Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Security and Defence between History, Theory and Public Policies

Introduction

Introduction
(Introduction)

Author(s):Daniel Petrescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:8-11
No. of Pages:4

Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis

Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis
(Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis)

Contributor(s):Journal Romanian Military Thinking (Editor)
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:12-25
No. of Pages:14

A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine

A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine
(A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine)

Author(s):Alexandru Herciu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:26-37
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:conflict in Ukraine; annexation of Crimea; hybrid conflict; national identity; Russian Federation;
Summary/Abstract:The Crimean crisis erupted after President Viktor Yanukovych’s departure from powerfollowing the 2013-2014 anti-government protests. Its trigger was the time to repeal thelaw on the status of regional languages, by which several languages used in Ukraine wereremoved from official use. The involved actors were, on the one hand, the Russian-speakinggroups that opposed the new political changes in Kyiv and wanted the annexation of Crimeaby Russia and, on the other, the Ukrainian groups and the Crimean Tatars, who supported theEuromaidan movement.The analysis, first of all, requires understanding the key concepts and threats other thanthe conventional ones that have arisen in Ukraine for the practical implementation of Russia’sstrategy and policy of protecting the divided Russian-speaking compatriots, restoring theRussian civilization and reconstructing the Russian world (Russkiy mir).Considering the importance given by global, European and national security institutions tothis geopolitical conflict with perverse geometry, we intend to present this study from theperspective of the following conceptual elements: the historical context; political and strategicassumptions; the physiognomy of the military actions carried out in a hybrid context; theanalysis of the characteristics of the hybrid type conflict in the understanding of the RussianFederation.

Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network

Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network
(Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network)

Author(s):Dan Mazăre
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:38-51
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:military science; change management; social network; interoperability; social environment;
Summary/Abstract:Current theorizations in military-related studies outline the need for a fresh postmodern approach, extending the “modern”, the positivist foundation of military thought and aiming at increasing the potential of institutional adaptation, with both knowledge management and action related goals. Institutional adaptation gets a multi-level approach, extending from the frames used to conceptualize the space of military action to the framework defined to set methodologies and procedures, down to the military action and its material related assets. In such a context, the “network” and the “social network” turned into pervasive concepts during the last two decades, defining a route to understanding the new increased complexity in the action space: for understanding the human terrain in military settings, the intelligence realm and its challenges, the law enforcement and the legal framework it is built on. A brief conceptual archaeology of the “network” term is employed to outline some peculiar transformations during the evolution of Romanian security institutions during the last decades, as parts and as an integrated ensemble, in terms of missions, values and operational approaches.

Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security

Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security
(Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security)

Author(s):Ioan Manci, Mihai Ionuț Rusu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:52-65
No. of Pages:14

A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order

A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order
(A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order)

Author(s):Eugen Lungu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:66-77
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:United States of America; Russian Federation; multipolar world order; military power; political realism;
Summary/Abstract:After more than three decades of bipolar epoch, followed by the fall of the Berlin Wall,the United States of America became the unique superpower in international relations.Currently, there is a multipolar era, in which the world power has distributed to many actorsin the international arena. The United States of America and the Russian Federation are twoof the greatest powers of the new multipolar epoch, whose state-of-the-art geostrategicrelationships will influence the way the world order in the 21st century will be configured.Russia’s opposition to Washington’s actions in the post-Cold War era is one of the causes thatgradually resulted in the transition to a multipolar era in the international system. The presentpaper briefly presents, by the political realism perspective, the dynamic of the USA and theRussian Federation power relations, in the context of the current multipolar world order.

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"
(Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area")

Author(s):Madalina-Virginia Antonescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:78-101
No. of Pages:24
Keywords:human security; environmental security; European security; Agenda 2030; national strategy of forests;
Summary/Abstract:Agenda 2030, as major paper assumed within UN framework by member states, consecratesimportant parts to sustainable development topics, imposing to the states the increasingof environmental quality, to protect it and to preserve it, as a part of the human securityand of the enlarged concept of national and global security, too. More precisely, at thebeginning of the 21st century, we can accept a connection between the three types of security,due to the effects produced by aggressions on environment or by the lack of public policiesimplementation (irrespective of governances) on the local communities security, on states,on regions (regional ecosystems), on entire continents, and to the global level. Within the21st century it is necessary a new understanding of traditional concepts on security, from theperspective of environment and the challenges to which it is exposed, to a larger extent thanin other times. The dimension of protecting the forests (inclusively through methods and proactivepolicies to gather waste or through reforestation, protecting biodiversity, protectingecosystems as such) represents, in our opinion, an active dimension of implementing the 21stcentury strategies related to human and national security. The present paper presents anapproach to forest protection at European and national level, starting from the definition ofhuman security, from the perspective of connecting to the security dimension, the environmentas part of national security, briefly considering the forests issue, their quality as a part ofnational and European security.

