Диалог городской и степной культур на Евразийском пространстве. Историческая география Золотой Орды

Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья

Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья
(The Palace Architecture of the Jurchen Towns in Primorye)

Author(s):Nadezda G. Artemieva
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Architecture, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, History of Art
Page Range:25-27
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Far East; Middle Ages; palace architecture; Jurchens; Jin Empire; Eastern Xia State; palace architecture; Nikolaevskoe and Krasnoyarovskoe hillforts; columns; tiles
Summary/Abstract:The archaeological studies of the hillforts that are dated to the period of the Eastern Xia State existence (1215—1233) have been conducted in Primorye (Russia) for about fifty years. The study of the Nikolaevskoye and Krasnoyarovskoye hillforts made it possible to reveal certain typical features of the Jurchen style of palace architecture that developed within the general course of the Far Eastern architecture, forming its own original canons.

Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)

Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)
(The Manchu-Tungus and the Daurs of the Amur area: An ethno-cultural borderland (according to fortification materials))

Author(s):Olga V. Dyakova, Vladislav V. Shevchenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Architecture, Military history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:28-30
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Amur area; Jurchens; Daurs; Mongols; hillforts; classification;Yuan dynasty;
Summary/Abstract:The authors offer a classification and analysis of the fortifications of the Middle Amur area, which were built in the Mongol Yuan dynasty period. It is established that the period was characterized by a single type of fortifications – the valley ones, subdivided into two varieties as to the rampart plane geometry: square and irregular (broken) ones. It seems that the smaller square hillforts belonged to the Mongol-speaking Daurs relocated in this region. Larger irregular-shaped fortifications, most likely, remained in the possession of the Jurchens, who controlled their tribal lands. The large square hillforts with complex fortifications apparently served as military and administrative centers of the Mongols, who controlled the territory and collected tribute. No clear distinctions between them have been tracked, but it is important that the valley hillforts belonging to two varieties simultaneously functioned on the same territory and each type of fortification fulfilled its own function.

Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1

Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1
(New Discoveries in the Medieval Archaeology of Primorye: Koksharovka-1 Hillfort)

Author(s):Nikolay A. Kluyev, Irina V. Gridasova, Maxim A. Yakupov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Architecture, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, History of Art
Page Range:31-34
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Primorye; Early Middle Ages; Balhae state; Koksharovka-1 hillfort;architectural complex;
Summary/Abstract:This report analyzes results of excavations at Koksharovka-1 medieval hillfort in Primorye jointly conducted by Russian and Korean archaeologists in 2008—2014. Their main result is the study of an architectural complex consisting of seven buildings that is unique for the archaeology of Primorye. On the one hand, the architectural complex of Koksharovka-1 hillfort site has some analogies with the famous Bohai palaces (the layout, the presence of kangs, etc.); on the other hand, there are some differences (the absence of the tiled roofs and pillared constructions). Multiple artifacts, including original ceramic pagoda-shaped stands were found in excavations. The authors conclude that the architectural complex was probably built in the 10th c. AD. The obtained data allow assuming that the Koksharovka I hillfort was a large administrative centre in this period.

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье
(Koksharovka-8 — a Unique Medieval Burial Complex in Primorye)

Author(s):Nikolay A. Kluyev, Igor Yu. Sleptsov, Alexander L. Ivliev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries
Page Range:35-38
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Primorye; Early Middle Ages; Balhae state; Koksharovka-8 funerary complex site; grave goods
Summary/Abstract:In 2012—2015, the Koksharovka-8 burial complex site having no analogy in Primorye medieval archeology was investigated. The remains of a monumental building of rectangular shape, 15 × 16 m built of stone slabs were studied. The design features of the structure and stages of its construction were identified. The studies have shown that a high-ranking nobleman was probably buried there. This is evidenced by both the monumental character of the structure and the nature of the grave goods, including items made of precious metals, most of which were looted by robbers as early as in the Middle Ages. The monument is directly related to the Koksharovka-1 hill fort site, where similar ceramic material has been discovered. Based on the study of the artifacts and radiocarbon analysis data, the burial complex may be tentatively dated to the 10th—11th cc.

Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье

Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье
(On the Study of the Cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal Region)

Author(s):Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:39-42
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Mongolia; Transbaikalia; epoch of the Mongol Empire; urban architecture; Karakorum; Khirkhirinsky hillfort
Summary/Abstract:The results of the research of hillforts on the territory of Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal (Zabaikalye) region dating back to the time of the Mongol Empire have shown that not all of them can be considered cities. Some of them are palace or manor complexes detached from the settlements. The paper focuses exclusively on sites with undoubted proto-urban or urban status. Among these, first of all, the Karakorum in Mongolia and the Khirkhirin hillfort in the Trans-Baikal region. The history of their research, the features of the sites’ location and layout of urban development, as well as general characteristics of the finds from the cultural layer are reviewed. On the whole, to-date, a large source base about the cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal region has been formed, which allows solving important general problems related to the history and culture of the medieval nomads of Eurasia.

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье
(The Alestuy Homestead Site of the Mongol Period in the East Baikal Region)

Author(s):Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin, Svetlana E. Baksheeva, Evgeny V. Kovychev, Artur V. Kharinsky
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:45-48
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Transbaikalia; Middle Ages; Mongols; homestead; structures; structural design of dwellings;tile;
Summary/Abstract:The Alestuy homestead site is located nine kilometers north-east from the Khirkhira Mongolian medieval town in East Baikal region. It consisted of a 1.5 m high filled-up platform with dimensions 17×28—32 m extended along the north-south line. The platform was surrounded by a low rectangular bank (0.3 m) with dimensions 71×71 m. The bank was oriented almost by the cardinal points. We have conventionally marked it as the main yard. Another 64×33 m rectangular banked area was annexed to the northern bank. We studied the northern and western parts of the homestead and the neighboring territory of the yard up to the bank. The total excavation area was 400 sq. m. Among the finds there were a large number of iron nails of various sizes, fragments of different iron and bronze goods, a flat arrowhead, a stone smoother, a fragment of a plowshare, bits of slag, fragments of a crucible, an iron lock, wheel hub liners, the rim and pieces of the walls of iron cauldrons, birch bark fragments with holes, dice made from tiles and some items made from rectangular tiles with holes. We also found 16 whole bricks. The most commonly spread material was the roof tiles. Typologically the tiles from the Alestuy homestead were compatible to the tiles from the Khirkhira town, Konduisky town, and had many features in common with the Narsatuy homestead from Buryatia and Den-Terek town from Tuva and Avarga from Mongolia.

Археологические признаки административных границ южносибирского средневековья (по трудам Л. Р. Кызласова)

Археологические признаки административных границ южносибирского средневековья (по трудам Л. Р. Кызласова)
(Archaeological Features of Administrative Borders in Medieval South Siberia (after the works by L. R. Kyzlasov))

Author(s):Igor L. Kyzlasov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Political history, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:49-53
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Uyghur Khaganate; Early Khakassian state; Mongol Empire; borders of possession; archaeological sites; fortresses; barrows; tamga;runic inscriptions;
Summary/Abstract:The study of archaeological and epigraphic monuments of the Middle Ages in South Siberia makes it possible to identify external (state) and internal (administrative) borders of the 8—14th-century state formations of the region. Thus, the northern boundary of the Uyghur Khaganate in the mid-8th — first quarter of the 9th century is determined by a succession of 17 similar fortresses in the mountains of Western Sayan. In the territory of the 9th—10th-century Ancient Khakassian State, the analysis of the tamga marks distribution makes it possible to fix the boundaries of the fiefdoms of six nobility clans. These data find confirmation in runic inscriptions. The expansion of the Ancient Khakassian State in the mid-9th to 10th centuries is marked by the distribution of mounds with specific rites. In the era of the Mongol Empire, urban settlements with elements of administrative and cult centers were located in the territory of Tuva within two clusters, which correspond to the two districts established by the Mongols on these lands, as confirmed by written sources.

Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи

Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи
(The Yenisei Siberia Region as the Northern Periphery of the Mongol Empire)

Author(s):Polina O. Senotrusova, Pavel V. Mandryka
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:54-57
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Yenisei Siberia region; Middle Age; Mongols; cultural contacts;belt sets;
Summary/Abstract:In the early 13th century, the territory of Yenisei Siberia was gradually conquered and subjugated by the Mongol Empire, the process starting from the southern regions. The archaeological evidence of the process is fragmentary. In the territory of Tuva, Mongolian cities, settlements, burials and Buddhist monuments are known, which indicate its direct settling by the Mongols. In the Minusinsk-Khakassia depression and the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, individual Mongolian items are known by separate burials and by casual collecting. The population of the southern taiga of the Yenisei Siberia region had also been incorporated in the structure of the Mongol Empire, which is demonstrated by the finds of ceremonial hunting belt sets, Chinese beads and other imported items.

Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях

Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях
(The Turkic-Tatar Cities of Western Siberia in the 14th—16th Centuries in Archaeological and Historical Researches)

Author(s):Sergey F. Tataurov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, Modern Age, 15th Century, 16th Century
Page Range:58-61
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Western Siberia; Middle Ages; Tatars; towns; status; socio-economic characteristics;written and archaeological sources;
Summary/Abstract:The author analyzes currently available publications referring to the Turkic Tatar cities and identifies issues that require priority attention in further studies of the Siberian cities. The necessity of broader attraction of archaeological materials is indicated. The specificity of urban settlements location, their fortification systems and internal planigraphy is characterized. Special attention is paid to the collections from the excavations of these sites, the imported items, and the osteological materials. On the basis of the research conducted, a conclusion is made as to the commercial and political importance of the cities as provisional headquarters of the Turkic Tatar rulers.

