Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Military Strategy Coordinates under the Circumstances of a Synergistic Approach to Resilience in the Security Field
Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Military Strategy Coordinates under the Circumstances of a Synergistic Approach to Resilience in the Security Field
Contributor(s): Journal Romanian Military Thinking (Editor)
Subject(s): Politics / Political Sciences, Politics, Security and defense, Military policy
ISSN: 2668-8115
Published by: Centrul tehnic-editorial al armatei
Keywords: Intelligence and Security; Military Theory and Art; Defence Resources Management; Resilience; STRATCOM;
Summary/Abstract: The second edition of the Romanian Military Thinking Conference, entitled “Military Strategy Coordinates under the Circumstances of a Synergistic Approach to Resilience in the Security Field”, proposes a topical issue: defence, approached synergistically and intelligently, increases efficiency in our noble mission, that of serving national interests. It is important for the actors involved to reach a common understanding of the concept of resilience, addressed in a double key, as it is specified in the National Defence Strategy for the period 2020-2024.
From an organisational point of view, the conference had an academic component, focused on the presentation and publication of scientific articles, and a debate-based component, focused on a practical perspective.
Both components of the conference were covered by three sections: Intelligence and Security, Military Theory and Art, Defence Resources Management.
Series: Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings
- Page Count: 464
- Publication Year: 2020
- Language: English
Opening Remarks
Opening Remarks
(Opening Remarks)
- Author(s):Daniel Petrescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:8-9
- No. of Pages:2
Presentation of the Conference Round-Table Debates
Presentation of the Conference Round-Table Debates
(Presentation of the Conference Round-Table Debates)
- Contributor(s):Journal Romanian Military Thinking (Editor)
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:10-13
- No. of Pages:4
Changing the Intelligence Community Centre of Analytical Interest
Changing the Intelligence Community Centre of Analytical Interest
(Changing the Intelligence Community Centre of Analytical Interest)
- Author(s):Raluca-Mihaela Stănescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:14-31
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:intelligence; analysis; knowledge; analytical model; fake news;
- Summary/Abstract:The numerous and various challenges that have arisen in recent years in the so-called“knowledge society”, where globalisation has played a key role in impacting the informationenvironment, have led to a number of changes at theoretical, conceptual, cognitive and evenbehavioural level for experts activating in the intelligence field. Due to the growing dynamicsof events, the value of information is now subject, more than ever, to an accelerated processof obsolescence, and the sources’ level of credibility often risks to be ignored by the desire toensure the beneficiary’s fastest possible accessibility to information. As such, the knowledgebasedanalytical process model is more and more validated by the intelligence community, tothe detriment of the information-based analytical process model used until recently.
The Role of Strategic Communication in Contemporary Conflict
The Role of Strategic Communication in Contemporary Conflict
(The Role of Strategic Communication in Contemporary Conflict)
- Author(s):Antonia Teodora Maris
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:32-43
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:contemporary conflict; strategic communication; power of influence; disinformation; narrative strategy;
- Summary/Abstract:The present material aims to provide a conceptual delimitation of what contemporaryconflict means and at the same time to highlight the role of strategic communication in theconflicts specific to the 21st century. This new type of conflicts has strategic communicationas the centre of gravity, through the methods of influencing power. The present materialwill include examples of how the Russian Federation manifests its power using strategiccommunication.The realities of the current century emphasises new security challenges: among them,online communication is becoming more and more important, shaping a world where factsas such do not matter the most – what matters is the way they are perceived and understood.
Social Media and the Threats against Human Security – Deepfake and Fake News
Social Media and the Threats against Human Security – Deepfake and Fake News
(Social Media and the Threats against Human Security – Deepfake and Fake News)
- Author(s):Filofteia Repez, Maria Magdalena Popescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:44-55
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:social networks; deepfake; fake news; security culture; human security;
- Summary/Abstract:The proliferation of unconventional weapons triggered by technological progress have raisedthe threat level for individual and society through the uncertainty generated by managingwords and images, through AI algorithms and through social engineering techniques.The rapid growth of social media has allowed for the information to be disseminated andidentified in a reckless manner. Deepfake, centred on economic or political attacks, and fakenews, acting on democracy and social systems, are the products that state and non-stateactors use, which are aimed at weakening security in general and human security in particular.Deepfake and fake news as main instruments for hybrid warfare have become important topicsfor security culture. In terms of human security, social media generates series of advantages,however, whatever is developed through the hostile use of these networks generated seriesof threats for societies. Starting from these aspects, the present paper provides, alongwith conceptual definitions, a general understanding on the implications that social mediachallenges have on human security.