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations
(Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations)

Author(s):Mădălina Virginia Antonescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:102-119
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:food security; human security; global food crisis; climate change; Agenda 2030;
Summary/Abstract:In this paper we will try to analyse the concept of “food security” as part of national security,considering both Agenda 21, Agenda 2030 and the perspectives – already outlined in a recentUN report – on the global food crisis connected with the negative effects on environment,especially regarding the reduction of fertile surfaces and drinking water, due to the extensionof desertification, massive forest fires, chemical intensive agriculture, various aggressions,industrial exploitation or large-scale pollution with toxic or non-renewable waste of theenvironment. In the 21st century, it is possible to develop new concepts related to “power”,namely “green powers”, which are able to manage their relationship with the environment inorder to increase their political decision-making power and geopolitical importance in worlddecisions (including as “food powers”) as well as to provide increased protection and securityto their people. These “new powers” are those countries which, from now on, focus on thedevelopment of national, even regional agricultural industries, and on the protection of theirfertile areas as well as of their ownership over them, areas defined as “strategic areas”, inorder to ensure, from the surplus of food raw materials, a regional or even global influence, interms of sustainable development (post-realism).

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation
(Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation)

Author(s):Dan Colesniuc
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:120-125
No. of Pages:6
Keywords:education; interdisciplinarity; multiculturalism; strategic decision; intelligence;
Summary/Abstract:Decision-making in the current operational environment, characterised by complexity,dynamism and unpredictability, requires continuous adjustment and optimisation of trainingand education processes in the military training field.Romania’s affiliation to international organisations and alliances involves seamlessstrategic approach, from the conceptual point of view, to implementing common standards,as outcomes of best practices specific to the defence intelligence field. This approach requiresfuture military leaders’ training in an interdisciplinary and multicultural cognitive space.Thus, continuous innovation in the educational field has direct contribution to projecting anddeveloping early warning systems in order to avoid strategic surprise.Virtualising the battlefield replaces the hierarchic-type thinking with the network thinking, areflexive collaborative approach where working tools specific to the intelligence activity mustbe characterised by adaptability and flexibility for timely decision-making.

The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security

The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security
(The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security)

Author(s):Alexandru Peterca
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:126-135
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:crisis; refugees; migration to Europe; organised cross-border crime; immigrants;
Summary/Abstract:The crisis that started in 2015 revealed a deficient European migration system. The leadingbodies of the European Union did not foresee such an event, being put in a position to reactto the reality of the events in progress. Creating a system of compulsory quotas for asylumseekers, increasing security at internal and external borders, as well as managing the controlof immigrants with illegal status are just some of the responses to this phenomenon.

Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century

Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century
(Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century)

Author(s):Petru-Viorel Ene
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:136-149
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:network; security; threat; vulnerability; digitalisation;
Summary/Abstract:Nowadays cyber security is essential for individuals, companies, governments and nationsas whole. As our society and our economy become more and more digital, the technologiesused are replaced, updated and constantly modified. In response, cybercriminals are payingmore attention to how they are using technology to commit malicious activities on digitalnetworks. In this context, cyberspace, which is constantly changing, generates not onlydevelopment opportunities but also risks and challenges. All these vulnerabilities make cybersecurity a major priority for all the entities.World governments have invested significant amounts of money to defend their own databecause any initial investment is lower than the funds required to recover from a cyber-attackand, on the other hand, a cyber security incident in one country may well have an impactacross national borders. Therefore, what steps should we follow?