Гибель Сибирского ханства: этапы исторического процесса на северо-восточной окраине татарского мира

Гибель Сибирского ханства: этапы исторического процесса на северо-восточной окраине татарского мира
(The Collapse of the Siberian Khanate: the stages of the historical process in the north-eastern outskirts of the Tatar World)

Author(s):Sergey S. Tikhonov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Military history, Political history, Modern Age, 16th Century
Page Range:62-64
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Golden Horde; Siberian Khanate; Russian State; Kuchum; Yermak; conquering stages
Summary/Abstract:The destinies of the states which had developed on the basis of the Golden Horde were similar (all of them were incorporated into the Russian State), but differed in details (ways by which they were absorbed). One of such states is the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum: its history needs a more complete description. Thus, attention is paid to the collapse of the khanate as a result of the Russian expansion. Three stages are distinguished: Yermak’s campaign, inactive presence of the Russians in Siberia, systematic actions aimed to destroy the Khanate. It is suggested that the future tsar Boris Godunov played an important role in the organizations of a major campaign led by Prince Yeletsky.

Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.

Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.
(The Okoshki 1 Burial Mound Site in South-Eastern Transbaikalia and Some Aspects of the Mongol Identity in the 13th and 14th Centuries)

Author(s):Artur V. Kharinsky, Evgeny V. Kovychev, Nikolay Nikolaevich Kradin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:65-68
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Trans-Baikal region; Mongolian period; Mongols; funerary ritual; grave pit; grave mound; coffin; sheep bones
Summary/Abstract:The funerary ritual of 14 graves from the Okoshki 1 burial mound site in South-Eastern Transbaikalia is analyzed. The data from the Okoshki 1 burial mound and other funerary sites of the Baykal region are used in order to define elements of the Mongols’ funerary ritual in the 13th—14th centuries. Basic elements of the funerary ritual are: a) vertical grave pit; b) stone grave mound; c) a single skeleton in a grave; d) dead body lying on the back (supine skeleton). Additional elements of the funerary ritual include: a) wooden chamber; b) north or north-east orientation of the dead; c) presence of sheep bones in the grave (tibia, scapula, and lumbar vertebrae).

Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.

Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.
(Western Kazakhstan in the 13th—14th Centuries)

Author(s):Arman A. Bissembayev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:71-73
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Western Kazakhstan; Golden Horde; necropolises; Saltak; Urkach; Bulak; funerary rite; Islamization;paganism;
Summary/Abstract:In the Golden Horde period, the vast territory of Western Kazakhstan was one of the ulus centers. The dynamics of political processes in the modern history period related to aspects of ethnic formation was directly inherited from the medieval Mongol states period. A considerable variety and variability in funerary sites of the mid-13th to the early 14th centuries is observed, which is a consequence of migration flows and resettlements initiated by the Mongols. By the mid-14th century, Islamization of population had started, which was reflected in the accretion of pagan and Muslim ritual features and a lengthy existence of this type of syncretic ceremony.

Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана

Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана
(Golden Horde Hillforts in Western Kazakhstan)

Author(s):Arman A. Bissembayev, Gaziz A. Akhatov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography
Page Range:74-76
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Western Kazakhstan; Golden Horde; hillforts; Zhaiyk; Saryozen; Zhalpaktal; Abat Baytak;urban culture;
Summary/Abstract:The authors examine sites left by the settled population in Western Kazakhstan. These sites existed for a short-time during the Golden Horde and are connected with the Mongol khans’ administrative policy. A study of excavations conducted here from the second half of the 20th century makes it possible to reveal the principal distribution areas of the sites related to the settled agricultural population in the Middle and Lower Ural River, the basin of the Bolshoi and Malyi Uzen Rivers and the region between the Uil and Khobda Rivers. The remains of mausoleums built from burned bricks of “the Golden Horde size standards” uncovered in the region allow revealing traces of large settlements and hillforts in their vicinity.

Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования

Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования
(Golden Horde Sites of Western Kazakhstan. New studies)

Author(s):Emma D. Zilivinskaya
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:77-80
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Western Kazakhstan; Golden Horde period; medieval settlements; Zhaiyk; religious complex
Summary/Abstract:The large Zhaiyk hillfort site recently discovered in the Lower Ural River area is one of the few Golden Horde urban settlements known in Western Kazakhstan. The urban development of Zhaiyk is characteristic of the Golden Horde cities; it consisted of homesteads with structures from adobe bricks and irregular layout. A large hammam bath with a cruciform layout was discovered. Two major mausoleums of baked bricks decorated with glazed tiles were investigated on the necropolis. A cult funerary complex consisting of a tower-shaped mausoleum with hip roof and stone stelae in front was studied. Another new site in this region is the Zhalpaktal hillfort, also with farmstead buildings. There is a mosque, which currently is the only known mosque of the Golden Horde period in Western Kazakhstan, and it was uncovered and studied.

Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)

Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)
(A Mosque and a Caravanserai from Puljay: Golden Horde Sites in Northern Karakalpakstan)

Author(s):Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Architecture, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, History of Art
Page Range:81-83
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Soutern Aral; Golden Horde; Pulzhay hillfort; mosque; сaravan-seray
Summary/Abstract:Archaeological studies are used to examine architectural and constructive design features of a mosque and a caravanserai at the Puljai hillfort site. In the context of available analogies from the Central Asian region, the mosque can be attributed to the category of pray kiosk-mosques with aivans (terraces). The peshtak portal, residential and household structures are typical of the caravanserai. These structures were used in the Golden Horde era.

Крымско-золотоордынские параллели в культуре городов Южного Приаралья

Крымско-золотоордынские параллели в культуре городов Южного Приаралья
(Crimean and Golden Horde Parallels in the Culture of the Southern Aral Region Cities)

Author(s):Omar-Sharif Kdirniazob, Mukhammed-Sharip Kdirniazob
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Oral history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:84-86
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:the Crimea; Southern Aral; Golden Horde; ceramics; historiсal folklore; trade and cultural contacts
Summary/Abstract:The article systematizes the fragmentary information about the material culture traits, which find parallels in the cities of the Crimea and the Southern Aral region, on the basis of written sources and archeological data. Certain samples of glazed and unglazed pottery have analogies in other Golden Horde sites. The parallels in material culture observed in remote areas are a result of commonalities in cultural achievements of the Golden Horde peoples, rather than just trade relations. In order to study the Crimean-Golden Horde parallels in the Southern Aral region, the evidence of oral historiology was attracted as well.

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье?

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье?
(Fire at Krasnaya Rechka Hillfort: Traces of the Mongol Invasion in Tian-Shan Region?)

Author(s):Asan I. Torgoev, Valerii A. Kolchenko, Iakov V. Frenkel
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:87-93
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Chuy Valley; early 13th century; Krasnaya Rechka hillfort; glazed pottery; porcelain; Mongol Conquest; fire layer
Summary/Abstract:The Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site, the largest medieval site in Semirechye and the Tien Shan region, was investigated in 2008—2011. In general, the studied complexes are dated back to the second half of the 11th and the 12th centuries. In the upper construction horizon, traces of a strong fire have been recorded. This layer is dated to the early 13th century on the basis of the finds of imported glazed ceramics and Chinese porcelain of the Late Song period. The written accounts make it possible to identify the Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site with Nevaket city and link its collapse to either the destruction by the Kara-Kitai army of Balasagun city (together with its surroundings, to which Krasnaya Rechka hillfort probably belonged) in 1210, or with Genghis Khan’s 1218 campaign.

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок
(Early Muslim Burials in the Necropolis of Bozok Hillfort)

Author(s):Maral K. Khabdulina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Cultural history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:94-96
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Central Kazakhstan; Bozok settlement; Muslim necropolis; mausoleums; khazir-fences
Summary/Abstract:The author briefly defines history of Kazakhstan medieval urban culture studies and describes early Muslim burial structures studied in the Bozok hillfort site. The method of relative stratigraphy has been instrumental in substantiating the start of the Muslim necropolis formation by the late 13th to early 14th century. The Muslim funerary rite of the Bozok hillfort site reflects peculiarities of the spread of Islam in the peripheral regions of the Ulus of Jochi.

География и особенности кладов и случайных находок периода Золотой Орды и Казанского ханства на территории Казанской губернии во второй половине XIX — начале XX вв. (по материалам отчетов о находках казанским губернаторам)

География и особенности кладов и случайных находок периода Золотой Орды и Казанского ханства на территории Казанской губернии во второй половине XIX — начале XX вв. (по материалам отчетов о находках казанским губернаторам)
(Geography and Peculiarities of Hoards and Stray Finds of the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate Period in the Territory of Kazan Province in the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Centuries (after reports to the governors of Kazan))

Author(s):Khalim M. Abdullin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology
Page Range:99-101
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Golden Horde; Khanate of Kazan; Kazan Governorate; stray finds; hoards; reports; second half of 19th — early 20th centuries
Summary/Abstract:The article addresses problems related to state regulation of accidental discoveries and hoards in the 19th century and offers an analysis of archival sources about the findings in the territory of Kazan province. Geographic distribution of finds referring to the Golden Horde and the Kazan Khanate period in the territory of Kazan province is determined. The author characterizes all cases of such findings, their content and geography; whenever possible, he provides information on their further storage. At the end, there is a summary of the main results of the study.

