Author(s):Željko Bjeljac, Aleksandra Terzić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Social history, Demography and human biology, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Migration Studies, Inter-Ethnic Relations
  • Page Range:375-400
  • No. of Pages:26
  • Keywords:migrations; colonization; 1945-1948; AP Vojvodina; demographic changes;
  • Summary/Abstract:The article is consisted of several chapters, discussing the process of migration flows in northern parts of the newly established state of Yugoslavia after the Second World War. It gives historical outlook to the happenings in Vojvodina region considering migration flows of different ethnicities in Vojvodina, as well as two great colonization flows in Vojvodina, before and after the Second World War. The study covers the causes of migration flows, geographical origin of settlers and distribution of settlements where colonization took its greatest effect as well as the consequences of the colonization process. Due to the demographic losses of the civilian population during the War, as well as high emigration of German and Hungarian population from Vojvodina, the demographic and spatial discharge of Vojvodina is evident. In 1945, the Agrarian Reform Law was created that included the colonization act. Although there are various estimates of the settlers' numbers, which are presented in this article, the general claim with an overall certainty is that all the republics of former Yugoslavia managed to achieve the colonization quota until 1947. The total number of colonized settlements in Vojvodina was 114. According to the previous research, it is estimated that the full extent of colonization was about 220,652 persons, based on the colonists list from 1948. Arrival of the population from different Yugoslav states, from 1946-1948, resulted with a large demographic changes in Vojvodina region, considering intense changes in population numbers, ethnic composition, different social, economic, ethnographic and political changes. According to data presented, Slavic, mostly Serbian population, due to the colonization process, after Second World War consisted the half of total Vojvodina population. Certain regularities in settling process in Vojvodina during the colonization period were noted. In colonization of Srem County, the predominance of federal migrants from BiH and Croatia is evident, while in Bačka significant participation of settlers from BiH, Croatia and Montenegro is noted, with significantly lower rates of immigrants from Central Serbia. When it comes to the Banat County, a significant dominance of immigrants from Bosnia and Central Serbia is evident, with lower rates of immigrants from other republics. There was the dominance of certain ethnic groups in some areas and specific settlements, as settlers from close regions tend to be concentrated in one village. This colonization also had some benefits for rapid adaptation of settlers, because the grouping was set on a regional basis, and that later migrations followed the same pattern.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Saveznička vojna uprava u Puli 1945 -1947.

Saveznička vojna uprava u Puli 1945 -1947.
(The Allied Military Government in Pula 1945-1947)

  • Author(s):Darko Dukovski
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Military history, Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Geopolitics, Peace and Conflict Studies
  • Page Range:403-447
  • No. of Pages:45
  • Keywords:History of Istria 1945-1947; Allied Military Government; History;
  • Summary/Abstract:The Allied Military Government in the Zone A of Venezia Giulia that existed between mid-June 1945 and mid-September 1947 was an occupation formation of the Allied army whose primary aim was to stop the Yugoslav military and political penetration (and annexation) in the territories that formally had belonged to the Kingdom of Italy but that were earmarked to be united with their mother countries (Slovenia and Croatia) in political documents of the Partisan movement, so as to prevent the Peace Conference from facing a fait accompli. Another, no less important goal was social and economic. The Allied Military Government was to prevent the humanitarian catastrophe and to restore the economy at least to some degree and enable it to provide for the population. To be sure, it was also necessary to prevent anarchy and lawlessness immediately after the war. It is questionable to what degree it succeeded in performing these tasks. It did manage to prevent the more violent consequences of political frictions, but not the process of mass emigration, primarily of Italian town population, as well as the change of the town’s geo-political status. The fact that the Allied Military Government was the butt of criticism of both the pro-Yugoslav and the pro-Italian political forces, testifies that it strove to do its job in good faith, to stay neutral and abide by the agreements that had been signed as much as it was possible with regard to the conflict-laden political situation among the former allies.
  • Price: 6.00 €
Problemi opskrbe, krijumčarenje i borba protiv gospodarskog kriminala u hrvatskome dijelu Zone B Julijske krajine (1945-1947)

Problemi opskrbe, krijumčarenje i borba protiv gospodarskog kriminala u hrvatskome dijelu Zone B Julijske krajine (1945-1947)
(Provisioning Problem and Struggle against Economic Crime in the Croatian Part of the Zone B of Venezia Giulia (1945-1947))