The Black Sea Militarisation

The Black Sea Militarisation
(The Black Sea Militarisation)

Author(s):Marius ŞERBESZKI
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:150-159
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Black Sea militarisation; Anti-Access Area Denial; Crimean Peninsula; Ukraine; Russia; Romania;
Summary/Abstract:Romania, by the nature of its political orientation, its Euro-Atlantic community membership,the specific agreements, treaties and undertaken partnerships, as well as its geographicalposition, lies at the Eastern border of both EU and NATO. As a result, one of the assignedmissions of its air and naval forces is the monitoring of the situation developments in the BlackSea region, in order to ensure the early warning and useful information needed at strategicand operational decision-making levels.The occupation of the Crimean Peninsula, its saturation with troops and military equipmentby the Russian Federation and the public declarations of Russian officials, referring to someNATO countries, have generated a lot of tension and uncertainty in the region. All thementioned aspects have led to the Black Sea area gradual transformation, from a quiet areaof free trade and the germ of economic development at regional level, to a “stormy” areabetween the Russian Federation and the West.The connection between action and reaction causes a cyclical effect, as in any system. Inthat manner, the consolidation of Anti-Access Area Denial (A2AD) capabilities by a state willgenerate, even though only as a precaution, a sustained effort from another state or coalitionof states to find out a solution to counter them.

Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes

Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes
(Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes)

Author(s):Vasile Cerbu, Valentin Cioranu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:160-183
No. of Pages:24
Keywords:geopolitical changes; hybrid war; frozen conflicts; economic opportunities; arms race;
Summary/Abstract:The Black Sea is a security complex that has come to the fore today as a result of thegeopolitical changes in recent years. The changes have the effect of modifying the borders.Moreover, new “frozen conflicts” have emerged. The area has gained consistency in theincreased attention paid by Turkey and the Russian Federation but also by the US and NATObeing positioned on the border of Europe with Asia and with the new great Middle East. It isthe source of risks with still imprecise effects defined, having a very high destabilizing potentialwith implications that can even be global.In the past years and in the context of the changes in the policy of all the actors in the area,in the paradigm of NATO Defence, a new type of conflict, the hybrid conflict has emerged,and/or specific measures to counteract its effects have been generated. Also, a new arms racebegan with the involvement of all actors with influence and interests in the region includingRomania. We can say that Romania is in the middle of a “perfect storm”.

Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies

Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies
(Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies)

Author(s):Lucian Scirtocea
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:184-191
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:innovation; operating environment; data security; vulnerability; networks;
Summary/Abstract:The information society based on technologies, as a phenomenon and consequence ofglobalization, favours the extension of threats and vulnerabilities while generating new meansand ways to combat them. The developments in information technology offer an unprecedentedamplification of human abilities to access critical information that governs any field of activity.In the context of the full NATO integration, the Romanian Armed Forces undergo profoundpolitical, economic, social and cultural transformations. This set of transformations affectsthe life of each of us. Therefore, “innovation”, as such, could become a “weapon” to defendagainst risks, anticipating the development of new vulnerabilities that will surely appear in thesociety of the coming decades.In this paper, I will summarize the presentation of some innovative ideas that may havethe effect of diminishing the vulnerability of military information transmitted in the electronicenvironment under the conditions of adopting a new development doctrine in Romania, theone of the information society based on knowledge, training and education.

Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism

Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism
(Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism)

Author(s):Anca Savu, Ștefania Neagu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:192-203
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:cyberspace; cyber terrorism; cyber terrorist; organized crime; psychological impact;
Summary/Abstract:Any act of terrorism constitutes for the democratic societies a real psychological andemotional aggression, capable of producing fears in the mentality of the population. Froma semantic point of view, terrorism achieves its ultimate goal here, by creating a climate ofinsecurity, fear and terror. The act itself, which may be a conventional terrorist attack or onethat takes place in the online environment, is sufficient to profoundly influence professionalactivities, leisure and travel. Therefore, the profoundly intrusive and violent nature ofcyberterrorism can encourage the occurrence of psychiatric disorders or risky behaviour. Inorder to be able to correctly estimate the impact of cyberterrorism, we must first of all identifythe psychological profile of the cyber terrorist. Secondly, cyber terrorism is most often part ofconventional terrorism, and therefore has a similar impact.

Fake News in the 21st Century

Fake News in the 21st Century
(Fake News in the 21st Century)

Author(s):Antonia Teodora Maris
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:204-217
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:fake news; security culture; threat; risk; vulnerability; counter-action;
Summary/Abstract:The reality of the current century is shaping new security challenges. Spectacular changesin terms of technological progress, the ubiquity of digital technologies, the digital revolution,the global digital order, the constantly increasing importance of digital platforms, the speed atwhich information is transmitted, the algorithmization of personal life, the power to direct andchange public opinion, are only a few features of the 21st century.With this evolution, threats, risk factors and current vulnerabilities of each state havereached new states of manifestation. In this context, the fake news phenomenon has thepotential to influence the attitude and change the perception of entire audience segments.A first step in combating this phenomenon is to familiarize the population with thisconcept that is rapidly becoming a threat. Building a strong security culture and identifyingvulnerabilities constitute important steps in establishing a good foundation for a secureenvironment.

Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence

Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence
(Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence)

Author(s):Sorina Ana Manea
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:218-231
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:fake news; democracy; propaganda; subversion; security and national defence;
Summary/Abstract:In the last four years, fake news has overtaken the cancan and the mundane world to beused as a “weapon” in the arsenal of social manipulation.Fake news is today a very effective tool by which democratic institutions are eroded and thestate entities demonized.Although most often the identity of the perpetrator, of the one who triggers a fake newsdirectly or through a software application, is unknown, the state must fulfil its obligation tomaintain national security and to ensure the nation’s defence, as well as to guarantee theexercise of the fundamental rights and freedoms of man and, increasingly, the obligation toguarantee the right of citizens to be properly and truthfully informed.The eradication of the fourth power, by shifting information from professionalism to the“tweet” news, makes these state obligations much more difficult to fulfil.This article brings to the readers’ attention a series of effects generated by fake news andhow they have or can have an impact on national security and national defence.

Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence

Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence
(Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence)

Author(s):Petru-Viorel Ene
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:232-245
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:artificial intelligence; progress; technology; autonomy; safety;
Summary/Abstract:Starting as a great science fiction movie topic, Artificial Intelligence has already begun toimpose itself on our society. If until recently it was not an extended phenomenon but rathera desideratum, a goal that seemed almost impossible to achieve, now things have changed.Artificial Intelligence has been on everyone lips in the last few years.We take advantage of its benefits whether we speak of automated responders and onlinecustomer support, smart personal assistants, autonomously-powered self-driving vehiclesor autonomous military systems. However, the technology is still in its infancy. Although theprogress made in this field is extraordinary, it is time to take into account how much of aneffect this technology will have on our future.

Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts

Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts
(Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts)

Author(s):Alexandru Herciu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:246-255
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:hybrid threats; hybrid conflict; irregular operations; electronic warfare; psychological warfare;
Summary/Abstract:The risks and threats of a conventional, unconventional, asymmetrical, and cyber naturebecome increasingly complex and unpredictable. Their combination generates the productionof apparent disturbances in the contemporary operational environment, with severeconsequences on the security of the states.A conclusion that emerges, analysing the evolution of the military phenomenon over thelast thirty years, is that, in the future, both great powers and non-state actors will resort to themost different actions to reach their interests. These actions have demonstrated their efficiencythrough their unusual nature and the lack of effective countermeasures such as informationwarfare, cyber warfare, network warfare, electronic warfare, psychological warfare, or mediawarfare.If the future of military action is to be marked by hybridity, states, alliances and coalitionsmust develop those conventional, unconventional, irregular and cyber capabilities that willensure the planning, preparation, execution, and evaluation of operations in the full spectrum.

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts
(Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts)

Author(s):Florian Râpan
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:256-271
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:symmetry; asymmetry; non-contact military conflict; hybrid warfare; kinetic actions;
Summary/Abstract:The changes that have taken place internally and internationally in the last decades inthe political, economic and military field have led to contradictory and surprising evolutions.Of all the mentioned areas, the military one has perhaps suffered the most spectaculartransformations, which have involved reorientations, re-evaluations and reorganisations inthe system of planning and developing military actions. The so-called declarations of warhave disappeared. Humanitarian reasons, the democratisation of the target state or the fightagainst terrorism are increasingly brought into the discussion. In some situations, internationalorganisations are the ones that take the diplomatic initiative. The analysis of the unfolding ofthe military conflicts in the post-war period highlights the increased weight of the technicalscientificfactor in determining the ratio of forces and implicitly in achieving the imbalancethat leads to obvious asymmetric effects. All military conflicts, without exception, during thisperiod, were influenced to a great extent by the technological ascendancy over the means ofconducting military actions. The wars of the last decades are good examples in this regard. Thearticle wants to emphasise the fact that, under the present conditions, the disproportionatewar is not only a consequence but also a project of the states in conflict.