The Constitutive Elements of the Criminal Offence Represented by Communication of False Information. Case Study: Fake News in Social Media
The Constitutive Elements of the Criminal Offence Represented by Communication of False Information. Case Study: Fake News in Social Media
(The Constitutive Elements of the Criminal Offence Represented by Communication of False Information. Case Study: Fake News in Social Media)
- Author(s):Gabriel-Bogdan Chihai
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:56-65
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:criminal offence; spread; fake news; social media; national security;
- Summary/Abstract:In the present societal context, considering the tensions created among the population bythe measures adopted by the Romanian Government in order to prevent the spread of theSARS-COV-2 virus, the correct and truthful information represents a primordial need for thepeople, who can be susceptible to the influences caused by any information, provided by anysource. Without discussing about the psychological factors that determine people to give upto the filters through which they analyse information received in extraordinary situations, andtaking into consideration the fact that the speed at which information is spread and consumedin the online medium, especially in social media, surpasses the speed at which informationfrom official sources, which must be subjected to processes of approval, certification andsignature, is spread, this research aims to create an incursion in the constitutive elements ofthe criminal offence represented by the communication of false information, in regard to thespecific case of the spread of fake news in social media, with a potential effect on the nationalsecurity.
Analysis of the Main Internal Components of the Black Sea Security System – The Main Characteristics of the National Security of Romania throughout the 20th Century –
Analysis of the Main Internal Components of the Black Sea Security System – The Main Characteristics of the National Security of Romania throughout the 20th Century –
(Analysis of the Main Internal Components of the Black Sea Security System – The Main Characteristics of the National Security of Romania throughout the 20th Century –)
- Author(s):Marius Sorin Miclea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:66-77
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:community space; Black Sea; communism; Warsaw Treaty Organisation; interwar period;
- Summary/Abstract:Internally, immediately after the end of the Cold War, the Black Sea region appears configuredas an unstable region, on whose territory economically weakened states were in competition,affected by a pandemic corruption that was eroding the basis of newly established democraticpolitical regimes, descendants of totalitarian regimes that had recently succumbed. Most ofthe vigour of these states was consumed in a series of sterile political controversies, in a fragilelegislative framework, which had replaced the ossified structures of the former so-calledpopular democracies. The parliaments of these states were also, in turn, wired by corruptionand characterised by a lack of interest in the real and, especially, the serious problems of thepopulation. Despite these realities, the population was overwhelmingly in favour of integratingthose states into NATO and the European Union.The former Soviet republics, Georgia, Ukraine and Armenia, also began to show, in turn,the germs of a European orientation, timid, indeed, but remaining dependent upon residualcommunist reminiscences specific to the mentality perverted by the totalitarian regime. Inthese circumstances, it seemed certain that at least another generation would have to pass forthese states to change their mindsets deeply rooted in communist reality.
Security’s Multidimensionality. Societal Security in the Age of Information Technology
Security’s Multidimensionality. Societal Security in the Age of Information Technology
(Security’s Multidimensionality. Societal Security in the Age of Information Technology)
- Author(s):Laurentiu-Paul Mandras
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:78-95
- No. of Pages:18
- Keywords:societal security; society; information technology; threats; civil society;
- Summary/Abstract:Traditionally, security has been associated with the military field, and setting nationalinterests, triggering war and settling for peace have been the responsibility of the state, anexclusive actor in international relations. Starting in the mid-20th century, security studieshave extended the dimension of security to its objective side, mainly military, related to theexistence of a threat, and its subjective, societal side, related to the perceptions of society.The modern vision of security has enhanced these two sides, and the European Security Schoolin Copenhagen has conceptualised the societal society, debating on the reduced role of thestate and increased role of society in security, manifested in five key areas – military, political,economic, societal and environmental, security being assimilated with the social mechanism. Inthis contemporary context, the explosive digitization of information and its effects on securityand society – globalisation, artificial intelligence, internet, automation, social networks,social engineering, data mining, fake news, cyberwar, cyber psychology – make militarysuperiority inadequate for ensuring peace and security in the 21st century. Therefore, may weassess information technology as the new “nuclear bomb” of the 21st century? Is informationtechnology a new field or a feature of societal security?
Information Warfare, Security Intelligence and Military Intelligence. A Short Theoretical Approach
Information Warfare, Security Intelligence and Military Intelligence. A Short Theoretical Approach
(Information Warfare, Security Intelligence and Military Intelligence. A Short Theoretical Approach)
- Author(s):Teodor Badiu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:96-109
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:information warfare; security; deception; multinational exercises; asymmetrical confrontations;
- Summary/Abstract:In research, discussions from public space and materials designed and disseminated by media trusts, the issue of hybrid warfare/hybrid threats is often analysed either as a phenomenon or as a specific factor of an event. However, due to the complexity of the subject, confusion is often made or the concepts are mixed as the subject becomes even more ambiguous. In addition, the excessive use of simple terms such as “information manipulation”, “propaganda”, “misinformation”, “influence”, in the public space, has led to an alteration of their meaning and an ambiguity of the effects that these terms have on the perception of threat. On the other hand, in this context, the role and relevance of security and military intelligence in the management and limitation of hybrid warfare/hybrid threats has been little discussed. Thus, this paper tries to detail in a succinct manner (due to the complexity of the topics), at a theoretical level, the concepts of security intelligence, military intelligence and information warfare.