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара
(The Dynamics of Medieval Bоlgar Urban Development)

Author(s):Denis Yu. Badeev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:102-104
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga Bulgaria; Golden Horde; medieval town; historical topography; layout; construction horizons;geographic information systems (GIS);
Summary/Abstract:The author discusses the possibility to apply methods of geographic information systems to study development dynamics of a medieval city and uses Bolgar as a case study. The archaeological components allowing reconstructing the dynamics of the urban area are characterized. These components include: the cultural stratum with good stratigraphy, chronological topography of the finds, and distribution of archaeological urban structures. Among the latter, the following items are identified: monumental buildings, urban planning elements (streets, squares, etc.), remains of aboveground dwellings and household structures, remains of dugout dwellings and household structures, fortification objects, industrial and agricultural facilities (furnaces, traces of arable land), burial grounds and hydraulic structures. The research involved drawing of cartograms to represent Bolgar historical and social topography.

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети
(The Homesteads of the Bulgar during the Golden Horde Period to the Southwest of the Cathedral Mosque)

Author(s):Denis Yu. Badeev, Renat R. Valiev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:105-107
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga Bulgaria; Golden Horde period; medieval town; layout;homestead;
Summary/Abstract:A study of aboveground and dugout structures in the excavations territory (100-160 meters to the south-west of the Cathedral Mosque) enabled an attempt to single out urban homestead plots dating to the first half of the 14th century. A complex study of a large area (1912 sq. м), distinction of additional construction horizons within the clearly dated stratigraphic scale of the Bolgar hillfort, identification of the main street, as well as the location of certain dugout structures (cellars) and the study of their content made it possible to produce a spatial organization picture of Bolgar homesteads in the area and to determine the dimensions and space of at least one homestead plot.

К вопросу о границе между ранним и поздним горизонтами золотоордынского слоя Болгарского городища

К вопросу о границе между ранним и поздним горизонтами золотоордынского слоя Болгарского городища
(On the Problem of the Boundary between the Early and the Late Horizons of the Golden-Horde Stratum of the Bolgar Hillfort)

Author(s):Vyacheslav S. Baranov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:108-110
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Bolgar hillfort; Golden Horde; stratigraphy; periodization; cultural layer
Summary/Abstract:The peculiarities of the Golden-Horde bedding of the Bolgar hillfort in the 10th — 15th centuries are analyzed. It is proposed to consider the 1340s as the boundary between the early and the late horizons of the Golden-Horde stratum, when the administrative and financial reforms of the first decades of the 14th century resulted in further integration of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the economic system of the Golden Horde.

The article addresses data on the Bolgar city fortifications in the Golden Horde period. On the basis of archaeological materials, the reconstruction of the defensive structures original appearance is provided. They consisted of wooden walls made up

The article addresses data on the Bolgar city fortifications in the Golden Horde period. On the basis of archaeological materials, the reconstruction of the defensive structures original appearance is provided. They consisted of wooden walls made up
(On the Defensive Structures of the Bolgar Hillfort in the Golden Horde Period)

Author(s):Airat Gubaidullin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:111-112
No. of Pages:2
Keywords:Central Volga area; Golden Horde period; Bolgar hillfort; fortification; rampart;moat;
Summary/Abstract:The article addresses data on the Bolgar city fortifications in the Golden Horde period. On the basis of archaeological materials, the reconstruction of the defensive structures original appearance is provided. They consisted of wooden walls made up of horizontal and vertical poles, which were installed on an earth rampart. On its external side, there was a ditch, triangular in cross-section. This is the most important evidence that it had not been intended for filling with water being kept always dry. Along the counter-escarp, rows of vertical logs serving as dragon’s teeth have also been revealed. The finds of coins in the base of the defensive rampart date back to its construction during the reign of Jani Beg khan. The material obtained allows offering a new interpretation of the construction period and operation mode of the fortifications in the Golden Horde era.

Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ

Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ
(Bolgar Ulus in the Second Half of the 13th to Mid-14th Centuries: an historical and archaeological analysis)

Author(s):Iskander Lerunovich Izmailov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:113-117
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Golden Horde; Bolgar Ulus; written sources; urban layout; trade; heyday; crisis
Summary/Abstract:The article addresses the flourishing period of the city of Bolgar after the Mongol conquest, as one of the leading economic and political centers of the Jochi Ulus. Numerous written records by Arabic and European authors and Russian chroniclers allow highlighting the general history of Bolgar in the Golden Horde period. Advantageous geographical position contributed to the rapid restoration of the city and the attainment of its capital status, as well as the further development of handicrafts and trade. Bolgar became one of the first centers of minting Golden Horde coins. According to archaeological data, the features of urban development were recovered. In the 14th century, the Cathedral mosque, administrative buildings, and mausoleums for distinguished persons were built in Bolgar. The decline of Bolgar in the second half of the 14th century was connected with the onset of the general political instability in the Jochi Ulus, the plague and the reduction of trade along the Great Silk road.

О фортификации Болгарского городища в XIV в.

О фортификации Болгарского городища в XIV в.
(On Fortification of the Bolgar Hillfort in the 14th Century)

Author(s):Vladimir Yu. Koval, Pavel Ye. Rusakov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:118-120
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Golden Horde; Bolgar city; fortification; earthen embankments; rampart excavation technique.
Summary/Abstract:The authors consider views of the researchers who have studied the fortification of the Bolgar city (the capital of Volga Bulgaria in the 9th to 15th cc.) in the second half of the 20th century. Their conclusions about the “pillar structure” towers above the 14th-century rampart and the wooden walls of similar design are refuted by the data of the excavations conducted by them. The new excavation data revealed that the rampart around Bolgar represented an embankment with the crest lacking any traces of additional defensive structures. It is supposed that their absence is due to the loss of fortification traditions during the rule of the Golden Horde (13th and 14th centuries).

К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.

К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.
(On the Problem of Great Bolgar Socio-Historical Topography in the 13th—15th Centuries)

Author(s):Djamil G. Muhametshin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Social history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:121-123
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga Bulgaria; Golden Horde; Bolgar city; written sources; archaeological excavation; coins; mint
Summary/Abstract:The city of Bolgar (Bolgar) has been known since the 10th century. In the 10th — first third of 13th cc. it was the largest city of the Volga Bulgaria, and in the 13th — first third of 15th cc. it became the center of the Golden Horde Bolgar Ulus. On the basis of written sources, materials of numismatics and epigraphics, it is established that the name of the city of Bolgar corresponds to the Bolgar hillfort. Despite transfer of the capital of the Bolgar Ulus to Kazan in the last quarter of the 14th — early 15th cc., Bolgar was a big city and minted its own coins.

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара
(Topography of Settlements in the Vicinity of the Golden-Horde Bolgar)

Author(s):Djamil G. Muhametshin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:124-126
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Middle Volga region; Bolgar city and its environs; river crossing; Mongol invasion;coins;
Summary/Abstract:The city of Bolgar situated 50 km south from the Kama river mouth occupied an advantageous geographical position. Starting from 10th century, the territory, which had been closely connected with Bolgar throughout the entire period of its existence up to the early 15th c., began to develop around the city. This territory occupied both the left and the right bank of the Volga. After the Mongol invasion, the number of settlements in the area considerably reduced. The remaining ones, closely connected with Bolgar, gained further development and actively participated in the commodity-money relations of the Golden Horde Bulgar ulus.

К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья

К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья
(On the Historical Topography of Medieval Burial Complexes in the Volga Mari-Chuvash Region)

Author(s):Tatyana B. Nikitina, Elena E. Vorobeva
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages
Page Range:127-130
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Mari-Chuvash Volga region; landscape; topography; a group of burials; Mari culture; Slavicized Finns; type of economy
Summary/Abstract:Materials of burial complexes help distinguishing peculiarities of burial grounds location in specific landscape conditions. Within the cemeteries, groups of burials have been selected, which make it possible to trace the dynamics of necropolis occupancy depending on the chronology or external cultural influences.

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география
(The Bolgar Ulus of the Golden Horde: Historical Geography)

Author(s):Konstantin Aleksandrovich Rudenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Historical Geography, Political history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:131-134
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Middle Volga Region; Volga Bulgaria; Golden Horde sites; historical geography; administrative division;hillforts;
Summary/Abstract:The development dynamics of archaeological monuments (hillforts, unfortified settlements and necropolises) of the Golden Horde period in the Volga Bulgaria territory is analyzed. The history of historical geography studies of the Golden-Horde Bolgar Ulus is examined. The archaeological research of the area revealed not less than 330 settlements, both fortified and unfortified. These data made it possible to determine the territory of the Bolgar Ulus, the topography of individual sites, and the historical context of their emergence and development. Particular attention is given to the necropolises of the nomads who had inhabited the Bolgar Ulus. The necropolises and the permanent settlements founded by this population helped to define the territory of their residence. A hypothesis of administrative division of the Bolgar Ulus territory in the period from the Mongol conquest and prior to the early 15th century is considered. It is argued that there had been a few administrative areas centered on major cities — Bolgar, Juketau, and Kazan. Besides, there had been a special territory inhabited by the nomadic population.

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.
(Historical Geography of the Middle Volga Region in the Second Half of 14th — First Half of 15th Centuries)

Author(s):Ayrat G. Sitdikov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Environmental Geography, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:135-140
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Middle Volga region; Golden Horde; administrative division; urban centers; climatic zones
Summary/Abstract:The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.

Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.

Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.
(The Hoard of Juchid Coins (Second Quarter of the 15th Century) from Alexeyevsky District of Tatarstan: to the problem of the 15th-century Bolgar Ulus mints)

Author(s):Oleg V. Stepanov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 15th Century
Page Range:141-144
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Middle Volga region; 15th century; Bulgar vilayet; Bilyar; Jochid numismatics; hoard
Summary/Abstract:The find of a new 15th-century hoard of coins from Bilyar area is discussed. Analogies to other numismatic complexes of the region are offered. The method of comparison of the finds of coins and their types makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence of a mint that had emitted silver coins in the second quarter of the 15th century.

Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе

Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе
(Problems of Studies of the Golden-Horde Period Sites in the Territory of the Bilyar Hillfort Site and Its Environs)

Author(s):Zufar G. Shakirov, Fayaz Sh. Khuzin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:145-149
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Central Trans-Kama region; basin of Maly Cheremshan river; Golden Horde; Bilyar and its environs;medieval towns;
Summary/Abstract:In the vicinity of Bilyar (“Great City”), the capital of pre-Mongol Volga Bulgaria, there are 249 archaeological sites referring to the 10th — first half of the 15th century. Of these, 59 date back to the pre-Mongol and the Golden Horde periods, while 20 archaeological sites refer exclusively to the era of the Ulus Jochi. The collapse of the Great City occurred in 1236. This fact is established by both written and archaeological sources and serves as another argument in support of the view that the coins with the name of al-Nasir li-Din Allah were minted in the 1240s. Recent studies have made it possible to localize the restored “Golden-Horde Bilyar”, where coins were minted in the second half of the 13th century, not on the site of the destroyed city, as was thought previously, but rather in the territory of the vast Bilyar III and the Toretskoye settlement sites located 3 km north-west of it. The number of settlements declined almost 3-fold — up to 8 persons per 1 sq. km, with a corresponding decrease in the population density. The changes in settlement patterns and material culture of the Bilyar area population, characteristic of the other conquered territories as well, reflects the process of provincialization of the former pre-Mongol centers.

Дельта Волги в XIII веке (по материалам Самосдельского городища и новых памятников, выявленных в дельте)

Дельта Волги в XIII веке (по материалам Самосдельского городища и новых памятников, выявленных в дельте)
(The Volga Estuary in the 13th Century (based on the materials of the Samosdelka hillfort site and newly-found sites in the area))

Author(s):Dmitry V. Vasiliev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:153-155
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga estuary; Golden Horde; domain of Saqsin; Samosdelka hillfort; Moshaik hillfort; Krasny Yar hillfort; Mongol invasion; population
Summary/Abstract:The author characterizes sites of the Volga estuary, related to the Saqsin domain in the 13th century. The devastation of towns and villages during the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Caspian Sea water level resulted in population redistribution: the outflow of the estuary area inhabitants to its northern regions adjacent to the first capital of the Golden Horde. The period was marked by caravan trade development, which resulted in the rise of the Moshaik settlement that was located by the Volga estuary crossing.

Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.

Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.
(Representation of the Volga Basin and the Caspian Sea on 14—16th-century European Maps)

Author(s):Igor V. Volkov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Geography, Regional studies, Historical Geography, Maps / Cartography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, 16th Century
Page Range:156-160
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Volga River; Caspian Sea; maps by Claudius Ptolemy; medieval maps; Catalan and Italian cartographic tradition
Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses how features of the Volga River, the Lower Volga region, the Caspian Sea, and the adjacent territories are represented on 14th—16th century medieval European maps executed according to different cartographic traditions. In the 14th—15th centuries the ancient tradition was succeeded by a fundamentally new step: the appearance of the first nautical charts associated with the actual exploration of the Volga and the Caspian Sea regions by the Europeans. In this respect, Italian- and Catalan-style maps stand out for the manner the Caspian Sea and its adjacent area were represented. However, all of them are characterized by significant inaccuracies, although Italian-style maps are seemingly closer to the reality. The Turkish conquests of the 15th century greatly limited the penetration of the Europeans to the East, which led to the revival of the cartographic tradition that had stemmed from Claudius Ptolemy, and to the emergence of various compilations.

Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути

Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути
(On a Polovtsian Burial: Interpretations of Mercury Presence)

Author(s):Zvezdana V. Dode
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:161-163
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Mongol Empire; South Ural region; nomads; funerary rite; mercury; embalming;archaeological textiles;
Summary/Abstract:The unique feature of the nomadic burial from the Shumaevski II burial ground is the presence of mercury. The paper deals with certain controversial conjectures and proposes counterarguments regarding the employment of mercury in the burial ritual. Special attention is paid to textile remains and their correspondence with the burial inventory and ritual complex.

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время
(The Mordvinians of the Lower Volga Region under the Golden Horde)

Author(s):Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev, Yuriy A. Zeleneev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:164-165
No. of Pages:2
Keywords:Lower Volga region; Golden Horde period; Mordvins; resettlement; cemeteries;funerary rite;
Summary/Abstract:The article examines settlement of the Mordvinians in the Lower Volga region in the Golden Horde period (second half of the 13th and 14th cc.). Mordvinian settlements and burial grounds are encountered mainly in the forest-steppe zone on the Volga right bank, but sites in the steppe zone and on the Volga left bank are also known. The materials of the burial grounds reveal both Mokshan and Erzyan ethno-cultural characteristic features. At present, there is no reliable data yet on whether it was a forced relocation or independent movement of Mordvinian population.

К характеристике пространственной организации системы расселения в правобережье Самарского Поволжья в золотоордынский период

К характеристике пространственной организации системы расселения в правобережье Самарского Поволжья в золотоордынский период
(On Spatial Organization Characteristics of the Settlement System in the Right-Bank Volga Samara Region During the Golden Horde Period)

Author(s):Anna F. Kochkina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:166-169
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Volga Upland; Samara Volga region; Golden Horde; settlement system; microdistricts; support frame
Summary/Abstract:The sites of the right bank of the Samara Volga region including the Samarskaya Luka (Bend) of the Volga River and the Usa River watershed constitute a special group of the Golden-Horde period sites of the Middle Volga region. An analysis of the sites topography in the context of geographical features of the area in question allowed defining its territorial structure. On the basis of settlements location features, a zonal model of regionalization is proposed. In the territory of the district, two micro-districts are distinguished: 1) the Usinsk micro-district, 2) a micro-district inside the Samara Bend. Each of them is characterized by an appropriate reference framework of settlement, which is associated with the peculiarities of functioning and settling. In the first case, the settlement occupies the dominant position (the Muranka settlement site), while the second district is characterized by the presence of several key points with the linear interconnection system (Mezhdurechensky hillfort, Malaya Ryazan 2 and Lbische — Novyi Put’ settlements, etc.).

К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи

К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи
(To the Problem of Ukek Chronology and Sites in Its Environs)

Author(s):Dmitry A. Kubankin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:170-173
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Golden Horde; Saratov Region; Ukek city; numismatics; civil discord;Abdullah;
Summary/Abstract:Written sources, numismatic finds and the stratigraphy of the site are employed to retrace the chronology of Ukek. Stages associated with the ruling khans are revealed. Principal changes in the city development are demonstrated. The chronology of the urban center is compared with the data on the adjacent settlements. The intensive development of Ukek and individual sites in its vicinity in 1260-1270s, alongside with its growing administrative influence during the rule of Tokhta, a substantial increase of the city area and that of the number of settlement monuments in the Uzbek and Jani Beg periods are specified. An assumption is made as to the devastation of Ukek and some of the adjacent areas during the last years of Abdullah’s rule and its subsequent decay in the 1370s. A brief recovery during the rule of Tokhtamysh, as well as a practically total absence of any materials related to the periods following Tamerlane’s invasion in 1395 are noted.

Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой

Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой
(About the Border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes)

Author(s):Irina Yu. Lapshina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Political history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:174-176
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga-Don region; Golden Horde; Great Internecine Strife; Mamai; Vodyanskoe hillfort;numismatics;
Summary/Abstract:The established opinion of the Russian historiography runs that the border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes was fixed along the Volga River. A collection of coins dating to the Great Internecine Strife (“velikaya zamyatnya”) period from the Vodyanskoe hillfort site was studied. These data made it possible to conclude that the town on the left-bank Volga area may be related to the Saray region (the Volga Horde domain). Besides, there is a number of indications as to earlier ulus borders along the Don and a minor annalistic evidence concerning an interesting episode in the course of the war between Timur-Khodja and Mamai. All this allows raising the problem of a possible location of the border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes along the Don River.

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье
(Golden Horde Silver Dirhams on the Area of the Ural Steppe)

Author(s):Irina V. Matyushko, Lyudmila A. Kraeva, Lidiya V. Kuptsova
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:177-179
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Ural Steppe; Golden Horde; burials of nomads; silver dirhams; Saray; Khwarezm
Summary/Abstract:The article is devoted to the introduction of a new finding: a silver dirham of the Golden Horde period from the burial near Cheben’ki village, Orenburg Oblast. The coin is dated to 739—740 AH (1338—1340) and is attributed to the reign of Uzbek Khan. The finding is compared to the existing analogies and is considered among other materials prepared for the mapping of dirhams found in burials located in the Cis-Ural steppes. The finds of coins in burials of this region confirm its close contacts with the Lower Volga area and Central Asia in the Golden Horde period.

Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века

Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века
(The Nogai Horde Western Boundaries. On the History of Nogai Relations with Astrakhan and the Crimea in the 16th Century)

Author(s):Maksim V. Moiseev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Diplomatic history, Political history, Modern Age, 16th Century
Page Range:180-182
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Volga; Nogai Horde; Astrakhan Khanate; Crimean Khanate; boundaries; political relations;military conflicts;
Summary/Abstract:In the early 16th century, the Nogai Horde reached its natural boundaries, limited from the west by the Volga River. However, this obstacle hampered their migrations, limiting the space required by the Manghits. So almost immediately they started a longed struggle for new territories with their neighbors — the Crimean and Astrakhan khanates. In 1530—1550, the struggle reached its peak, but neither of the parties at war managed to resolve the problem of ownership rights to the territories along the banks of the Volga River and its Delta distributaries in their favor. The problem of nomadic hordes delimitation was ultimately resolved after the conquest of the Volga region by the Russian State.