Formalising Information Warfare

Formalising Information Warfare
(Formalising Information Warfare)

Author(s):Alin-George Ionescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:272-281
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:information warfare; operations; information society; deployability; media warfare;
Summary/Abstract:Is Information Warfare a modern-day reality or just a theme for theoretical and abstractdebate? The evolution of humankind into the information society generated the premisesfor the development of methods specific to Information Warfare based on the advance ofinformation technology in all domains. Super-powers included information-related aspectsof warfare in documents that govern their national security. The following paper offersa theoretical approach to this subject. While it highlights the lack of doctrinal referencesand conceptualisation, it also gives a possible representation of the way state actors andorganisations can act under the auspices of Information Warfare and briefly evaluates thepotential objectives involved by the steps taken towards action.

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats
(Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats)

Author(s):Florin Stafi
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:282-295
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:hybrid warfare; anti-aircraft; technology; armed conflict; proxy war;
Summary/Abstract:The hybrid forms of manifestation of war characteristics are difficult to counteract, to analyse and almost impossible to anticipate. The interactions being macro-systemic, all the architectural components of a state’s security must calibrate their resources to design adapted reactions. Therefore, each component is required to self-evaluate its critical functions, and at the same time, to determine its own vulnerabilities in front of a two-faced enemy. The identification of threat levels in emerging of air technologies is also the attribute of the anti-aircraft fire system, due to an important functionality in the multi-dimensional battlefield. Therefore, in an extremely complex equation of a different type of war, the specialised components of the anti-aircraft response will vectorially redefine their force instruments, concentrating their effort to create synergy in effects. Accepting the hybridisation of war must transcend the Clausewitzian symmetrical classicism, especially since, in many ways, the forms and methods of manifestation are not new. It remains, however, to accept that the appropriate reaction to such a possible war can only be achieved through a complex understanding of the phenomenon, beyond the restrictive barriers of previous tactic or strategy.

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy
(Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy)

Author(s):Alexandru Pintili, Marian Stefan
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:296-303
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Maskirovka; strategic interest; disinformation; rebranding strategy; terrorism;
Summary/Abstract:To show interest in an area that appears to be under the influence and interests of others, the Russian Federation had to move away from the old paradigms and build viable strategies, not necessarily new ones, in order to achieve the surprise. At first glance, the plan implemented by the Russian Federation seems to be something new, elaborate, innovative and carefully crafted. Partly this is true, we can talk about a rebranding strategy, but if we look closely at the strategies that are being addressed, we see the same attempts validated by the past experiences. We notice the same way of active involvement in others’ problems, without being in contradiction with historical actions, now fighting on the same front with the old enemy of the frozen period, melted not so long ago and having, which is surprising for all analysts, the same invoked enemy: terrorism. It is a new type of fanatical terrorism, unwarrantable from the point of view of doctrine, but with territorial claims that give cold shots to the whole of Europe. Something similar for the common enemy for which the world, more or less civilised, more or less prepared, more or less involved, accepted to fight together, divided in two power and interest alliances, three quarters of a century ago. Highlighting the intentions to support the common world effort to eliminate the terrorist threat and multiple forms of manifestation is part of the Russian Federation new strategic doctrine of misinformation, designed to gain strategic benefits. Until now, USA talks about “Maskirovka” like being part of “deception and denial” disinformation military plan used by the Russian Federation in order to mislead the opponent about the real intentions of using military actions. Now we have an appreciated form of this elaborate plan not to hide but to show real intentions and actions that hide real strategic interests. What is the stake? We will see that the Russian Federation strategic interest stake is neither economic nor military, but simply the desire to be an active part of the strategic game.

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels
(Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels)

Author(s):Vasile Florin Popescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:304-317
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:cyberspace; cyber threats; vulnerabilities; security architectures; early warning mechanism;
Summary/Abstract:Different perceptions about the role and strength of the Internet are an important factor behind the lack of an international early warning mechanism in the field of cybersecurity. An opportunity to establish a framework for understanding the concept of cybersecurity would be to analyse cyberspace at different levels, each level indicating the consequences for different cyber-infrastructure disruptions. However, the consequences of cyber incidents and corresponding response mechanisms are quite different at global, regional and national level, and the cyber security issue has to be removed from the corner of the IT department, brought to the centre of the scene, and carefully supported by political attention and extra investments in order to modernise protection mechanisms.