  • Author(s):Vedran Dukovski
  • Language:Croatian
  • Subject(s):Economic history, International relations/trade, Criminology, Economic development, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Post-War period (1950 - 1989)
  • Page Range:449-475
  • No. of Pages:28
  • Keywords:History of Istria 1945-1957; trade; smuggling; black market;
  • Summary/Abstract:Territorial division of Istria, occupation on the part of the Yugoslav Army and the Allied forces, i.e., the unsolved political and legal status of Istria played a crucial role in renewal of provisioning and commerce, but also in the development of smuggling and gray market. Ideological indoctrination of the authorities that did not allow development of private ownership and "enrichment” (that were against the laws of free market) caused slow resumption of trade and provisioning, but also booming of economic crime. Constant lack of foodstuffs and other goods was made worse by incapable and unskilled cadres of district authorities who usually got their posts thanks to their "achievements” and not according to competence. Unsuccessful implementation of plans for restoration of economy, but also of provisioning and commerce, can be attributed to political indoctrination of individuals. The conflict between district People’s Committees and County People’s Committee for Istria was also in evidence. It aggravated the situation since the district People’s Committees wanted to establish monopoly on commerce. Fighting over monopoly, the authorities forgot the people who were forced to seek remedy in illegal activities and buying from grasping smugglers. Apart from the rivalry between the People’s Committees, there were military authorities that cooperated poorly or not at all with People’s Committees, so the people were often sandwiched between two authorities each of whom laid their own laws. The main motive of most smugglers was simply survival. Most people going into smuggling had on other choice. In their struggle against smuggling the authorities focused primarily on those who sold for personal gain. These people dealt mostly in rationed monopoly items such as tobacco, spirits and salt, as well as in foreign currency - mostly Italian lire.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Утврђивање граница Федералне Србије 1945. године

Утврђивање граница Федералне Србије 1945. године
(The Delimitation of the Borders of the Federal Serbia in 1945)

  • Author(s):Dragan Aleksić, Goran P. Ilić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Governance, Political history, Government/Political systems, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), History of Communism
  • Page Range:477-495
  • No. of Pages:19
  • Keywords:boundaries; demarcation; federation; commission; Communist Party;
  • Summary/Abstract:The inner make-up of the Yugoslav state was changed after WWII by the decision of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia that had come to power in the country. In keeping with the decisions of the second session of the interim partisan parliament (the AVNOJ) federal order was established with six constituent republics. However, the new authorities adopted no criteria how the borders between the republics in the new federation were to be drawn. Thus the solution of this important matter remained in the hands of the Party leadership that had to implement it on the Soviet model. Delimitation between federal republics was made with no legal procedure, without passing any law whatsoever and without participation of leaderships of republics concerned. In the course of drawing borders neither ethnic not historical principles were applied. By setting up Bosnia-Herzegovina as a multi-ethnic republic, the ethnic principle was given up, whereas historical principle was not applied consequently in the case of Serbia because this federal unit was divested of some of the territories belonging to her as she entered Yugoslavia and that had become hers after the wars of liberation 1912-1913. Thus considerable part of the Serbs remained outside their ethnic republic. In keeping with the new slogan of “brotherhood and unity” and using the flamboyant rhetoric in vulgar propaganda it had launched in public, the ruling party downplayed the importance of the borders between republics. It was pointed out that in the new federation of equal peoples the borders would be of secondary importance and that they would rather connect than divide peoples. The leadership of Serbia, dissatisfied with the way the borders had been drawn tried to intercede with the aim of rectifying them, pointing out at the damage done to the Serbian people. This objection, as well as objections of part of the legal opposition comprising the pre-war political parties, failed to influence significantly the already adopted solutions.
  • Price: 4.50 €
Успостављање и одвијање редовних економских односа између Југославије и Совјетског савеза 1945. године

Успостављање и одвијање редовних економских односа између Југославије и Совјетског савеза 1945. године
(Establishment and Course of Normal Economic Relations between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union in 1945)

