Генуэзская Газария и Золотая Орда
The Genoese Gazaria and the Golden Horde
Contributor(s): Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov (Editor), Ayrat G. Sitdikov (Editor)
Subject(s): History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Published by: Издательский дом Stratum, Университет «Высшая антропологическая школа»
Keywords: history; archaeology; Middle Ages; Genoese colonies; Golden Horde; Mongol Conquest; cultural history;
Summary/Abstract: We hope our volume will be seen as the first step towards an overarching summarized work on history and archaeology of South-Eastern Europe in 13th—14th cc. in view of the now available sources. It contains articles prepared by nineteen researchers from Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Kazakhstan on history and archaeology of Byzantium, the Golden Horde and the Genoese Gazaria in 13th—15th cc. and their successors in 16th—18th cc.The present volume is an attempt to address three major objectives of the historical study of Byzantium, the Genoese Gazaria and the Golden Horde. Number one: a vast territorial coverage of the articles in the historical-topographic block enables us to find specific functions of the Golden Horde as such and its local provinces, while putting them in a broad historiographic context. The second objective addressed in this volume is about showing new approaches to historical subjects and sources on history of Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages. The third objective is to demonstrate how different types of sources can be integrated into research of extensive historical problems.We hope that the suggested format and topics of this volume will be useful to our colleagues and enjoy their approval. We also hope to make it a serial publication.
Series: Археологические источники Восточной Европы
- E-ISBN-13: 978-9975-4272-8-9
- Print-ISBN-13: 978-9975-4272-7-2
- Page Count: 711
- Publication Year: 2015
- Language: Russian
Предисловие
Предисловие
(Introduction)
- Author(s):Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov, Ayrat G. Sitdikov
- Language:English, Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:13-16
- No. of Pages:4
Два варианта городской истории средневекового Причерноморья — Белгород и Олешье
Два варианта городской истории средневекового Причерноморья — Белгород и Олешье
(Two Variants of the Urban History of Medieval Black Sea Region — Belgorod and Oleshye)
- Author(s):Nicolaj D. Russev
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Political history, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:19-38
- No. of Pages:20
- Keywords:domination of the Golden Horde; Byzantium; Moldova; Belgorod; Oleshye; Bulgarians; Genoese; international sea trade; Ottoman expansion
- Summary/Abstract:Relying on written sources, the author considers the fate of two towns from the Black Sea region — Belgorod and Oleshye. In the “pre-Mongolian“ period, the two towns did not display any close relationship, because by the end of the 10th century, the town located in the mouth of the Dniester River and historically connected with the right bank of the Danube had already completed a whole stage in its history, while the town near the Dnieper, which played an important role in relations between Medieval Russia and Byzantine Crimea appeared only in the 11th century.By the end of the 13th century, under the rule of Mongolian governor Nohay, Belgorod saw a revival of Byzantine traditions and became an important obstacle on the way of the Italians spreading into this region. At the same time, Oleshye (Illiche) was in declining state. Only in the second half of the 14th century, the settlement attracted the Genoeses as a port in which it was possible to buy considerable amounts of food.In the last quarter of the 14th century, Moldova forced the Golden Horde out of the Dniester basin. In Belgorod (Asprocastro), the Greeks took leading positions. In the conditions of instability of 1432—1457, the autonomy of the city increased so much that the local community started running independent business with Italians and even Ottomans.The expansion of the Great Duchy of Lithuania towards the Lower Dnieper region broke the former tenor of life and led Illiche to decline. Only in 1440—1450 the life here became more active as the Mongols and Genoeses re-established their partner relations.The collision between Caffa and Belgorod, with the castle of Illiche just in the center of it, provoked irreparable damage to the urban life in the Lower Dnieper region. In the conditions of Ottoman rule established in the region in 1475—1484, Illiche never revived, and Belgorod (Akkerman) got an entirely new appearance.
Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис
Дж. Каталано из Солдайи первой четверти XV века: эпиграфический экзерсис
(G. Catalano of Soldaia of the First Quarter of 15th Century: an Epigraphic Exercise)
- Author(s):Alexander G. Emanov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Political history, Middle Ages, 15th Century
- Page Range:39-46
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:Crimea; Soldaia; Genoa; 15th cent.; Catalano;Latin epigraphy;
- Summary/Abstract:The article studies a Genoese inscription from Soldaia, written in Latin and dated by 1423. In 19th—20th centuries, different scientists, like G. Oderico, P. Keppen, V. Yurgevich, C. Desimoni, E. Skrzinskaya and others have proposed different readings of the inscription. However, an important semantic part of the inscription remained unexplained. One of the factors which made it difficult to decode the inscription was its hardly accessible location.The use of digital photography permitted the author to obtain a qualitative image and to entirely reconstruct the inscription. Basing on its content, the author assumes that G. Catalano, mentioned in the inscription, was not the Genoa’s consul in Soldaia, as thought earlier, but a catholic bishop of the town, who initiated construction of the cathedral. Below the inscription, there are two coats of arms belonging to the Genovese families who provided financial support to the construction. One of these coats of arms was identified as representing the Goano family.
Генуэзский замок Калиера
Генуэзский замок Калиера
(Kaliera, a Genoese Castle)
- Author(s):Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Political history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:47-97
- No. of Pages:51
- Keywords:Eastern Crimea; Genoese Gazaria; Kaliera; Genoese Castle; Caff a; glazed pottery; historical geography
- Summary/Abstract:The author publishes all archaeological materials collected during excavations in 1927—1928 and 2006 on a fortification on Kordon-Oba Mount (Eastern Crimea, Feodosia Municipal Council’s territory). The site was attributed based on written, cartographic and archaeological sources. The castle was built by the Genoese administration of Kaffa in the second half of 14th c. and ceased to exist after the Ottoman conquest of the Genoese lands in the Crimea in 1475. The castle took its name — Kaliera — after the nearest medieval locality. The author questions why this castle was built and why it was built here.
«Крымский поход» Тимура в 1395 г.: историографический конфуз, или археология против историографической традиции
«Крымский поход» Тимура в 1395 г.: историографический конфуз, или археология против историографической традиции
(Timur’s Crimean Campaign in 1395: a Historiographic Confusion, or Archaeology against Historiographic Tradition)
- Author(s):Victor L. Mytz
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Political history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:99-123
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Crimea; 1395; Timur; Edigu; Tokhtamysh; ‘Crimean Campaign’; Chersonese; Mangup; Solghat; Caff a; historiography
- Summary/Abstract:The author analyzes a historiographic tradition related to the so called Timur’s “Crimean campaign” (or of his protégé Edigu) in 1395, during the war with Tokhtamysh. According to this tradition, this campaign led to devastation of a significant part of the Crimea, including its most important urban centers — Chersonese, Mangup, Solghat, Caffa. A detailed comparison of written accounts and archaeological materials, however, does not prove this view. Information about Timur’s campaign in Crimea originates from a biased Egyptian source. Most of the other contemporary accounts — Greek, Latin and Armenian — “ignore” this catastrophe. The archaeological research does not yield any reliable data to prove that any of the Crimean towns were ruined in late 14 th c. Overall, it can be substantially inferred that Timur’s western campaign in 1395 did not affect the Crimean territory.
Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.
Пифосы из археологических комплексов Таврики XIV—XV вв.
(Pithoi from Archeological Complexes of the 14th—15th Centuries in the Crimea)
- Author(s):Iryna B. Teslenko
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:125-163
- No. of Pages:39
- Keywords:Crimea; 14th—15th century; Medieval archaeological complexes; ceramic ware; pithos; Greek and Byzantine traditions
- Summary/Abstract:Studies of 14th — 15th cc. complexes on medieval sites in the Crimea (in its southern part mainly) documented presence of three groups of pithoi dated by different periods. The earliest of them were vessels of group I — locally produced thick red clay barrels. By the 15th c. they could have been in use for 500—600 years. One should not exclude possible early medieval traditions of manufacturing such vessels conserved in some regions of Taurica. Imported pithoi of group II became predominant later. They were produced and used for not more than 250—300 years. Further studies must be carried out to identify the region where vessels with such morphological characteristics originated from. The latest to appear were the so called wine jars of group III. They existed for not more than 150—180 years. Their detailed chronology and origin of forms require further investigation.It should be mentioned that the Greek-Byzantine traditional manufacturing and use of pithoi were common in the Crimea in 14th — 15th cc., and most of them seemed to have been used predominantly in wine-making. Relics of these traditions can be still marked in ethnography of peoples living in wine-making regions — Caucasus, Balkans, Pyrenees, etc. However, the Crimea lost these traditions after the Ottoman conquest.