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning
(Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning)

Author(s):Daniel ROMAN
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:318-331
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:societal domains; consequence management; operational planning; military operations; critical infrastructures; crisis; hybrid war;
Summary/Abstract:The complexity of the essential areas of life at a societal level and the difficulty of identifyingthe elements threatening them are the main issues that the contemporary societies haveto face, regardless of their economic development. Thus, the dynamics of changes in thedefining environments of a society set a specific rhythm of the societal activities that areinterdependent and determine a network behaviour specific to all the actors involved.According to the importance of the outcome of the totality of actions in these fields, a certainextrapolation on the future results, namely a possibility of expressing those scientificallyargued predictions, such as the ones belonging to the field of consequence management.The notions of peace and security at the societal level are directly influenced by the complexityof the cooperation and the coordination between the pillar factors: political/diplomatic,military, economic, social, infrastructural, informational and environmental, with majorimplications on the population and the space, calculated within a specific time frame. Takingadvantages of the weaknesses and capitalising on the possible occurrence of a risk or a majorimpact negative event can degenerate under certain conditions to border situations, crisis,armed military conflict or even a hybrid war. The art of the operational planning in the militaryfield can be considered the reference point in the development of the societal threat scenarios,according to the established level of particularisation, be it tactical, operational or strategic.The joined approach to the operational planning on several levels and on societal domains of acrisis or hybrid war occurrence can be one of the solutions for solving the standstill situations orthe societal throw-back. Therefore, we considered it was necessary to clarify those theoreticalaspects regarding the possible bi-univocal conceptual undertaking of the operational art ofplanning the military operations to other fields such as consequence management and criticalinfrastructure protection.

Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions

Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions
(Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions)

Author(s):Dan Crisan
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:332-351
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:strategic communication; rational-irrational; strategy; planning; public communication;
Summary/Abstract:Over the last three centuries, on a historical scale, there has been an increase in thedynamics of social transformation events, sometimes even through the development of majorconflicts, as well as a progressive increase in the number of these periods of re-balancingof social systems, in a fine-tuning with the intensification of human evolution as a result ofthe increasingly large application of the results of the development of science. Althoughconflicts on the planetary scale were absent in the years after the Second World Conflagration,reducing the statistical totals regarding the number of victims associated with wars, actions ofa conflictual nature, including military, from the last quarter of a century, and the increasinglyclear sedimentation of a competitive multipolar world lead to the idea that these deep tectonicmovements, without major effects on the plane of humanity, can be transformed into a largesurface earthquake, definitive for the human nature.The two World Wars have unequivocally shown two sides of human irrationality thatpre-existed as arguments for fighting them: leaders with irrational visions and communitieswho believed and supported irrationally the implementation of those visions through wars.After all, there were vast communication processes that prepared and threw the world into thetwo disasters of the first half of the 20th century. We appreciate that, despite the exceptionallevel of scientific rationality and the exponential tendency of this rationality from the presentstage, we find ourselves again, as humanity, in a social environment increasingly prone to thecrystallisation of irrational collective options.Society, enclosed through many of its elements in a multidimensional global network, has,more than ever, possibilities of social communication that tend towards infinity. Who shouldbe the actors and how could they, given that there are several centres, carry out a possibleprocess, which we define conceptually as “strategic communication”, a process that willlead, in fact, to diminishing the irrationality of some leaders and/or communities and to thecounter-balancing of the destructive competition of the poles of power? Does society still havethe systemic immunity required to maintain its balance or to rebalance itself without reachingconflict?

The Use of Key Performance Indicators as Useful Decision-Making and Performance Improvement Tools in the Acceptance of the Balanced Scorecard Concept

The Use of Key Performance Indicators as Useful Decision-Making and Performance Improvement Tools in the Acceptance of the Balanced Scorecard Concept
(The Use of Key Performance Indicators as Useful Decision-Making and Performance Improvement Tools in the Acceptance of the Balanced Scorecard Concept)

Author(s):Gheorghe Marcu, Radu-Mihai Oanta, Toma Pleşanu, Cătălin Bursuc
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:352-365
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Balanced Scorecard; Key Performance Indicators (KPI); organisation; national defence;
Summary/Abstract:The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept is defined and used in managerial practice as a measurement system, as well as a strategic planning and management system, being implemented in business or industrial organisations, in the government system, or non-profit organisations. From the efficiency of management point of view, Balanced Scorecard uses Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to measure performance within the organisation, through which it can add direct corrections in design, initiatives and daily activities for the achievement of strategic organising objectives. This article presents the role of Key Performance Indicators regarding the evaluation of the actions taken, the decision-making and the overall efficiency of the organization’s activity. Due to the concepts and functions developed within the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), rigorous determination of performance and counter-performance within an organisation (KPI), Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and its instrument of evaluation are also recommended for use in institutions within the defence, public order and national security system.