Intelligence Challenges at the European Union Level
Intelligence Challenges at the European Union Level
(Intelligence Challenges at the European Union Level)
- Author(s):Robert Calinoiu, Danut Mircea Chiriac
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:110-123
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:security;defence; European Union; military/civilian defence information; strategy;
- Summary/Abstract:Since its creation in 1950, as an organisation of states sharing primarily economic interests, the European Union (EU) has been developed continuously on multiple levels, the security and defence domain being one of the most dynamic starting in 2000. Therefore, in 2001, there were established the Political and Security Committee – PSC, the EU Military Committee – EUMC, and the EU Military Staff – EUMS – within the General Secretariat of the EU Council. Eventually, after the creation of the European External Action Service (EEAS) in 2009, EUMS has changed the subordination to this structure. One of the five directorates of EUMS is the Intelligence Directorate – DINT whose mission is to provide strategic intelligence to its customers. Along the process of developing and improving the intelligence activity, in 2007 the EEAS leadership made the decision of creating the Single Intelligence Analysis Capacity – SIAC, bringing together the military expertise of DINT and the civilian intelligence knowledge of the EU Intelligence Centre (INTCEN). Since its inception, DINT has proved to be a very effective fusion centre of the national intelligence products, issuing strategic documents of significant interest for the EU and national leaders alike, and positively influencing the EU and member nation’s security. Nevertheless, the importance of a flawless functioning of DINT and SIAC results not only from its successes but also from failures, which could have had a major impact on the security of some European states or at the EU level. One of this is the shot down of the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17) over the Ukrainian airspace, whose case study we will present in the present article.
The Influence of Migration on Societal Security in the European Union
The Influence of Migration on Societal Security in the European Union
(The Influence of Migration on Societal Security in the European Union)
- Author(s):Delia Mihaela Marinescu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:124-135
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:migration; societal security; legislation; European Union; mobility;
- Summary/Abstract:The complexity and globalisation of migration are normal processes of functioning and evolution of contemporary European society, currently facing the COVID-19 pandemic that will exacerbate existing security risks by imposing on member states and the North Atlantic Alliance important integral decisions related to both the humanitarian crisis of refugees correlated with the provision of public health measures and their economic and social impact on social security. There is a constant evolution of the issue of international migration within the EU, but also a concern for permanent improvement of its legal framework, migration bringing both benefits and costs for the area of freedom, security and justice of the EU. In fact, migration is a fundamental threat to the cohesion and identity of society, the fundamental components of societal security. A concept developed by the “Copenhagen School”, migration can be considered the main source of societal insecurity as it can threaten society’s identity and change its composition.
Important Stages in the Development of the EU Capacity to Perform Autonomous Operational Commitments. Case Study – Operation Artemis
Important Stages in the Development of the EU Capacity to Perform Autonomous Operational Commitments. Case Study – Operation Artemis
(Important Stages in the Development of the EU Capacity to Perform Autonomous Operational Commitments. Case Study – Operation Artemis)
- Author(s):Dragoş ILINCA
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:136-145
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:European defence; EU-NATO; Petersberg tasks; Battle Groups; European Security and Defence Policy;
- Summary/Abstract:In 2003, the EU decided to develop the operational tempo by launching its very first military operation in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Known as “Operation Artemis”, this represented an essential stage within the process of developing the EU autonomous profile in crisis management. By using the case study of Artemis Operation as a research method, I intended to highlight the development of the main parameters of the future EU operational design. Within this approach, I also followed the process of setting-up the conceptual framework related to rapid reaction capabilities, especially Battle Groups. In this respect, Artemis had an essential role in adapting European cooperation to the challenges of planning and executing tasks in a demanding operational environment.
Realities and Perspectives of EU-NATO Cooperation in Security and Defence
Realities and Perspectives of EU-NATO Cooperation in Security and Defence
(Realities and Perspectives of EU-NATO Cooperation in Security and Defence)
- Author(s):Romeo Buhai
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:146-161
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:EU; NATO; Permanent Structured Cooperation; military capabilities; military mobility; cybersecurity;
- Summary/Abstract:The scale of geopolitical changes over the past decade has led major regional and global actors to re-evaluate their options, identify new ways of responding to threats and risks in the international security environment, by adapting theirs security policies and strategies, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, by participating into new partnerships or other forms of institutional and military cooperation, or through the development of existing ones. NATO-EU security and defence cooperation is part of this trend of reconfiguring the current security environment, trying to identify the best solutions that respond effectively to current and future threats, while maintaining a balance on the role of the two major organisations in achieving this goal. The article broadly outlines the progress made by the European Union in extrapolating its role, from that centred on the economic field to that of security and defence, in the organisation’s determination to become a leading security actor at regional and global level.
NATO-EU Partnership – An Important Step Toward Accomplishing Global Security –
NATO-EU Partnership – An Important Step Toward Accomplishing Global Security –
(NATO-EU Partnership – An Important Step Toward Accomplishing Global Security –)
- Author(s):Petru-Viorel Ene
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:162-175
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:NATO; EU; democracy; strategic partnership; cooperation;
- Summary/Abstract:After almost 72 years of existence, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation brings together 30 states with common values and aspirations, setting side by side Europe and North America. If in the moment of its foundation the Alliance faced a limited range of risks, today the Organisation is confronting with a wide range of threats, from terrorism to cyber-attacks. In this context, a strong transatlantic partnership and, implicitly, a close cooperation between the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation are necessary to strengthen the security climate, especially considering the fact that the two organisations have 22 European states in common. The security challenges are gaining new valence, so the response must be combined to further ensure the transatlantic security and peace. Will the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the European Union succeed in making the transition from a transatlantic to a global peace?