Поливная керамика Сарайчика
Поливная керамика Сарайчика
(Glazed Ceramics of Saraichik Hillfort)
- Author(s):Olga V. Kuznetsova
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:167-170
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:Saraichik Hillfort; Golden Horde pottery; glazed ceramics; Kashan pottery; ornament; classification
- Summary/Abstract:The author introduces glazed pottery found at Saraichik (a Golden Horde Hillfort) and classifies it according to a typology proposed by N. M. Bulatov and G. A. Fedorov-Davydov. Thus, the glazed pottery found at Saraichik is divided into redware and Kashan types.The redware ceramics is further distinguished by the color of glazing: there are vessels with transparent glazing of green, yellow and brown colors, as well as with colorless glazing, and is represented by bowls, plates, jugs, albarello and tubeks. By type of ornament, there are vessels with glazed-over engravings, glazed-over paintings, or a combination of both, as well as pottery with glazed-over stamped ornament on sgraffito.The Kashan ceramics of Saraichik is divided into two groups: with transparent and non-transparent glazing, further divided into subgroups by the color of glazing and method of ornamentation. The Kashan ceramics with colorless glazing and transparent turquoise or ultra-marine glazing was ornamented by glazed-over polychromic painting with glazed-over relief, or painting without relief, while stamped ornament under turquoise glazing is not very common. There are finds of so called ‘Timurid’ ceramics with a specific complex ornament. Besides, there is also ceramics with polychromic painting over ultra-marine glaze (Lajvardina) and ceramics with enamels over white opaque glazing (Minai).Ongoing field research at Saraichik keeps yielding new ceramic artefacts, which demand further detailed and careful studies.
Памятники золотоордынской эпохи на территории Астраханской области
Памятники золотоордынской эпохи на территории Астраханской области
(Golden Horde Sites on the Territory of Astrakhan Region)
- Author(s):Evgeniy M. Pigarev
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography
- Page Range:181-196
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:Lower Volga region; Astrakhan region; Golden Horde sites; urban centres; historical geography
- Summary/Abstract:The article is the first attempt in twenty-five years to present complete corpus of Golden Horde sites found on the territory of Astrakhan region. The corpus includes 115 sites: barrow and ground necropolises, fortified and open settlements. For each site, the author indicates its characteristics, short description of the location, topography, state of preservation and research, as well as main finds; and for the necropolises — he provides peculiarities of the funeral rite. The material presented enables a better understanding of such problem as “Lower Volga Golden Horde town and formation of its vicinity”.
Процессы урбанизации и динамика мясного потребления в средневековых городах Поволжья (по археозоологическим материалам)
Процессы урбанизации и динамика мясного потребления в средневековых городах Поволжья (по археозоологическим материалам)
(Urbanization Processes and Meat Consumption Trends in Medieval Towns in the Volga Area (by archaeozoological
materials))
- Author(s):Lilia V. Yavorskaya
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Demography and human biology, Economic development, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:197-206
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:Golden Horde; medieval town; urbanization; archaeozoological studies;meat consumption;
- Summary/Abstract:The author focuses on a relation between urbanization and changes in meat consumption among the dwellers of medieval towns in the Middle and Lower Volga area. Methodology elaborated by the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences specially for palaeoeconomic reconstructions allowed conducting an archaeozoological study of animal bone collections from archaeological digs on seven urban sites (Bolgarskoe, Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Tzarevskoe, Selitrennoe, Moshaik, Samosdelskoe fortified settlements) in three chronological periods: pre-Mongol, Early Golden Horde and Late Golden Horde. It was established that beef predominated in meat diet of the urban citizens in each of the three periods, followed by mutton and horse meat. Very similar spectrums of meat consumption in almost every town in the mid 14 th c., whenever it emerged or whatever its tradition of meat consumption, expressly demonstrate presence of a well planned agricultural district around them.
Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья
Вопросы исторической топографии и хронологии золотоордынских городов Нижневолжского Правобережья
(Problems of Historical Topography and Chronology of the Golden Horde Towns on the Right Bank of Lower Volga)
- Author(s):Olga A. Ilyina
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:207-241
- No. of Pages:35
- Keywords:Lower Volga region; Golden Horde towns; topography; fortifi cation; chronology;history of research;
- Summary/Abstract:The article represents an analysis of the Golden Horde sites situated on the right bank of Lower Volga, which have been large urban settlements in the Middle Ages: Uvekskoe, Vodyanskoe, Mechetnoe fortified settlements, Ternovskoe fortified and open settlements. At the present time these settlements are completely or considerably destroyed, which makes us turn mainly to the research materials from the 19th — early 20th century. Basing on the analysis and correlation of archaeological, numismatic and written sources and urban planning, the author presents the topography of the settlements, main archaeological complexes (fortifications, living and household facilities, burials) and determines the time period and stages in development of these localities.
Историческая топография Увекского городища
Историческая топография Увекского городища
(Historical Topography of Uvek Hillfort)
- Author(s):Dmitry A. Kubankin
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Physical Geopgraphy, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:243-254
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Lower Volga Region; Saratov; Uvek Hillfort; Golden Horde Town; historical topography;research history;
- Summary/Abstract:The author publishes some new recently obtained and analyzed data related to historical topography of a Golden Horde city of Ukek. He specifically examines history of field research on the Uvek Hillfort, which dates back to 90s of 19 th c. His special focus in examining natural and geographic factors is on peculiar local topography affected by some landslides, as well as on a high hill with a flat top (the Uvek Mount), which gave the name to the city — Ukek, from a Mongolian word meaning ‘plateau’. Changes in landscape caused by either natural or anthropogenic factors are also assessed. New data on fortifications and hydraulic structures of the hillfort, a rich estate, a hammam, kilns and a mausoleum are also published and discussed in the article.
Памятники эпохи Золотой Орды на Средней Волге (Булгарский улус Золотой Орды)
Памятники эпохи Золотой Орды на Средней Волге (Булгарский улус Золотой Орды)
(Sites of Golden Horde Time in the Middle Volga Region (Bulgar Ulus of the Golden Horde))
- Author(s):Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:255-364
- No. of Pages:110
- Keywords:Middle Volga Region; Volga Bulgaria; Golden Horde sites;historical geography;
- Summary/Abstract:The author provides general characteristics for over a hundred of archaeological sites of the Golden Horde time on the territory of the Volga Bulgaria, such as forts, unfortified settlements and necropolises. He studies history of their research, area of distribution, topography of some sites, stratigraphy and chronology, archaeological material, and historical context of their emergence and development.Archaeological research of 19th—20th cc. detected at least 330 settlements — both fortified and unfortified. Best studied are forts, i. e. remains of towns and fortresses. Yet, only a small part of archaeological forts can be identified as historical towns mentioned in written sources. Thus, the article first studies towns known from written sources (with Bilyar and Bulgar as the largest ones), then the forts that emerged in pre-Mongol period and continued to exist over the Golden Horde time, and then the forts emerged during the Golden Horde time and unfortified settlements, and last — necropolises of late nomads on the territory of Bulgar Ulus. Necropolises left by the settled population are considered in parallel with the respective settlements.