Strategic Map - Planning Instrument for the Successful Implementation of the Transformation Strategy in the Accepted Meaning of the Scorecard Balance Concept

Strategic Map - Planning Instrument for the Successful Implementation of the Transformation Strategy in the Accepted Meaning of the Scorecard Balance Concept
(Strategic Map - Planning Instrument for the Successful Implementation of the Transformation Strategy in the Accepted Meaning of the Scorecard Balance Concept)

Author(s):Radu-Mihai Oanta, Gheorghe Marcu, Ghiţă BÂRSAN, Toma Pleşanu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:366-379
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:Balanced Scorecard; strategic map; aligning efforts; organisation; national defence;
Summary/Abstract:The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) concept is defined and used in managerial practice asa measurement system, as well as a strategic planning and management system, beingimplemented in business or industrial organisations, in the government system, or in non-profitorganisations.In order to align the individual and collective efforts, respectively to create an effectiveinternal communication channel, the Balanced Scorecard concept provides an instrument witha strong visual and motivational impact – the strategic map.The strategic map creates the overall picture of the organisation, the objectives and theimplementation way for strategy, enables the employees to be aware of their own effort thatcontributes to the success of the implementation of the strategy and realises the frameworkof their own and institutional self-evaluation regarding the effectiveness of the actions taken.In this article, we will address the essential elements of a strategic map, the way of definingand selecting them, the relationship and interdependence of the elements and we willrecommend a strategic map starting from the vision, mission and transformation strategyexisting in the military structures of the operational level.

The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts

The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts
(The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts)

Author(s):Nicolae Plesanu, Ghiţă BÂRSAN, Sorin Pînzariu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:394-409
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:tank; battle chariot; fast war; campaign; blitzkrieg;
Summary/Abstract:Since appearing on the battlefield, in less than a decade, tanks have revolutionised theart of war. This article focuses on the use of tanks from the beginning to nowadays. We willshowcase some battles in which the tanks were used, in the First World War, in the Campaignsof East, West and North Africa of the Second World War and the conflicts of the last decades.

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security
(The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security)

Author(s):Radu-Mihai Oanta, Gheorghe Marcu, Toma Pleşanu, Marinel-Adi MUSTAȚĂ
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:410-425
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:knowledge bank; databases; services; sections; sorting;
Summary/Abstract:vThe knowledge-based society, in which knowledge is more and more accessible due tothe rapid advancement of the IT, needs quick solutions for documentation. Taking into accountthe progressive development of the documentation needs in different fields, both at theorganisational and individual level, we have thought of presenting several issues concerningthe use of technologies and services provided by a knowledge bank for defence, public orderand national security field.In this paper, we will make a short introduction of the above-mentioned knowledgebank, followed by brief research of a pilot study in which we have meant to analyse theway its usefulness is perceived. Having this in mind, we have researched the perceptionof the technologies and services offered by it, by means of an online questionnaire, whichactually served as a way to establish the level of being acquainted with the technology of thementioned field. We should also mention the fact that the presented research study is meantto make users aware of the knowledge in the sector of knowledge banks with predominantapplicability in the design and establishment of the knowledge bank for defence, public orderand national security field. Moreover, the research is meant to deliver conclusions that willpossibly enhance efficiency in developing some similar knowledge banks.

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces
(The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces)

Author(s):Nicolae Plesanu, Ghiţă BÂRSAN, Sorin Pînzariu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:426-443
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:operational environment; future conflicts; reorganisation; structure; organisation;
Summary/Abstract:The process of reform of the Romanian Armed Forces, initiated after 1990, has had multipleconsequences on the tank structures, by reducing their number. In this article, we will presentthe characteristics of future conflicts and how they will influence the shape of future tankstructures of the Romanian Land Forces. We will show several versions of the reorganisationof tank structures that can be used in future conflicts.