Smart Power – Challenges and Opportunities for Training and Education In Intelligence
Smart Power – Challenges and Opportunities for Training and Education In Intelligence
(Smart Power – Challenges and Opportunities for Training and Education In Intelligence)
- Author(s):Dorinel Moldovan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:176-187
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:hard power; intelligence; education; leadership; performance;
- Summary/Abstract:The article, starting mainly from the concerns of Romanian authors in the field, intends to highlight the importance of education and training in defining, building, supporting and designing a Smart Power strategic model, as a way to make optimal use of the resources and power tools a state has at its disposal for national interests, values, objectives and goals. Currently, one of the relevant characteristics of the security environment is the quantitative domination of information. Its production, management, manipulation, multiplication and capitalisation transcend strictly institutionalised boundaries, and the effects are found in all areas of society. In this context, the specific training and education of specialists in intelligence institutions, accepted as one of the power tools of states, takes place under the complexity of the evolution of information and means of transmission and processing, in socio-economic developments, including pandemics, as well as under the pressure of the dynamics of political debates and actions.
The USA and Smartpower Policy
The USA and Smartpower Policy
(The USA and Smartpower Policy)
- Author(s):Vasile Şandor
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:188-199
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:war; influence; positive vision; smart power; public diplomacy;
- Summary/Abstract:In the circumstances in which the image and the influence of the USA deteriorated all over the world at the beginning of the 2000s, The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) of the USA founded a Bipartisan Commission for Smart-Power, with the purpose of drawing a vision which will develop a set of rules on the basis of which the next president of the USA, regardless of his political view, can implement smart-power policy. Among the arguments that served as a basis for establishing such commission were the opinion polls that indicated the deterioration of the USA image all over the world. President George W. Bush was perceived as a threat for the world through comparison with the President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and the one of North Korea Kim Jong Il. In that context, the Commission reckoned that the American leaders had to promote a positive political vision, more powerful than the war against terrorism
Global Agenda “Women, Peace And Security”: Mainstreaming Gender Perspective in the Security Sector of the Republic of Moldova
Global Agenda “Women, Peace And Security”: Mainstreaming Gender Perspective in the Security Sector of the Republic of Moldova
(Global Agenda “Women, Peace And Security”: Mainstreaming Gender Perspective in the Security Sector of the Republic of Moldova)
- Author(s):Natalia Albu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:200-225
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:Resolution 1325; Women, Peace and Security Agenda; Action Plan; security needs; female leadership; COVID-19;
- Summary/Abstract:During 2000, the UN SC launched an intense discussion on protecting the rights of women in conflict situations and increasing their role in the peacemaking process. Regardless of the cultural level and that of mentality, wars and armed conflicts affect in a similar way women’s condition. On 31 October 2000, the UN SC adopted unanimously the Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, being one of the most important UN resolutions in the area of peace and security, and being mandatory for all the UN Member States, without the need to be additionally ratified. Currently, the principles and values promoted by the UNSCR 1325 serve as basis for the fundamental values of EU, NATO, OSCE, EC. The international commitments assumed by the Republic of Moldova Government in implementing the UN SC Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security, as well as the problems identified at the national level in relation to ensuring an inclusive security sector have determined the need to develop and approve a National Action Programme. Although the Women, Peace and Security Agenda is a relatively new topic for the Republic of Moldova, there are already some lessons learned, such as: (1) the need to encourage the decision-makers to foster the political will for implementing the UNSCR 1325, (2) the need to ensure an inclusive security sector and (3) the lack of resources dedicated to implementing the UNSCR 1325. The discussions regarding the implementation of the UNSCR 1325 is one of considerable importance in the context of the global crisis as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Undertaking immediate measures to counteract the threats induced by COVID-19, the states neglect the implementation of the UNSCR 1325. But the states acknowledge less the fact that the coronavirus pandemic invites to collaboration based on the principles established in the UNSCR 1325, taking into account the different security needs regardless of COVID-19 or any other threat.
The Arctic Security System – The Stakes in the Battle for Power
The Arctic Security System – The Stakes in the Battle for Power
(The Arctic Security System – The Stakes in the Battle for Power)
- Author(s):Catalin-Gabriel Done
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:226-237
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:Arctic Ocean; NATO; geopolitics; Russia; Scandinavia;
- Summary/Abstract:The transformations within the international system and the European security environment have necessitated the approach of alternative perspectives concerning the Far North. Today, the Sector Theory, which sets the limit of the sovereignty of riparian states over the Arctic region, no longer seems to properly provide a balance of power and security in northern Europe. The article uses techniques of qualitative methodology to explore the consequences of the new geopolitical evolutions in the Arctic Ocean and their impact on the European security system, but also the specific way in which the Arctic Ocean has become, in recent years, a specific region of the confluence of strategic interests for the Russian Federation, on the one hand, and the Scandinavian states, the EU and NATO, on the other hand.