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища
(Topography and Development of Bagaevka Settlement)

Author(s):Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky, Marat Bayazitovich Shigapov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:183-186
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Lower Volga region; Golden Horde; 13th—14th centuries; settlements;material culture;
Summary/Abstract:The article characterizes topography of the Golden-Horde Bagaevka settlement situated in Saratov region of Saratov oblast. The settlement used to belong to the Golden-Horde Ukek city district and existed in the second half of the 13th — 14th cc. Special attention is paid to trench I, where the works were conducted in 2002—2003, 2007—2012 and 2014—2015. Problems related to the purpose of the discovered constructions, distribution of separate categories of finds in them, including the numismatic materials (dated in general starting the late 13th c. to 1360/1361 A.D.), the imports and artifacts connected with various ethnic groups’ presence on the site are considered.

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период
(The Estuary of the Volga River in the Golden Horde Period)

Author(s):Evgeniy M. Pigarev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:187-190
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Ulus of Jochi; Golden Horde; Volga estuary; hillfort; settlement; suburban environs; micro-region; natural zones
Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.

Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»

Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»
(Stratification of Political Actors of the Desht-i-Qipchaq in the Beginning of the Fifteenth Century: the Case of the Arrival of Tokhtamysh’s Sons to Muscovy)

Author(s):Bulat Raimovich Rakhimzyanov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Diplomatic history, Political history, Middle Ages, 15th Century
Page Range:191-194
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Golden Horde; Grand Duchy of Moscow; Jochids; Tatars’ aristocracy in the Muscovian military service;political relations;
Summary/Abstract:This abstract analyses mutual political status of the Golden Horde and Muscovite Grand Principality in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The main goal of abstract is to delineate the real role of Muscovite principality in political history of Central Eurasia in the beginning of the fifteenth century. The author examines the arrival of Tokhtamysh khan’s sons, namely Jelal ad-Din and Kerim-Berdi, to Muscovite principality. Among states that were members of the Golden Horde polity we find so called “Russian ulus” — an alliance of principalities of Northeast Russia, which were conquered by Batu khan. The Moscow Grand Principality became the strongest one among other Russian principalities. It took the leading position in contacts with Tatars. Nevertheless, how influential was the Moscow Grand Principality among other actors in political life of the Desht-i-Qipchaq in the beginning of the fifteenth century? The author concludes that the influence of Moscow was minimal and only began to be seen.

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.
(On the Names of Some Towns along the Caravan Route from Khorezm to Saray in the Late 13th — Early 14th Century)

Author(s):Roman Yu. Reva
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Oral history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:195-200
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Ulus Jochi; Khwarezm; Urgendzh; Uichik; Qutlughkend; Saraijuk; Saray; Golden Horde numismatiсs
Summary/Abstract:Based on the comparison of recently discovered numismatic facts with the Arabic manuscript text of al-’Umari and Kazakh legends recorded in the 19th century, the names of two towns have been established — Uichik and Qutlughkent, which were located on the caravan route from Urgenj to Saray. Uichik is localized in the vicinity of modern Atyrau (Republic of Kazakhstan). “Qutlughkent” could possibly be the early name of the city of Saraijuk. A misinterpretation by V.G. Tiesenhausen in the Russian translation of al-’Umari’s text has been corrected.

Кузькинский мордовский могильник конца XIII—XIV в.: новые материалы о населении Самарского Поволжья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Кузькинский мордовский могильник конца XIII—XIV в.: новые материалы о населении Самарского Поволжья в эпоху Золотой Орды
(The Mordovian Kuzkinsky Burial Ground of the Late 13th — 14th Centuries: new materials about the population of the left-bank Volga Samara area in the Golden Horde era)

Author(s):Dmitriy A. Stashenkov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:201-203
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Lower Volga region; Golden Horde; archaeology; the Mordvins; burial ground; funerary rite; resettlement
Summary/Abstract:A previously unknown burial ground of the Middle Ages in the Volga Samara region is studied. The analysis of the grave goods from 16 burials allowed their dating by the late 13th to mid-14th century. The funerary rite and the items from the burials find analogies with the Muransky, Barbashinsky, Usinsky burial ground sites excavated in the region, that are associated mainly with the Mordovian groups. The emergence of large Mordovian burial grounds in the Middle Volga region was conditioned by the economic development policy pursued by the Golden Horde administration in the Volga region. The chronological framework of the sites with the Mordva ethno-cultural component studied in the region encompasses the late 13th — mid-14th centuries. Reliable evidence of their existence in the region following the 1360s (the start of the internecine dissention wars known as the “Great Zamyatnya” in the Golden Horde) is absent.

География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным

География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным
(The Geography and Peculiarities of the Life-Support System of the Golden Horde Towns (based upon archaeozoological data))

Author(s):Lilia V. Yavorskaya, Ekaterina Ye. Antipina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:204-207
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Volga region; Golden Horde; towns; natural zones; life-support system; archaeozoological data
Summary/Abstract:Archaeozoological data are used to reveal two component features of the life-support system characteristic to the Golden Horde Volga region towns: the supply of products from the nearby agricultural area, and from the nomads migrating throughout vast steppe regions. Sustainability of food deliveries to the Golden Horde urban dwellers had been largely associated with a settled rural neighborhood supplying beef, the major meat resource. Its efficiency had been connected mainly with the natural conditions. The consumption of horse, sheep and pig meat had been determined by economic, social and ethnic factors.

Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье
(Localization of the Gashun-Usta Stow Complex (Stavropol Province, 1890) and Distinction of the Golden Horde Possessions in Central Ciscaucasia)

Author(s):Vitaly A. Babenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:211-214
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North Caucasus; The Stavropol Upland; Golden Horde period; stow; belt set; belt bowl;ulus;
Summary/Abstract:The article examines proceedings of the 1860—1861 Kuma-Manych expedition that allow specifying the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow in the territory of Stavropol province (guberniya). In 1890, a belt bowl and a belt set were found in the area, dating to the time of Mengu-Timur.The Gashun-Usta site is localized in the vicinity of Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol Krai, in the basin of the Chogray River on the north-eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland.This zone yields plenty of Golden Horde burials. Summer and winter pastures of medieval nomads were located there. Evidence by G. de Rubruk on Bеrke’s encampments can be linked with this territory.

Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон

Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон
(Lower Trans-Kuban in the 13th—14th Centuries: on the border of cultures and natural zones)

Author(s):Inga A. Druzhinina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:215-218
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North-Western Caucasus; Golden Horde; multiethnic population; settled tribes;nomads;
Summary/Abstract:The paper presents a summary of the anthropological and archaeological materials from cemeteries investigated on the Lower Kuban River. The author concludes that a multiethnic population emerged there in the 13th—14th cc. AD. Its core was apparently formed by the Alans, Bulgars, Zygians, with participation of the settled Polovtsians. The anthropological material points to metisation of population, which is confirmed by the archaeological data, namely, mixed and unified character of the material and spiritual culture formed on the basis of different ethnic groups.

Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья
(Findings of Polovtsian Stone Sculptures as a Source for the Study of the Geography of Polovtsian Encampments in the Kuban Steppes)

Author(s):Yuriy V. Zelenskiy
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries
Page Range:219-220
No. of Pages:2
Keywords:Kuban area; Cumans; Middle Ages; sculptures; museum; collection;source;
Summary/Abstract:The author considers the problem of localization of the Polovtsian stone sculptures on the territory of the Kuban River and eastern Kuban area steppes. The statues have been delivered to the museum starting from the late 19th century and are still delivered today. Before the revolution, the findings were not always localized. In the 1950s to the early 21st century, the statues were delivered from villages located in the territory of the Central steppe area, from the Middle Kuban area, and Eastern Kuban area. The findings of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomad encampments of the Kuban area.

О внутренней топографии поселения XIII—XV вв. «Железнодорожное-1» (Крымский район Краснодарского края): предварительные наблюдения

О внутренней топографии поселения XIII—XV вв. «Железнодорожное-1» (Крымский район Краснодарского края): предварительные наблюдения
(On the Internal Topography of the 13th—15th-Century Settlement “Zheleznodorozhnoye-1” (Krymsk District, Krasnodar Krai): preliminary observations)

Author(s):Vladimir P. Mokrushin, Evgeniy I. Narozhny, Pavel V. Sokov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:221-224
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North-Western Caucasus; Golden Horde settlements; agricultural environs; burial grounds; Black Sea region; Italian trade; export of grain from the Kuban region
Summary/Abstract:This work is focused on the internal specificity of the “Zhelezodorozhnoe-1” settlement in the Krymsk District of Krasnodar Krai. Together with two other synchronous Golden Horde sites, it is considered a consolidated economic center. Compared to the other large-scale sites, such as “Zhukova” settlement and Angelinsky Yerik, or “Shakhrak city”, after I.V. Volkov, these objects adjoin the periphery of the large “Copario area” (after I.V. Volkov, located in the area ranging from Golubitskaya village to Chyorny Yerik farmstead). In the context of the sources, these facts allow raising the problem related to the possibility of participation of the settlements in question in the exports of grain to Caffa, where from it was reexported to Europe.

О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.