  • Author(s):Momir Ninković
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Governance, Economic history, Political history, Economic policy, International relations/trade, Economic development, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
  • Page Range:497-529
  • No. of Pages:33
  • Keywords:Yugoslavia; USSR; economic relations; foreign trade; Soviet experts; joint companies; commodity loan;
  • Summary/Abstract:By the end of WWII Yugoslavia had suffered huge human and material losses. The Yugoslav communists eyed the West with distrust, deeming that possible economic help from those quarters would be coupled with political pressure. They expected the Soviet Union, of which they had an idealized conception, to aid the renewal. Although it was one of the two super-powers that had come out of the war, the USSR had also suffered major material damages and was not always able to satisfy all Yugoslav demands to the full. Aid was lent in keeping with Soviet capabilities whenever possible. During 1945 possibilities were explored and negotiations led about a goods loan, establishing joint companies, employment of Soviet experts and trade. Foreign trade had the character of aid and was the main form of cooperation during that year. The Soviet Share in Yugoslavia’s foreign trade was 75.1% in exports and 68.3% in imports. Thanks to trade necessary raw materials and goods reached Yugoslavia.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Svest o krivici i nadmoć pobednika: Mađarska i Jugoslavija 1945-1947. u svetlu mađarskih dokumenata

Svest o krivici i nadmoć pobednika: Mađarska i Jugoslavija 1945-1947. u svetlu mađarskih dokumenata
(Awareness of Guilt and Supremacy of the Victor: Hungary and Yugoslavia 1945-1947 in the Light of Hungarian Documents)

  • Author(s):Enikő A. Sajti
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Civil Society, Diplomatic history, Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Period(s) of Nation Building
  • Page Range:531-555
  • No. of Pages:25
  • Keywords:diplomatic relations; Allied Control Commission; reparations; Yugoslavia; Hungary; retaliation; repression; deportation; confiscation; population exchange;
  • Summary/Abstract:Based on hitherto unused Hungarian documents the paper depicts relations between Hungary and Yugoslavia 1945-1947. Diplomatic relations between Hungary and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia were severed in April 1941 due to war and dismemberment of Yugoslavia. They were reestablished after the war under drastically changed foreign-political and domestic circumstances. The “power balance" tipped clearly in favor of the new Yugoslavia that had already been recognized. Hungary, as a defeated country, had to answer before the great powers. According to the Peace Treaty of 1947 some 3 Million Hungarians found themselves once again outside of their nation-state. Yugoslavia triumphantly took the place at the side of the victors and successfully reunited the state that had been dismembered in 1941. Between 1945 and 1947 Hungary was under military occupation and under control of the Allied Control Commission and she regained her formal sovereignty only in 1947 with the Paris Peace Treaty. In this relation: the subordinated and the superior, i.e. the vanquished and the victor, were the diplomatic relations between Hungary and Yugoslavia reestablished on March 10, 1945. In 1947 these relations became more cordial than ever, which was crowned in December 1947 by outwardly glamorously prepared visit of Josip Broz Tito to Hungary.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Старо савезништво и нова искушења: Југословенско-чехословачки односи 1945-1948.

Старо савезништво и нова искушења: Југословенско-чехословачки односи 1945-1948.
(Old Alliance and New Trials: Yugoslav-Czechoslovak Relations 1945-1948)

  • Author(s):Slobodan Selinić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Diplomatic history, Economic history, Political history, International relations/trade, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949)
  • Page Range:557-577
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:Yugoslavia; Czechoslovakia; Cominform; politics; economy; culture;
  • Summary/Abstract:Between the end of WWII and the Resolution of the Cominform, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia cooperated intensively. Although Czechoslovakia remained a multi-party state and Yugoslavia had experienced a change of government, the continuity of intensive cooperation and improvement of mutual acquaintance from the previous period were maintained. The two countries were tied by the treaty of alliance (the Treaty of Friendship that was signed in Belgrade on May 9, 1946). Their communist parties were members of the Cominform. The Yugoslav leaders relied in development of industry after WWII primarily on Czechoslovakia that was the major trade partner from where goods, licenses and machinery were imported. Czechoslovakia was irreplaceable in Yugoslav plans for industrialization. Cultural cooperation was very rich, manysided and meaningful. It comprised exchange of artists, writers, musicians, painters, scholars, translations, exhibitions, ample sports cooperation etc. Yugoslavia sent students and apprentices to be educated in Czechoslovakia. During three years (1945-1948) 3000 students and apprentices from Yugoslavia passed through Czechoslovak faculties and vocational schools. Tens of thousands of tourists from Czechoslovakia visited the Adriatic and Czechoslovak students, experts and professors toured Yugoslavia during their numerous visits. On every step they recorded and photographed customs, architecture, people, history and arts of the Yugoslav lands. However, the conflict with the Cominform changed everything. Czechoslovakia sided with the Cominform; cooperation grew weaker and was finally terminated on October 9, 1949 as Czechoslovakia canceled the Treaty of Friendship.
  • Price: 4.50 €
Makedonsko crkveno pitanje 1945-1946. godine (između autonomije i autokefalnosti)