The Merits and Limitations of Memoirs in the Intelligence Field: An Assessment of Truth and Deception Present in Kim Philby’s Book – “My Silent War”
The Merits and Limitations of Memoirs in the Intelligence Field: An Assessment of Truth and Deception Present in Kim Philby’s Book – “My Silent War”
(The Merits and Limitations of Memoirs in the Intelligence Field: An Assessment of Truth and Deception Present in Kim Philby’s Book – “My Silent War”)
- Author(s):Alin Dreptate
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:238-251
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:memoirs; intelligence; espionage; deception; propaganda;
- Summary/Abstract:This research supports the importance of memoirs with their merits and limitations, exemplified through the writings of a British double agent, Kim Philby. Philby’s book, first published over fifty years ago, is a propagandistic material, portraying favourably the Soviet intelligence services. However, the memoir also presents embarrassing truths about questionable practices and failures of the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), highly likely never to be officially admitted. This article argues that memoirs are valuable and relevant as supplement of the archival evidence, pending on the ability to separate between truth and falsehood.
Perspectives on Adapting Military Structures to the Requirements of Current and Future Operational Environments
Perspectives on Adapting Military Structures to the Requirements of Current and Future Operational Environments
(Perspectives on Adapting Military Structures to the Requirements of Current and Future Operational Environments)
- Author(s):Paul Tudorache, Lucian Ispas
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:252-261
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:COE; FOE; operational adaptation; combat power; WFF;
- Summary/Abstract:Approaching the current and future operational environments requires that military structures and, in particular, the tactical ones, should have the ability to conduct operations, regardless of the campaign themes (peace military engagement, peace support operations, security operations, and combat operations), which involves the simultaneous or successive use of tactical activities and core functions in order to generate the desired effects and, implicitly, to attain the end state. In this regard, an operational adaptation of the tactical military structures is required, generating, at the same time, implications at the level of the force structure, not only by reconfiguring the organic headquarters (HQ), but also by reorganising the combat (CBT), combat support (CS) and combat service support (CSS) forces. Therefore, highlighting the specific aspects of the combat power’s adaptation, by analyzing the established war fighting functions (WFF), the finality of the article will seek to identify the main adjustments of the military decision making process (MDMP), as a fundamental planning methodology used by tactical military structures, with organic staff.
Relational Approaches to the Resilience of Operational Logistics
Relational Approaches to the Resilience of Operational Logistics
(Relational Approaches to the Resilience of Operational Logistics)
- Author(s):Gheorghe MINCULETE
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:262-273
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:joint operations; operational forces; logistical support; resilience; operational logistics;
- Summary/Abstract:The demands of modern warfare imposed by technological innovation and digitalisation have made operational forces prepare and act in a highly complex confrontational environment, which entails increasing resilience and flexibility. The management and execution structures of the logistic support systemically integrated in the operational devices of the joint forces are prepared and act in their turn in the conditions of increased risks, which causes them to become increasingly resilient. Knowing that during the two Gulf conflicts, the logistic losses of the responsible structures far exceeded those of the fighting and support forces, I consider that it is all the more necessary to study, design and implement the requirements to increase resilience of the operational logistical forces, for the fulfilment of future missions. In this scientific communication I address, from a relational point of view, the issue of resilience of logistics systems (subsystems) integrated with operational forces acting at the tactical and joint levels.
Ways of Employing ISR Structures from Land Forces in Exercises Conducted on National Territory
Ways of Employing ISR Structures from Land Forces in Exercises Conducted on National Territory
(Ways of Employing ISR Structures from Land Forces in Exercises Conducted on National Territory)
- Author(s):Valeriu-Adrian Jianu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:274-285
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:information; research; surveillance; Land Forces; crisis situations;
- Summary/Abstract:The ISR structures (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) of the Land Forces participate constantly in exercises on national territory, bringing a substantial contribution to intelligence support of decision-makers in all operation stages. Through their specific capabilities, ISR structures will cooperate uninterruptedly both horizontally and vertically in information gathering. Digitalising, applying information technology on ISR capabilities will provide the commander and his staff with multiple levers that will enable him to make decisions much quicker and to exploit the resulting plan much more efficiently, thus reducing the duration of operations.
The Dispute Revival for the Superpower Status
The Dispute Revival for the Superpower Status
(The Dispute Revival for the Superpower Status)
- Author(s):Romică Cernat
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:286-301
- No. of Pages:16
- Keywords:competition; bipolar world; world superpower; international order; state actor;
- Summary/Abstract:The resurgence of Russia and the rapid development of China have created a new period of rivalry for superpower status. The debates of the main global actors on the relaunch of competition have led to a review of the importance of the great strategy and geopolitics as a starting point for analysing the defence funding level, strategy, plans, and programmes. The post-Cold War period of international relations, which began in the early 1990s and generally was referred to as the unipolar stage, with the United States as the sole superpower, passed into a new phase, marked by events with global consequences from 2006 until 2014. The international environment has shifted to a fundamentally different situation characterised by a resurgence of dispute by China and Russia and the challenges of these two countries to the specific mechanisms of the US-led international order, which operated even after the end of the First World War. Counter-terrorism and other military operations in the Middle East, which have been the focus of discussions on military-specific issues following the 9/11 terrorist attacks, continue, but now are a less dominant element in US military concerns, other areas related to China and Russia becoming now relevant.