О локализации «Трехстенного городка» на Нижнем Тереке: некоторые вопросы исторической географии ХIII—ХVII вв.
(On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography)

Author(s):Evgeniy I. Narozhny
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Historical Geography, Modern Age, 16th Century
Page Range:225-231
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:Northern Caucasus; Lower Terek River; the Terek mouths; Tyumenka River; Terek city of 1588; fortifications; “Caucasian Tyumen”; Golden Horde
Summary/Abstract:On Localization of the “Trekhstenny Gorodok” site on the Lower Terek: issues of 13th—17th-century historical geography.°In this work, an attempt is made to verify the information about the fortification discovered in 1930 by E. M. Krupnov, who connected it with the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site from documentary sources. A comparison of the fortress remains with the ramparts of Terek (Terki) city of 1588 made it possible to identify the “Trekhstennyi gorodok” site with the place of inflow of the Terek and its distributaries into the Caspian Sea (I. Güldenstedt). Explanations are offered to the reasons of Terek city construction in the center of the former “Tyumen Principality” (“Caucasian Tyumen”), which had been established within the “Djulat area”, devastated by Timur.

География события 1222 года на Северном Кавказе

География события 1222 года на Северном Кавказе
(The Geography of 1222 Events in the North Caucasus)

Author(s):Evgeniy I. Narozhny, Pavel V. Sokov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:232-237
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Northern Caucasus; events of 1222; Jebe and Subutai conquests; the Alanian-Cuman alliance; the defeat of the Сumans
Summary/Abstract:Taking into account the polarity of assessments and reconstructions of the 1222 events in the Northern Caucasus, the authors consider both the information of Ali ibn al-Asir and the cartography of prevalence of the Cuman stone sculptures in the region, developed on the basis of works by predecessors (E. D. Felitsyn, T. M. Minaeva). Comparing these data with the list of the latest similar finds, the authors suggest their version of reconstruction of the routes of Mongol-Tatars movement from Derbent across the region, which had eventually brought them to the Kalka River in 1223.

Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока
(The Adygeyan Pottery of the Golden Horde Period from the Collections of the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow))

Author(s):Ludmila M. Noskova
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:238-241
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North-Eastern Black Sea region; Adygeya; the Golden Horde period; 14th—15th centuries; cemetery; kurgan; ceramics;pottery;
Summary/Abstract:The paper discusses a small collection of 14th—15th-century ceramics from the excavations by the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygeya and the Eastern Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is discussed. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and late medieval burial ground in the village of Kabardinka (near Gelendzhik). Several of the vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar Reservoir, where the late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material is divided into two groups: those from the left bank of the Kuban River and from the Black Sea region. The vessels are represented in different forms of jugs and mugs predominantly. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for the Adygeyan ceramics of the Golden Horde period, and are produced on slow rotation potter’s wheel. Most of the jars of the second group have a side drain — a rim in the shape of oenochoe (“towards yourself”), which is a typical feature of the vessels from the Black Sea region. These forms of vessels disappear in the left-bank Kuban region. At the same time, the jugs with tubular drain appear in the ceramic complexes as metal jugs imitations. In general, the ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of kitchenware, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам

Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам
(Madjar, a Сity of the Golden Horde, by Written, Cartographic and Visual Sources)

Author(s):Yury D. Obukhov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:242-245
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:North Caucasus; Golden Horde period; Madjar; cartographic sources; visual sources
Summary/Abstract:The researchers’ interest in Majar, a Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, has become obvious since the 18th century and still exists nowadays. In spite of the existing seemingly extensive historical evidence of the 14th through to 20th centuries, related to the description of the city existence and exploration, there remain quite a number of questions, which attest to the fact that the sources available have not been extensively processed. The combined analysis (not ventured before) of all available written, cartographic and illustrative sources without exception, with the involvement of newly identified ones, alongside with the application of modern GIS technologies, will have a positive effect on the study of the Madjary hillfort site and its practically unstudied environs.

К исторической топографии Нижнего и Верхнего Джулатов золотоордынского времени (историографические аспекты)

К исторической топографии Нижнего и Верхнего Джулатов золотоордынского времени (историографические аспекты)
(Historical topography of the Lower and Upper Djulat cities in the Golden Horde time (aspects of historiography))

Author(s):Sergey N. Savenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:246-252
No. of Pages:7
Keywords:North Caucasus; the Terek River; Golden Horde; cities; the Djulats; study history;historical topography;
Summary/Abstract:The report is devoted to consideration of the 5 stages (from the 18th century to the present) in the history of the study of Lower and Upper Djulat, the Golden Horde cities in the central part of the Northern Caucasus, located in the middle course of the Terek River, with a primary emphasis on their historic topography. The features of the source base accumulation, including archaeological materials, are discussed. At all stages, the researchers have commented on the extent, importance and chronological development peculiarities of the Djulat cities. The most extensive data on the historical topography is provided in the monographs by V.A. Kuznetsov (2003, 2014), E. D. Zilivinskaya and I. M. Chechenov (2015). Alongside with the specification of the settlements dimensions and structural elements, stratigraphy determination, characteristics clarification, and dating of the objects (mosques, temples, fortification elements, welfare facilities, burials, private burial vaults, etc.), there still remain unsolved problems related to the basis and historical circumstances of the emergence of major Golden Horde settlements on the Lower and Upper Djulats. The internal structure of these cities, the dynamics of their territorial expansion and development at various historical stages in the mid-13th — early 15th centuries require further research.

Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)

Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)
(French-speaking Travelers of the Past about the Golden Horde Sites in the Caucasus (Madjary Hillfort))

Author(s):Ekaterina L. Sosnina
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, Source Material
Page Range:254-256
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:North Caucasus; Golden Horde period; Madjary; written and visual sources; architecture
Summary/Abstract:The article offers information about the Majar hillfort — the remains of the largest Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, which is contained in the travel notes, letters, memoirs and other kind of records and drawings by foreign travelers of the 18th—19th centuries. They were: S. Turkay, an emigrant from Hungary; Ferrand, a French doctor; nobleman Aubrey de la Motret, a French traveler; Jan Potocky, researcher of the Caucasus, a descendant of the Polish magnates, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Adele Hommaire de Hell, a French writer and traveler, member of the French Geographical Society. These sources have not been translated into Russian and remain little known to researchers.

Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data

Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data
(Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data)

Author(s):Luminiţa Bejenaru, Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, 16th Century, 17th Century
Page Range:259-262
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Golden Horde; Old Orhei; food; archaeozoological data; topography
Summary/Abstract:The archaeological level of the Golden Horde period is analyzed, and this assemblage is compared to the level of the 15th—17th centuries in order to account for a diachronical variability of food resources of animal origin on the Old Orhei site.The study of medieval Old Orhei is mainly focused on the diversity of food resources as reflected by the archaeozoological analysis. Previous archaeozoological studies on the medieval period in Old Orhei discussed aspects related to animal species identified on the site and the proportion of wild and domestic species. The consumers of animal products especially differed by their ethnic belonging. Thus, in the period of Mongol (the Golden Horde) occupation, the main domestic species used in alimentation were the sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), the cattle (Bos taurus) and the horse (Equus caballus), while later — after Mongol retreat, the livestock of the local economy was mainly represented by the cattle (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus domesticus).The hunting records a very low rate (0.24% NISP) during the Golden Horde period; the low occurrence frequency of wild animals’ remains in this cultural level is quite surprising, since the documents of the time contain information emphasizing that the Mongols used to greatly rely on hunting, which was practiced for different purposes: to compensate a food shortage, to secure furs and hides, to keep fit for future battles, etc.

Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.

Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.
(The Historical Geography of the Genoese Gazaria 1275—1475)

Author(s):Sergei Gennadievich Bocharov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:263-268
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:Crimea; Genoese Gazaria; Caffa; Campagna of Caffa; Soldaia; Cembalo; Vosporo; Consulate;historical geography;
Summary/Abstract:In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.

К исторической топографии Кырк-Ера: мнимая гробница Айдар-хана

К исторической топографии Кырк-Ера: мнимая гробница Айдар-хана
(On Historical Topography of Qırq Yer: a delusory tomb of Hayder Khan)

Author(s):Aleksandr G. Gertsen, Yuriy M. Mogarychev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 15th Century
Page Range:269-271
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Crimean Khanate; Chufut-Kale; Bakhchisaray; dürbe; Girays; Haydar Khan; Canike-Hanim
Summary/Abstract:G. Romme in his “The Travelogue in Crimea” mentioned a tomb of a certain Hayder-Khan on Chufut-Kale. The authors have analyzed a number of 17th to 19th-century descriptions of the fortress and arrived at the conclusion that the French traveler had apparently been misled by his guide. There had never been any tomb of Khan Haydar (Aidar) on Chufut-Kale. The only known mausoleum on the plateau is the dürbe (mausoleum) of Canike (Janike)-Hanym who died in 1437.

О золотоордынском периоде в истории Мангупского городища: к постановке научной проблемы

О золотоордынском периоде в истории Мангупского городища: к постановке научной проблемы
(On the Golden Horde Period in the History of Mangup Settlement: the Formulation of a Scientific Problem)

Author(s):Aleksandr G. Gertsen, Valery E. Naumenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:272-274
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:South-Western Crimea; Principality of Theodoro; Mangup; Golden Horde period; Crimean Ulus; political history; archaeological and epigraphic data
Summary/Abstract:The early history of the Principality of Theodoro and its capital city — Mangup, is relatively little known and serves as a subject of debate. The main problem is the lack of the Mangup cultural layer related to the period, as it was destroyed by a large-scale construction in the 20—30s of the 15th century Finds dated to the 14th century are met in redeposited state only. However, there are artifacts, and epigraphy data making it possible to suggest that in the 14th century the Principality was under the protectorate of the Golden Horde, Mangup being managed by the administration, appointed by the Golden Horde Crimean Ulus authorities. The report may be considered as the formulation of the scientific problem requiring serious special consideration.