Makedonsko crkveno pitanje 1945-1946. godine (između autonomije i autokefalnosti)
(Macedonian Ecclesiastical Issue in the Period between 1945 and 1946 (Between Autonomy and Autocephaly))

  • Author(s):Borče Ilievski
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Governance, Political history, Politics and religion, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Eastern Orthodoxy, History of Religion
  • Page Range:579-604
  • No. of Pages:26
  • Keywords:Macedonian Ecclesiastical Issue; Serbian Orthodox Church; Initiative Board for organizing the Orthodox Church in Macedonia;
  • Summary/Abstract:We may search the genesis of the issue concerning the status of the Orthodox Church in Macedonia in the fight of the Balkan countries and churches for their dominance in Macedonia that was under Ottoman power, in the second half of the XIX and beginning of XX century. In fact, Macedonian Ecclesiastical Issue presents an integral part of the Macedonian national issues. Three factors were of main importance for solving this issue, in the first years after the foundation of Socialistic Yugoslavia, but also during the following two decades. Republic and federal authorities, Serbian Orthodox Church and Macedonian church authorities, organized within the Initiative Board for organizing the Orthodox Church in Macedonia. Priesthood’s demands were reflected in the resolutions that were adopted during the Assembly that was held in May 1945 and during the Conference held in May 1946. In a short period of time, main premises of the resolutions, being influenced by the actual political circumstances evolve from demands for autocephaly to autonomous rights for the Macedonian eparchies. The demands, set in this manner shall have influence on determining the status of the Macedonian Orthodox Church in years 1958 and 1967.
  • Price: 5.00 €
Београдски универзитет 1944/45. - „На прагу новог доба“

Београдски универзитет 1944/45. - „На прагу новог доба“
(The Belgrade University 1944/45 - At the “Threshold of the New Age”)

  • Author(s):Dragomir Bondžić
  • Language:Serbian
  • Subject(s):Political history, Higher Education , History of Education, State/Government and Education, WW II and following years (1940 - 1949), Sociology of Politics
  • Page Range:605-625
  • No. of Pages:21
  • Keywords:University of Belgrade; liberation; war damage; reconstruction; teachers; Court of Honor; students; Communist Party;
  • Summary/Abstract:After liberation of Belgrade in October 1944 the State, Party and University organs launched efforts to renew the Belgrade University, to enroll students and to start lectures. Already in November 1944 the Commission for the Renewal of the University was set up that spearheaded the renewal and preparations for resumption of work until the regular University and faculties’ organs were established in August 1945. The Commission devoted most of its time to establishing material damages the University had suffered during the war, reconstruction of buildings, putting rooms in order and acquisition of accessories and furniture, so as to enable the faculties to resume normal functioning. The teaching staff also took part in the renewal of the University. Some professors made a broader contribution to the fortification of the new government and the development of the state. On the other hand, due to the revolutionary fervor, part of the teaching staff was punished for their behavior during the enemy occupation: by the end of 1944 four were shot, whereas 37 were dismissed from the University by the decision of the Court of Honor in May 1945. In summer of 1945 the revision of the exams passed and diplomas acquired during the war was undertaken, as well as the strict control of the future students, so as to prevent the enrollment of the “politically undesirable” ones. After the enrollment had taken place, eight faculties started lectures in December 1945. This was the end of the one-year long initial renewal of the University. Among other things, ideological and political aims and the place and the role of the University in the dawning “New Age” were defined in this period.
  • Price: 4.50 €
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