The Impact of the Security Environment on the Defence Strategies of Small and Medium States
The Impact of the Security Environment on the Defence Strategies of Small and Medium States
(The Impact of the Security Environment on the Defence Strategies of Small and Medium States)
- Author(s):Ioana Rieber
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:302-309
- No. of Pages:8
- Summary/Abstract:The dynamic of regional and global changes implies the existence of strategies that allow the streamlining of the activity of defence and security structures. Depending on the risks, vulnerabilities and threats that must be approached militarily or non-militarily, the medium and small states have drafted strategic documents, taking into account the internal and external dimension of security. Their security depends on a great extent on external factors, the turbulences from the international system posing a serious challenge for a small state. If small and medium states are placed in the vicinity of a great revisionist, undemocratic power, its security can be achieved only by creative strategies. The emphasis is therefore laid on the existence of flexible and powerful military capabilities, necessary to identify and counter the threats and on membership of alliances/coalitions of alliances.
Warfare Generations – Conventional and Unconventional in Warfare Evolution
Warfare Generations – Conventional and Unconventional in Warfare Evolution
(Warfare Generations – Conventional and Unconventional in Warfare Evolution)
- Author(s):Cosmina-Andreea Neculcea
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:310-317
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:generations; conventional; unconventional; evolution; change;
- Summary/Abstract:The current article highlights the evolution of warfare generations and how the conventional/ unconventional relationship has changed over time. Looking from this perspective, for the t ime being, no paradigm allows a complete comparative analysis of the armed confrontations. As the humankind has evolved, the conflict has known a continuous evolution, the nature of warfare being in a perpetual transformation and adaptation to the evolution of technology. The change consists of the fact that the quantitative dimension has decreased in importance, in relation to the qualitative dimension, and information has taken the place of firepower. The information field has become the main battlefield, and remote actions, without direct contact, have become the main means of achieving objectives. In this article, the evolution of warfare is presented in several distinct phases, also called generations. Therefore, each age corresponds to a warfare generation, grouped based on certain common features
The Perspective of War and Modern Armed Fight
The Perspective of War and Modern Armed Fight
(The Perspective of War and Modern Armed Fight)
- Author(s):Olguta-Mihaela Bodnar
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:318-325
- No. of Pages:8
- Keywords:modern armed fight; conventional; asymmetric conflict; irregular conflict; hybrid conflict;
- Summary/Abstract:This article addresses the current forms of modern warfare and armed fight based on Toffler’s statement, “The world is constantly changing”. This change of the armed conflict is violent, explosive and very rapid, being like a reaction of the new to the old. The 21st century began in the spirit of this spontaneous reaction by producing structural changes in the concept of the armed fight, by adopting other forms of armed conflict than conventional ones, namely by asymmetric, irregular and hybrid conflicts in the last 10 years. Military conflicts are like a chameleon, they change their colours to adapt to the new transformations of the security environment.
Dimensions of Hybrid Conflict and Coordinates for Countering Its Effects
Dimensions of Hybrid Conflict and Coordinates for Countering Its Effects
(Dimensions of Hybrid Conflict and Coordinates for Countering Its Effects)
- Author(s):Aurelian Raţiu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:326-335
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:hybrid conflict; operational environment; hybrid threats; combating the effects of hybrid conflicts; area of responsibility;
- Summary/Abstract:The fields of war have changed in time, which has caused transformations, both in the approach to confrontation and in the physiognomy and typology of actions. The military conflict has been characterised by irregularity: traditional and non-traditional actors acting directly or indirectly, with their own forces or through intermediaries (proxy forces), creating their own conventional or paramilitary military structures, and carrying out conventional actions concurrently with terrorist activities specific to insurgency or organised crime. The solutions for countering the hybrid conflict must be understood in terms of summing up the known (conventional) and the less known characteristics of the conflict, as well as of developing new, unexpected, surprising (irregular) ones, determined by the evolution in the operational field.
Cyberspace in the Operations Planning Process
Cyberspace in the Operations Planning Process
(Cyberspace in the Operations Planning Process)
- Author(s):Nicolae Macovei
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:336-347
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:cyberspace; cyber operations; planning process; tactical level; operational environment;
- Summary/Abstract:Ensuring cyber security has become increasingly important and culminated in the recognition of cyberspace as an operational environment, along with land, water, air and space. Operations in the cyber environment must be planned, integrated and synchronised with operations in other operational environments. The armed forces carry out cyberspace operations and support activities in this field as part of the joint operation. In the modern war, the superiority in the cyber environment ensures a decisive advantage to the commanders from all echelons. This is achieved through a human, technological and procedural combination. The military is accustomed to seeing the effect of their actions on the battlefield, in a physical environment. However, cyber operations take place in a virtual environment, and their effects are sometimes difficult to identify.