«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)

«Новые» объекты на топографической карте генуэзской крепости Чембало XIV—XV вв. (по материалам раскопок 1999—2013 гг.)
(“New” Objects on the Topographic Map of the Genoese Fortress Cembalo, 14th—15th Centuries (by materials of the digs in 1999—2013))

Author(s):Serhiy V. Dyachkov
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:275-278
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Genoese Gazaria; Cembalo fortress; fortifications; towers; cisterns;trebuchet;
Summary/Abstract:The 1999—2013 excavations allowed revealing the functional purpose of the well-known fortifications of Cembalo and marking a few new objects on the map.The church in the territory of the Consular Castle used to serve as a burial-vault of its inhabitants. Tower No. 8 protected the entrance to the territory of the castle. On a special ground next to Tower No. 8, there was a big missile machine of Trebuchet type designed to fight enemy ships. Tower No. 6 was located in the port area of the town. A huge cistern for keeping more than 550 cub. m of water was placed on the lower tier of the tower. The upper tier was used as a battle ground for mounting missile machines.In the 14th century, Tower No. 5 was part of the town fortification system. In the 15th century, Tower No. 5 was equipped with a cistern, and a weapon and armor depot was also placed there.

Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей

Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей
(The Crimean Context of Golden Horde Architecture in Scientific Works by Modern Researchers)

Author(s):Vladimir P. Kirilko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Architecture, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century, History of Art
Page Range:279-283
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Ulus of Jochi; Crimea; Golden Horde architecture; religious architecture; Solkhat madrasah;historiography;
Summary/Abstract:The chronological scope of the study encompasses the years 1946-2016. The period is characterized by a gradual revival of interest in the Golden Horde sites present in the region and consolidation of th this field of studies. In 1978, archaeological excavations were resumed, alongside with a purposeful architectural study of construction remains of individual structures and selective publication of results. Besides sporadic publications on the architecture of the Crimea, where the Golden Horde component was usually fragmentarily treated on the basis of outdated and often erroneous information, there also appear works of generalizing character, where this component, despite the differing degree of elaboration, is already present as an integral part of the building culture of the Ulus of Jochi as a whole. The majority of field research materials have not been involved in scientific circulation, the access to them being restricted for experts. A significant event of the period was the publication of the monograph “Architecture of the Golden Horde. Part I. Cult architecture” (Zilivinskaya 2014), which provides a clear understanding as regards the current state of the topic elaboration.

Топография гончарного производства Азака

Топография гончарного производства Азака
(Topography of Azak Pottery Production)

Author(s):Svetlana A. Kravchenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:284-286
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Golden Horde; Azak; potter’s workshop; localization; kiln; semifinished items
Summary/Abstract:The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

Северо-Восточное Приазовье и среднее течение Северского Донца в XIII—XIV вв. (влияние природно-географического фактора на заселение территории)

Северо-Восточное Приазовье и среднее течение Северского Донца в XIII—XIV вв. (влияние природно-географического фактора на заселение территории)
(North-Eastern Azov Sea Region and Middle Reaches of the Seversky Donets River in the 13—14th Centuries (the impact of natural and geographical factors on the peopling of the territory))

Author(s):Eduard E. Kravchenko
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:287-289
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Azov Sea region; Seversky Donets River; Golden Horde period; nomadic camps; hillforts; routes;natural zones;
Summary/Abstract:A study of the Golden Horde sites in Donbass territory revealed that they had been formed in close connection with the natural and geographical situation in some parts of the region. The steppe region used to serve as the nomadic pastoralism domain. In the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets River, peopled by sedentary population since ancient times, large settlements had been established which served as trade, craft, and administrative centers.

Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку

Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку
(The Topography of Burial Grounds of Golden Horde Azak and their Impact on the Urban Planning)

Author(s):Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:290-293
No. of Pages:4
Keywords:Azak; Golden Horde; cemeteries; topography;planigraphy;
Summary/Abstract:Excavations of Azak are held in every district of the city. That’s why now it is possible to study some questions of planigraphy of big city of the Golden Horde. The paper contains information about 38 discovered burial sites of 13th—14th cc. Short data about these sites origin is also given. Mapping of the objects shows certain logic in their location. Burial sites appear nearly at the same time. Each of two arc-like burial zones appears as a result of an administrative policy, which ordered to place graves outside from the habitable districts. But soon sites of an earlier period became surrounded by residential estates. The second arc-like zone of burials appeared as a result of this process.

Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города

Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города
(Symbolon — Cembalo — Balaklava: Toponymy Semantics and Peculiarities of the Medieval Town Topography)

Author(s):Victor L. Mytz
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, Modern Age
Page Range:294-298
No. of Pages:5
Keywords:Symbolon; Cembalo; Balaklava; Castron; Chefalo-Vrisi; Repiola; St. Nicholas castle; burgs; castrum; lower town
Summary/Abstract:Modern Balaklava is located on the banks of a well-protected winding bay. The infrastructure of the medieval town formed during the 6th—17th centuries and was historically linked with the Byzantine, Golden Horde, Genoese and Ottoman periods of its existence, changing its name from Symbolon to Cembalo to Balaklava. The paper offers a brief retrospective consideration of the etymology of these toponyms in their historical and cultural context. It is also noted that the topography of the ancient fortress and the town is characterized by an unusually low number of preserved microtoponyms and urbonyms that had formed in conditions of cohabitation of the population speaking three languages: Greek, Tatar and Ligurian.

Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды
(Some Questions of Historical Geography of the Middle Don Region in the Era of the Golden Horde)

Author(s):Mikhail V. Tcybin
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Geography, Regional studies, Human Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries, 15th Century
Page Range:299-301
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:Middle Don region; Golden Horde; Russian settlements; nomadic burials;mausoleum;
Summary/Abstract:Are characterized monuments of the Middle Don region in the the Golden Horde period. They relate to different groups of population: are settlements with Russian ceramics and nomadic graves, mausoleums, burial grounds and settlements. New data of anthropological researches are provided. Comparison of data of archeology and written sources is carried out.

Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках

Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках
(The Military Organization of the Nomads of the Crimea in 12th—14th Centuries)

Author(s):Victor N. Chkhaidze
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Military history, Middle Ages, 6th to 12th Centuries, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:302-304
No. of Pages:3
Keywords:the Crimea; medieval nomads; burials; military organization;Cumans;
Summary/Abstract:The report presents differentiate according to the degree of arms 49 male burials kochevnikov medieval (12th—14th centuries), which were identified in 56 cemeteries in the Crimea. Based on the analysis of materials, three groups of military burials of nomads: 1. Heavily armed cavalry with metal protective arms and a full set of weapons and melee; 2. Cavalry without defensive arms, or with a non-metallic armor, also with a full set of chopping weapons and ranged weapons; 3. Light cavalry armed only with bows and arrows, swords rarely. The picture presented of the military organization of the Polovtsian society in Crimea, which existed until the inclusion in the composition of the Polovtsian troops of the Golden Horde.

Новые данные по исторической географии золотоордынских поселений Нижнего Подонья и Северо-Восточного Приазовья

Новые данные по исторической географии золотоордынских поселений Нижнего Подонья и Северо-Восточного Приазовья
(New Data on the Historical Geography of the Golden Horde Settlements in the Lower Don and North-Eastern Azov Regions)

Author(s):Nikita I. Iudin, Alexander P. Minaev
Language:Russian
Subject(s):History, Archaeology, Regional Geography, Historical Geography, Middle Ages, 13th to 14th Centuries
Page Range:305-306
No. of Pages:2
Keywords:Lower Don; North-East Azov region; Golden Horde; Middle Ages; historical geography; settlement; small towns;rural settlement;
Summary/Abstract:The authors present new data, obtained by collecting stray finds and their fixation with the GPS device, as well as by means of trial excavations, which allows clarifying the boundaries of the Lower Don and North-Eastern Azov region settlements and raising the question about their either urban or rural status. A classification of the examined sites into three major categories — small cities, large and small rural settlements — is proposed. The main criterion is the dimension of the area occupied by the latter, while the finds attesting to the predominance of certain types of economic activity are also taken into account.

Диалог городской и степной культур на Евразийском пространстве. Историческая география Золотой Орды Dialogue of Urban and Steppe Cultures in the Eurasian Space. Historical Geography of the Golden Horde

Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья

Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья (The Palace Architecture of the Jurchen Towns in Primorye)

Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)

Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации) (The Manchu-Tungus and the Daurs of the Amur area: An ethno-cultural borderland (according to fortification materials))

Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1

Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1 (New Discoveries in the Medieval Archaeology of Primorye: Koksharovka-1 Hillfort)

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье (Koksharovka-8 — a Unique Medieval Burial Complex in Primorye)

Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье

Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье (On the Study of the Cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal Region)

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье (The Alestuy Homestead Site of the Mongol Period in the East Baikal Region)

Археологические признаки административных границ южносибирского средневековья (по трудам Л. Р. Кызласова)

Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи

Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи (The Yenisei Siberia Region as the Northern Periphery of the Mongol Empire)

Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях

Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях (The Turkic-Tatar Cities of Western Siberia in the 14th—16th Centuries in Archaeological and Historical Researches)

Гибель Сибирского ханства: этапы исторического процесса на северо-восточной окраине татарского мира

Могильник Окошки I в юго-восточном Забайкалье и некоторые аспекты идентичности монголов в XIII—XIV вв.

Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.

Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв. (Western Kazakhstan in the 13th—14th Centuries)

Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана

Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана (Golden Horde Hillforts in Western Kazakhstan)

Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования

Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования (Golden Horde Sites of Western Kazakhstan. New studies)

Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)

Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане) (A Mosque and a Caravanserai from Puljay: Golden Horde Sites in Northern Karakalpakstan)

Крымско-золотоордынские параллели в культуре городов Южного Приаралья

Крымско-золотоордынские параллели в культуре городов Южного Приаралья (Crimean and Golden Horde Parallels in the Culture of the Southern Aral Region Cities)

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье?