Казань в эпоху Золотой Орды
Казань в эпоху Золотой Орды
(Kazan during Golden Horde Epoch)
- Author(s):Ayrat G. Sitdikov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:365-376
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Kazan; Bulgar Ulus; Golden Horde period; political centre; topography;material culture;
- Summary/Abstract:The article represents an analysis of the political and economic development of Kazan during the Golden Horde period (second half of 13 th — first half of 15 th century). The time of Kazan subjection to Golden Horde khans could not be definitely determined — according to different data, it can be connected with the campaign of Baty-Khan of 1236 or, more likely, with Mengu-Timur’s raid on the Volga Bulgars of 1278. As part of the Golden Horde, there were in general favorable conditions for the development of the city. Kazan loses its role of a border town and by the end of the Golden Horde period turns into one of the large political and economic centres of the Central Volga area. The city had acquired its shape by the end of this period, and maintained it until the end of 18 th c. In the 14 th —15 th centuries, Kazan plays an important role in the international trade. The material culture of the town reflects existence of various ethnocultural traditions. Starting from the second half of the 14 th century, local knyazes unleashed the fight for political independence which led to the formation of the Kazan khanate.
Расселение мордвы: её этническая и политическая история в XIII—XV вв.
Расселение мордвы: её этническая и политическая история в XIII—XV вв.
(Distribution of Mordvins: their Ethnic and Political History in the 13th —15th Centuries)
- Author(s):Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:377-382
- No. of Pages:6
- Keywords:Middle Volga region; 13th—15th centuries; Mordvins; Erzya; Moksha; Mongol invasion; Golden Horde period; ethnic history; political history
- Summary/Abstract:The article presents peculiarities of the ethnic and political development of Mordvins in the Golden Horde period. In the pre — Golden Horde time, the Mordvins divided into two smaller ethnic groups, Erzya and Moksha. After the Mongol invasion (1240), Moksha lands became part of the Golden Horde, and Erzya lands were divided by Russian knyazes from Vladimir and Murom. A part of Erzya lands were also located on the very border of the Golden Horde. Such division contributed to further separation of the two ethnic groups. Starting from 1430—1440 s, after the fall of Jochi’s Ulus and up to 1552, the lands of the Mordvins became subject of continuous struggle between Kazan khanate and Moscow principality. Thus, Mordvins still remained in the composition of two separate states. Nevertheless, it is possible that a certain part of the Mordvin population was independent at that time.
Заметки по топографии золотоордынского города Азака
Заметки по топографии золотоордынского города Азака
(Notes on the Topography of the Golden Horde Town of Azak)
- Author(s):Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
- Page Range:383-409
- No. of Pages:27
- Keywords:Lower Don; Azov; Azak; Tana; Golden Horde town; topography;economic development;
- Summary/Abstract:The article represents a study of the topography of the Golden Horde town of Azak, which has remained quite underresearched until present. In the 18th — first half of 20th centuries, the hillfort did not attract attention of the Russian historians and archaeologists. Nowadays the territory of the Medieval Azak is completely built-up and archaeological investigations of 20th — early 21th century have been conducted on separate sectors, mainly in the new construction zones. According to the results of research, one can determine the borders of the Medieval town at different stages of its existence. The author discusses different aspects of the economic development of Azak as well as peculiarities of urban development. He localizes various social, professional and ethnic population groups within the town’s territory, together with common buildings, sources of water supply, town necropolises, fortifications and so on.
Памятники золотоордынского времени в степях между Днепром и Доном
Памятники золотоордынского времени в степях между Днепром и Доном
(Sites of Golden Horde Time in Steppes between the Dnieper and the Don)
- Author(s):Eduard E. Kravchenko
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:411-478
- No. of Pages:68
- Keywords:Don River Region; Azov Region; steppe zone; Golden Horde time; settlements; camps; ground necropolises; barrow necropolises
- Summary/Abstract:The author studies sites of Golden Horde time found in the south-eastern part of Ukraine. The nature and climate of this region has three zones: Seversky Donets, Donetsky Kryazh and the Azov region. Different natural environment in these zones conditioned peculiar features of sites located here. In the steppes in Donetsky Kryazh, with their nomad population, the sites represent some barrow necropolises, seasonal camps and some individual finds. The Azov coast, along with sites left by the nomads, yields some stationary settlements, most of which emerged in the second half of 14th c. One of them had an adjacent ground necropolis (Lyapinskaya Balka). The steppe also yields burials of nomad elite, including Muslim ones (the stone from Guselshchikovo). The largest and most typical sites are located in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets (camps, small and large settlements, ground and barrow necropolises). A group of settlements with pseudo Early Russian ceramics had existed there from the previous time period. Next to some of these, some large Golden Horde centers emerge in 14th c. (at village Maiaki and town Raygorodok). It is noteworthy that both groups of settlements coexist in the middle stream of the Seversky Donets during the whole of the Golden Horde time.The rise on the considered territory dates to the second half of 14th c. With the fall of Mamay and accession of Tokhtamysh to power, the region lost its importance. The ultimate desolation of these lands started after the western territories of the Golden Horde had been devastated by Tamerlane in 1395.