Shaping the Operational Environment Through Cyberattacks
Shaping the Operational Environment Through Cyberattacks
(Shaping the Operational Environment Through Cyberattacks)
- Author(s):Marian Stefan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:348-359
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:environment operational; cyberattacks; aggressions; crisis; technology
- Summary/Abstract:The current geopolitical and geostrategic context, the scale of politics, economics, culture and religious interests, information and cyber problems, the global medical crisis, as well as other non-military measures nowadays occupy a special place in shaping the operational environment. Their importance is felt not only during the escalation of crisis situations and their management and control, but also in military operations, marking the architecture of contemporary conflicts. A variety of present and involved actors, together with the multitude of risks and threats they generate, change the paradigm of the classic operational environment, towards multidimensional operational approaches in relation to the five traditional dimensions we are already familiar with from the military literature: land, air, sea, space and the electromagnetic spectrum, to which now the environment and the information environment are added. Overlapping these environments and creating an integrated battlespace image is a paradigm shift that must be understood and assumed. Social platforms and information warfare, artificial intelligence and self-learning programmes used in the military environment redefine the future security environment and the operation environment both in peacetime and in situations of crisis or at war. This study proposes a holistic presentation of the problems and challenges at the level of the international operational environment, presenting different typologies of threats identified at the level of the informational component by instrumenting cyberattacks attributed to state and non-state entities. The shaping of theoretical concepts is accompanied by a series of examples presented in order to provide a detailed perspective on events that have affected the information environment.
The Military Leader Competencies and Attributes in a Military Organisational Context
The Military Leader Competencies and Attributes in a Military Organisational Context
(The Military Leader Competencies and Attributes in a Military Organisational Context)
- Author(s):Alexandru Baboş, Paul Tudorache
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:360-369
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:leadership; leader; skills; developing others; building trust;
- Summary/Abstract:The military requires that leaders should make the right choices, often in critical situations, and establish a unique and inclusive vision for the organisation. Military leaders must always take responsibility for the conduct and management of missions, provide the purpose, direction and motivation needed to carry them out and improve the organisation. In order to succeed in fulfilling these desiderata, a series of correlated actions are necessary, the amount of which is transposed in the competences of the military leader, so necessary in the totality of the military actions.
Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Military Expenditure: New Perspectives on European Defence Cooperation
Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Military Expenditure: New Perspectives on European Defence Cooperation
(Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Military Expenditure: New Perspectives on European Defence Cooperation)
- Author(s):Felicia Maria Şinca, Toma Pleşanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:370-379
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:COVID-19 pandemic; cooperation; defence capabilities; equipment programmes; military expenditure;
- Summary/Abstract:The global economic crisis of 2008 has had a negative impact on defence budgets in most European countries. After 12 years of efforts taken for the economic recovery, the member states of the European Union are once again facing financial challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Defence budgets are once again in danger of being reduced, but at the same time the European Union needs more than ever to show unity and cooperation. In the wake of the 2008 crisis, defence cooperation was one of the solutions adopted by EU member states to protect and strengthen their military capabilities. The development of multinational capabilities has proven to be more cost-effective than nationally sustained efforts. The current situation, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, reminded us that cooperation initiatives need continuous adaptation to the evolution of new types of crises. The planning, development, procurement, operation and support of joint defence equipment should be complemented by efforts to innovate and prepare for new risks and threats.
Risks to National Security in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Risks to National Security in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Risks to National Security in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic)
- Author(s):Carmen Moise
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:380-391
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:risk; pandemic; national security; COVID-19, China;
- Summary/Abstract:The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it not only the risk of infection with a new virus but also the possibility of attacks on national security by affecting national critical infrastructure. Maintaining a greater focus on national security is a necessity in any situation. During this pandemic period, the most affected critical infrastructure sector is health. We hope that the measures taken will lead us to a stabilisation of the situation and not to witness a more pronounced affectation of this sector. We must also pay special attention to the trust in the public administration in order not to be undermined by state or non-state actors with various economic and geostrategic interests on the Romanian territory.
Considerations regarding the Role of Human Resources in Ensuring National Security
Considerations regarding the Role of Human Resources in Ensuring National Security
(Considerations regarding the Role of Human Resources in Ensuring National Security)
- Author(s):Elena-Alexandra Mazilu, Mircea-Dănuț Chiriac
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:392-401
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:human resources management; security; recruitment; training; team; professionalism;
- Summary/Abstract:A considerable contribution to ensuring national security goes to the military system. Within this system, more than ever, the human resources management represents an essential field, with deep implications, we can say determining in ensuring and guaranteeing the security state of our country. According to the continuous process of change, like in all the domains, also in the military domain it is necessary to develop new strategies, especially in the recruiting and training areas, because these two areas are very important in building a solid and professional team, a strong human resources system which contributes to achieving the strategic goals of national security. Regardless of the level of military equipment, the quality of human resources remains an essential factor in the process of training and the efficiency of military action.