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье? (Fire at Krasnaya Rechka Hillfort: Traces of the Mongol Invasion in Tian-Shan Region?)

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок (Early Muslim Burials in the Necropolis of Bozok Hillfort)

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара (The Dynamics of Medieval Bоlgar Urban Development)

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети (The Homesteads of the Bulgar during the Golden Horde Period to the Southwest of the Cathedral Mosque)

К вопросу о границе между ранним и поздним горизонтами золотоордынского слоя Болгарского городища

The article addresses data on the Bolgar city fortifications in the Golden Horde period. On the basis of archaeological materials, the reconstruction of the defensive structures original appearance is provided. They consisted of wooden walls made up

Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ

Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ (Bolgar Ulus in the Second Half of the 13th to Mid-14th Centuries: an historical and archaeological analysis)

О фортификации Болгарского городища в XIV в.

О фортификации Болгарского городища в XIV в. (On Fortification of the Bolgar Hillfort in the 14th Century)

К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.

К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв. (On the Problem of Great Bolgar Socio-Historical Topography in the 13th—15th Centuries)

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара (Topography of Settlements in the Vicinity of the Golden-Horde Bolgar)

К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья

К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья (On the Historical Topography of Medieval Burial Complexes in the Volga Mari-Chuvash Region)

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география (The Bolgar Ulus of the Golden Horde: Historical Geography)

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в. (Historical Geography of the Middle Volga Region in the Second Half of 14th — First Half of 15th Centuries)

Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.

Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе

Дельта Волги в XIII веке (по материалам Самосдельского городища и новых памятников, выявленных в дельте)

Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.

Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв. (Representation of the Volga Basin and the Caspian Sea on 14—16th-century European Maps)

Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути

Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути (On a Polovtsian Burial: Interpretations of Mercury Presence)

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время (The Mordvinians of the Lower Volga Region under the Golden Horde)

К характеристике пространственной организации системы расселения в правобережье Самарского Поволжья в золотоордынский период

К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи

К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи (To the Problem of Ukek Chronology and Sites in Its Environs)

Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой

Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой (About the Border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes)

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье (Golden Horde Silver Dirhams on the Area of the Ural Steppe)

Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища (Topography and Development of Bagaevka Settlement)

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период (The Estuary of the Volga River in the Golden Horde Period)

Cтратификация игроков политической сцены Дешт-и Кипчака в начале XV века: случай приезда сыновей Тохтамыша в «земли Руси»

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв. (On the Names of Some Towns along the Caravan Route from Khorezm to Saray in the Late 13th — Early 14th Century)

Кузькинский мордовский могильник конца XIII—XIV в.: новые материалы о населении Самарского Поволжья в эпоху Золотой Орды

География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным

Диалог городской и степной культур на Евразийском пространстве. Историческая география Золотой Орды
Dialogue of Urban and Steppe Cultures in the Eurasian Space. Historical Geography of the Golden Horde

Дворцовая архитектура чжурчжэньских городов Приморья
(The Palace Architecture of the Jurchen Towns in Primorye)

Тунгусо-маньчжуры и дауры Приамурья: этнокультурное пограничье (по материалам фортификации)
(The Manchu-Tungus and the Daurs of the Amur area: An ethno-cultural borderland (according to fortification materials))

Новые открытия в средневековой археологии Приморья: городище Кокшаровка-1
(New Discoveries in the Medieval Archaeology of Primorye: Koksharovka-1 Hillfort)

Кокшаровка-8 — уникальный погребальный комплекс эпохи средневековья в Приморье
(Koksharovka-8 — a Unique Medieval Burial Complex in Primorye)

Об изучении городов Монгольской империи в Монголии и Забайкалье
(On the Study of the Cities of the Mongol Empire in Mongolia and the Trans-Baikal Region)

Усадьба Алестуй монгольского времени в Забайкалье
(The Alestuy Homestead Site of the Mongol Period in the East Baikal Region)

Приенисейская Сибирь — северная периферия Монгольской империи
(The Yenisei Siberia Region as the Northern Periphery of the Mongol Empire)

Тюрко-татарские города Западной Сибири в XIV—XVI вв. в археологических и исторических исследованиях
(The Turkic-Tatar Cities of Western Siberia in the 14th—16th Centuries in Archaeological and Historical Researches)

Западный Казахстан в XIII—XIV вв.
(Western Kazakhstan in the 13th—14th Centuries)

Городища эпохи Золотой Орды на территории Западного Казахстана
(Golden Horde Hillforts in Western Kazakhstan)

Золотоордынские памятники Западного Казахстана: новые исследования
(Golden Horde Sites of Western Kazakhstan. New studies)

Мечеть и караван-сараи Пульжая (памятники Золотой Орды в северном Каракалпакстане)
(A Mosque and a Caravanserai from Puljay: Golden Horde Sites in Northern Karakalpakstan)

Крымско-золотоордынские параллели в культуре городов Южного Приаралья
(Crimean and Golden Horde Parallels in the Culture of the Southern Aral Region Cities)

Пожар городища Красная Речка: след монгольского нашествия в Притяньшанье?
(Fire at Krasnaya Rechka Hillfort: Traces of the Mongol Invasion in Tian-Shan Region?)

Раннемусульманские погребения некрополя городища Бозок
(Early Muslim Burials in the Necropolis of Bozok Hillfort)

Динамика развития городской территории средневекового Болгара
(The Dynamics of Medieval Bоlgar Urban Development)

Усадьбы золотоордынского Болгара к юго-западу от Соборной мечети
(The Homesteads of the Bulgar during the Golden Horde Period to the Southwest of the Cathedral Mosque)

Болгарский улус во второй половине XIII — середине XIV вв.: историко-археологический анализ
(Bolgar Ulus in the Second Half of the 13th to Mid-14th Centuries: an historical and archaeological analysis)

О фортификации Болгарского городища в XIV в.
(On Fortification of the Bolgar Hillfort in the 14th Century)

К вопросу о социально-исторической топографии Великого Болгара в XIII—XIV вв.
(On the Problem of Great Bolgar Socio-Historical Topography in the 13th—15th Centuries)

Топография поселений округи золотоордынского Болгара
(Topography of Settlements in the Vicinity of the Golden-Horde Bolgar)

К исторической топографии средневековых могильников Марийско-Чувашского Поволжья
(On the Historical Topography of Medieval Burial Complexes in the Volga Mari-Chuvash Region)

Булгарский улус Золотой Орды: историческая география
(The Bolgar Ulus of the Golden Horde: Historical Geography)

Историческая география Среднего Поволжья: вторая половина XIV — первая половина XV в.
(Historical Geography of the Middle Volga Region in the Second Half of 14th — First Half of 15th Centuries)

Изображение бассейна Волги и Каспия на европейских картах XIV—XVI вв.
(Representation of the Volga Basin and the Caspian Sea on 14—16th-century European Maps)

Об одном половецком погребении и интерпретациях на тему ртути
(On a Polovtsian Burial: Interpretations of Mercury Presence)

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время
(The Mordvinians of the Lower Volga Region under the Golden Horde)

К вопросу о хронологии Укека и памятников его округи
(To the Problem of Ukek Chronology and Sites in Its Environs)

Вопрос о границе между Мамаевой и Волжской Ордой
(About the Border between the Mamai and the Volga Hordes)

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье
(Golden Horde Silver Dirhams on the Area of the Ural Steppe)

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища
(Topography and Development of Bagaevka Settlement)

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период
(The Estuary of the Volga River in the Golden Horde Period)

О наименовании некоторых городов на караванном пути Хорезм — Сарай в конце XIII — начале XIV вв.
(On the Names of Some Towns along the Caravan Route from Khorezm to Saray in the Late 13th — Early 14th Century)

География и особенности жизнеобеспечения городов Золотой Орды по археозоологическим данным
(The Geography and Peculiarities of the Life-Support System of the Golden Horde Towns (based upon archaeozoological data))

Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон
(Lower Trans-Kuban in the 13th—14th Centuries: on the border of cultures and natural zones)

География события 1222 года на Северном Кавказе
(The Geography of 1222 Events in the North Caucasus)

Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока
(The Adygeyan Pottery of the Golden Horde Period from the Collections of the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow))

Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам
(Madjar, a Сity of the Golden Horde, by Written, Cartographic and Visual Sources)

Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)
(French-speaking Travelers of the Past about the Golden Horde Sites in the Caucasus (Madjary Hillfort))

Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data
(Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data)

Историческая география Генуэзской Газарии 1275—1475 гг.
(The Historical Geography of the Genoese Gazaria 1275—1475)

К исторической топографии Кырк-Ера: мнимая гробница Айдар-хана
(On Historical Topography of Qırq Yer: a delusory tomb of Hayder Khan)

О золотоордынском периоде в истории Мангупского городища: к постановке научной проблемы
(On the Golden Horde Period in the History of Mangup Settlement: the Formulation of a Scientific Problem)

Крымский контекст золотоордынской архитектуры в научных трудах современных исследователей
(The Crimean Context of Golden Horde Architecture in Scientific Works by Modern Researchers)

Топография гончарного производства Азака
(Topography of Azak Pottery Production)

Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку
(The Topography of Burial Grounds of Golden Horde Azak and their Impact on the Urban Planning)

Симболон — Чембало — Балаклава: семантика топонимов и особенности топографии средневекового города
(Symbolon — Cembalo — Balaklava: Toponymy Semantics and Peculiarities of the Medieval Town Topography)

Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды
(Some Questions of Historical Geography of the Middle Don Region in the Era of the Golden Horde)

Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках
(The Military Organization of the Nomads of the Crimea in 12th—14th Centuries)