Памятники золотоордынского периода в Нижнем Поднепровье
Памятники золотоордынского периода в Нижнем Поднепровье
(Monuments of the Golden Horde Period in the Lower Dnieper Region)
- Author(s):Mikhail V. Elnikov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:479-508
- No. of Pages:30
- Keywords:Lower Dnieper region; Golden Horde period; nomadic population; sedentary population; urban centres; Mamai Horde
- Summary/Abstract:The scope of this article is to give a short characteristic to the sites of sedentary (Slavic, Alan, Bulgar) and nomad (Turk) population from the Lower Dnieper region, poorly presented in the literature. The sites include hillforts, settlements, ground and barrow necropolises, coin hoards and various individual finds. All these materials are presented according to a certain structure: cartography, dating, history of research, short description of main complexes and categories of finds. This analysis will allow the specialists to produce in the future a much more comprehensive picture of ethnocultural processes and dimensions of urban construction in the Lower Dnieper region, as well as to ascertain the reasons behind the selection of this territory as administrative and political centre of Mamai Horde.
Строительная периодизация т. н. мечети Узбека в Старом Крыму
Строительная периодизация т. н. мечети Узбека в Старом Крыму
(Periodisation of Construction of the So Called Uzbek Mosque from Stary Krym)
- Author(s):Vladimir P. Kirilko
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Architecture, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, 16th Century, History of Art
- Page Range:509-558
- No. of Pages:50
- Keywords:Stary Krym; Mosque of Uzbek; Medieval architecture; Seljuk style; Ottoman style
- Summary/Abstract:This article represents the first full publication of the materials from restoration works (1984—1985) at one of the famous cult Muslim buildings of Medieval Crimea. An inscription above its door way states that the construction was made by Abdul-Asis, son of Ibrahim al-Arbeli, during the reign of khan Uzbek in 714 anno Hegirae (= 1314 AD). The field survey of the monument allowed the author to specify its chronology and architectonics, as well as to get an idea about some of its completely or partly lost architectural and construction details. Three building periods were distinguished: second half of 15th century, 1512—1513 and late 19th — early 20th century. The research has shown, that the mosque, despite of some Ottoman elements, was still influenced by Seljuk building traditions, involving reuse of some architectural and construction details from some earlier Golden Horde buildings, including the previous mosque of Uzbek from 1314, whose location is still unknown. The architectonics of the building clearly illustrates the beginning of a new stage in Muslim cult construction of Medieval Crimea and makes the so called Uzbek mosque a unique building of the transitional period between two architectural styles.