Coherence, Synergy and Sustainability in the Development of the Romanian Naval Forces in the Medium and Long Term
Coherence, Synergy and Sustainability in the Development of the Romanian Naval Forces in the Medium and Long Term
(Coherence, Synergy and Sustainability in the Development of the Romanian Naval Forces in the Medium and Long Term)
- Author(s):Ovidiu Portase
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:402-427
- No. of Pages:26
- Keywords:strategy; transformation; development; naval forces; planning;
- Summary/Abstract:Changes in the environment where the Romanian Naval Forces operate determine the need for continuous adaptation and transformation to meet these conditions. The drafting of an institutional development strategy is a necessary, opportune action that ensures the imperative framework for coherent, synergistic, and sustainable development. In this article, the author presents some considerations related to the structure and content, but also the drawing up and implementation process for a medium- and long-term development strategy, along with its applicability and impact on the Romanian Naval Forces. The drafting of a medium- and long-term development strategy would ensure the single vision and synergy needed in the inititation and efficient implementation of all FNR initiatives, programmes, and development projects, useful elements not only to the FNR constituent members, but also to its collaborators, partners, and allies, elements that could pave the way for the convergence of efforts beyond the area of defence for the entire naval domain.
Short Analysis of the Beginning and Use of Biological Means
Short Analysis of the Beginning and Use of Biological Means
(Short Analysis of the Beginning and Use of Biological Means)
- Author(s):Gabriela Sarbu, Vasile Bogdan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:428-439
- No. of Pages:12
- Keywords:biological agents; vulnerabilities; nuclear weapons; chemical weapons; decontamination; anthrax
- Summary/Abstract:Since immemorial time, armed confrontations made use of elements with biological potential for damage, which were already present in nature. The naturally occurring high-risk diseases were skilfully used to bring decisive operational advantages, thus tilting the victory to those who intelligently used the already existing possibilities in the environment. Gradually, with the development of technology and the impact of scientific research, biological factors of high impact on the living force were identified, developed and used in the operational space. The triggers of biological attacks are able to quickly cause serious illness and death of contaminated persons, as well as the decommissioning of targets and land. The action mode is generated by the ability to spread rapidly, achieved by dissemination in air, water or on the ground or by personal contact between individuals. Diseases that can be triggered by using them at critical moments or in carefully selected spaces allow reaching the specific objectives of the aggressor entity. During a turbulent 20th century, deeply involved in a fierce competition for world domination, the great powers noticed the major destructive potential as well as the surprising operational innovations offered by the biological weapon. As a result, they switched to discreet and careful research, followed by testing of the advantages that can be obtained in armed conflicts, through the offensive use of the new weapon into the belligerent area. If, during the First World War, the significant concerns belonged to Germany and Great Britain, during the Second World War, the case of Japan must be given priority.
Ranking of Replacing Medical Equipment – An Element of the Rational Use of Resources
Ranking of Replacing Medical Equipment – An Element of the Rational Use of Resources
(Ranking of Replacing Medical Equipment – An Element of the Rational Use of Resources)
- Author(s):George Udroiu, Ghiţă BÂRSAN, Toma Pleşanu
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:440-453
- No. of Pages:14
- Keywords:medical equipment; life cycle cost; inventory; replacement planning; ranking; cost/efficiency ratio;
- Summary/Abstract:Maximising the value of medical equipment, in the context of financial constraints in the health system and the ongoing demands of clinical staff for new acquisitions, as an effect of the accelerated pace of technological development, requires the implementation of prudent management of the replacement process of existing medical technology, by aligning with the strategic objectives of the medical organisation and the epidemiological context of the moment. The development of replacement lists for healthcare equipment and the prioritisation of replacement should be done by employing a system of scores/marks given to medical equipment following the evaluation of clinical and non-clinical factors, both quantitative and qualitative, considering health care unit benefit, social impact and the costs associated with operational support. This estimated planning process, augmented on the basis of data from the medical equipment inventory programme and the expertise of clinical engineering structures of the hospitals, is a dynamic tool for substantiating needs and optimising capital expenditures.
The Generation and Role of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons
The Generation and Role of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons
(The Generation and Role of the 1972 Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons)
- Author(s):Gabriela Sarbu, Vasile Bogdan
- Language:English
- Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
- Page Range:454-463
- No. of Pages:10
- Keywords:biological factors; disarmament; protocol; microorganisms; critical technologies;
- Summary/Abstract:In the first half of the twentieth century, the humankind experienced two devastating global conflagrations that caused millions of victims. The killer vectors were the destructive effects of f irearms and, to a lesser extent, death was brought by terrifying actions utilising combat gases and biological agents. During the Cold War, the great military powers of the world continued their efforts to produce, develop, and store biological means meant to secure their victory in future wars. As a result, the spectrum of biological threats had to be reduced, and relaxation measures were taken. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Biological Weapons and Toxins and on their Destruction, a document signed in 1972, has the undeniable merit in this respect. However, it must be acknowledged that this Convention was not the first step taken. Previously, in 1925, the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous and Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare was signed. Although the effectiveness of this Protocol was low, the importance of such initial agreement is huge, as it opened the road to biological disarmament, and to increasing trust among nations. Arguably, following the severe Covid 19 pandemic, the 1972 Convention needs measures, policies, and actions to substantiate the desire of powerful states to gradually and totally eliminate biological arsenals worldwide.