Эпоха Улуса Джучи в Северо-Западном Причерноморье и город Акджа Керман
Эпоха Улуса Джучи в Северо-Западном Причерноморье и город Акджа Керман
(Jochi’s Ulus Time in the North-Western Pontic Area and the City of Akja Kerman)
- Author(s):Gregory S. Boguslavsky
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
- Page Range:559-569
- No. of Pages:11
- Keywords:North-Western Pontic Area; Jochi’s Ulus; Dniester region; Danube region; Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi; Golden Horde period; urbanization;urban centers;
- Summary/Abstract:The author examines political, economic and ethno-cultural developments in North-Western Pontic Area after the Mongol conquest and establishment of the Golden Horde (Jochi’s Ulus). He specially focuses on issues of urbanization of these territories in the Golden Horde Period, and first of all on the city of Akja Kerman (modern Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi). It is commonly accepted now that development of urban centers in the North-Western Pontic Area under the Golden Horde started during Nogay’s Ulus (1270—1302). It was the time when such forts as Jangi-Shekhr (Old Orhei) and Costesti appeared in the territory between the Prut and the Dniester Rivers, and Chilia and Isaccea in the Danube Region; the first account of Bilhorod dates to the same period (1290). The author reviews documents containing data on political status and economic development of this city, its ethnic and confessional groups under the Golden Horde’s rule, and its accession by Moldavia in late 14th c.
Два надгробных камня из Музея-заповедника «Херсонес Таврический»
Два надгробных камня из Музея-заповедника «Херсонес Таврический»
(Two Gravestones from the National Museum Reserve of Tauric Chersonesos)
- Author(s):Igor V. Volkov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Archaeology, 15th Century, 18th Century
- Page Range:573-576
- No. of Pages:4
- Keywords:Crimea; Tauric Chersonesos; Golden Horde period; gravestones; Arabic inscriptions; epitaph;epigraphy;
- Summary/Abstract:The author publishes two gravestones of the Golden Horde and Ottoman period from the Museum Reserve of Tauric Chersonesos. Their origin is unknown. The inscription on the first gravestone is made in the Tartar language and contains the date of 818 AH (1415/1416). This epigraphic artefact is another example of gradual transition from the Arabic to the Tartar language in epitaphs in 15 th c. The second inscription in the Ottoman Turkish language contains the name of the dead and the date of 1180 AH (1766/1767).
Турецкая карта Черного и Азовского морей из собрания Государственного исторического музея
Турецкая карта Черного и Азовского морей из собрания Государственного исторического музея
(Turkish Map of the Black and Azov Seas from the State Historical Museum)
- Author(s):Igor V. Volkov
- Language:Russian
- Subject(s):History, Geography, Regional studies, Historical Geography, Maps / Cartography, 18th Century
- Page Range:577-601
- No. of Pages:25
- Keywords:Pontic Area; Turkish map; portolano; navigation;historical geography;
- Summary/Abstract:The author publishes a Turkish navigation map held by the State Historical Museum (Moscow). It is executed in the manner traditional for the European cartography, yet with Turkish inscriptions using Arabic alphabet. The map shows the Black Sea with its northern, eastern and southern shores (the western part is cut off ), as well as the whole of the Azov Sea. The article minutely studies stylistic features of the map. There is a table with the list of geographic names found on the map (toponyms and hydronyms): the original Turkish spelling and transcription and their respective identifiable modern names.
Путешествие Иосафата Барбаро в Персию в 1473—1478 гг. (текст, перевод, комментарий)
Путешествие Иосафата Барбаро в Персию в 1473—1478 гг. (текст, перевод, комментарий)
(Giosafat Barbaro’s Travel to Persia in 1473—1478 (text, translation, comments))
- Author(s):Igor V. Volkov
- Language:Russian, Italian
- Subject(s):History, Diplomatic history, Political history, Middle Ages, 15th Century, Source Material
- Page Range:605-691
- No. of Pages:87
- Keywords:Venice; Persia; 15th c.; Giosafat Barbaro; international relations; embassy;historical geography;
- Summary/Abstract:This is the first complete publication of the Russian translation, with comments, of the Journey to Persia by the 15th century Venetian public figure, diplomat and traveler Giosafat Barbaro. He headed Venetian embassy to the Persian shah Uzun-Hassan. The discussed travel account was written in late 1480s — early 1490s as a narration of this embassy, during which Barbaro had to make a long and eventful way through different cities and localities of the Mediterranean, Ottoman Empire and Persia. Besides, he provides some details on the countries he had never visited — India and China. Journey to Persia is a valuable source on history of international relations, historical geography, ethnography, economy and culture of medieval Persia and other Oriental countries. The article contains parallel Italian original and Russian translation texts.