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats
(A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats)

Author(s):Costinel Nicolae Maresi
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:444-461
No. of Pages:18
Keywords:hybrid threat; private military campaigns; mercenaries; psychological operations; cyber aggression;
Summary/Abstract:By resorting to research techniques such as the content analysis technique, the documentaryanalysis and the case studies, the scientific research results presented in this article bring tothe attention of the specialists novelty elements about the center of gravity of the hybridthreats, through a comprehensive and immersive approach to the current challenges to theinternational security environment.The tactics of special operations forces (which are characteristic to states) and irregularforces such as non-state paramilitary forces are treated: insurgents, guerrillas, terroristgroups, mercenaries, private military companies, cross-border criminal organisations, but alsoother unconventional means: psychological operations, informational operations and cyberaggressions. All of these are treated as structural elements of hybrid threats.Essentially, in order to prevent or control national security risks posed by hybrid threats, theplace and role of unconventional operational elements within these types of emerging threatsmust be understood. The scientific research in this field requires that the Romanian army issynchronised with the new evolutions of the contemporary war.

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept
(Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept)

Author(s):Sebastian-Gabriel Popescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:462-471
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:cyberspace; security concept; artificial intelligence; naval cybernetics; cyberculture;
Summary/Abstract:The analysis of cyberspace in the military and modern armed forces, especially in theNATO forums, has defined, for all the forces, including the naval ones, the need for strategicapproaches related to the future war, a complex war that integrates and concatenates hybridwar, cyberwar, the fight against terrorism, but especially their expression and interconnection.The current technological developments and approaches embedded in the new technologiesand information technology have a special impact on the security space and the battlespace.Even if, in fact, we are in a continuous war, which mainly includes the economic, financialand informational fields, it is necessary to look for and use new capabilities based onartificial intelligence – related to the computer field, which must allow the exploitation of themega-data and determine an appropriate behaviour in the cyberspace in order to deal withthem and counter them as well. We will further highlight our concerns in this regard.

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces
(Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces)

Author(s):Mihail Orzeaţă
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:472-483
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:mentality; attitude; leadership; permanent change; professionalism;
Summary/Abstract:The main objective of human resource training in any armed force should be mentalityand attitude change from the reactive one to a proactive and winning mentality. Militaryprofession is honourable but very demanding as well because it entails a high degree of riskand devotion up to sacrifice. The current number of the Romanian Armed Forces’ militarypersonnel is smaller than the one before 1989. That is why they have to be better trained thantheir predecessors to accomplish assigned missions. NATO is the organisation that imposesprofessionalism, responsibility, legality and team spirit to all its members including Romania.The military leader must be the role model for all his/her subordinates, knowing how to leadthem and his/her military unit in order to accomplish any assigned mission.There is no need to tell a well-trained military person twice WHAT to do to.

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations
(The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations)

Author(s):Carmen Moise, Elena Clenci, Toma Pleşanu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:484-495
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:military organisation; internal management control; application; communications and information;
Summary/Abstract:The article presents the results of the doctoral research, the need for the development anduse of a dedicated computer application or the adaptation of an existing one, in order to beable to track the flow of documents of the internal management control system and to connectall the planning documents, the specific objectives, the risks, the sensitive/exposed functionsto corruption.

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field
(Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field)

Author(s):Olivian Stănică
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:496-507
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:education; reform; security; defence; training;
Summary/Abstract:The Norwegian Armed Forces initiated the educational reform process in 2017, after theStrategy for the period 2017-2020 was approved. Within the military education system reformprocess, three major goals/challenges were considered: culture, traditions preservation andsystem reform; administrative and territorial organization, and implementation of integratededucational programs.The defence reform process began in 2002. In 2018, the Norwegian Armed Forces, togetherwith the Ministry of Justice and Public Security, started the implementation process of a newconcept, “Total Defence”, based on support and interagency cooperation (civil-military) atnational level in crisis, military conflict or war situations.

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry
(Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry)

Author(s):Lucian Ivan
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:508-523
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:defence industry; technology; European Defence Fund; investment; research;
Summary/Abstract:On 19 March 2019, the European Union’s governing bodies approved consistent programmesfor the period 2019-2020, totalling more than 500 million EUR, which are designed to ensureco-financing of projects developed by the defence industry within the EU Member States.At the same time, from 2021 onwards, the European Defence Fund is to be launched, aninnovative and competitive programme for the defence industry, which will substantially contributeto the strategic and military autonomy of the European Union. These unprecedented financialefforts for the defence industry of EU member States are part of the conjugated efforts todefend European citizens from possible hostile actions of certain state and non-state entities.Considering these consistent investment opportunities, Romania must be prepared tocooperate with major European companies in the defence industry, in order to develop viableprojects that are eligible to be funded through the European Defence Fund. Also, a priorityof the Romanian defence industry must be a substantial increase in research investments, animmediate result of increasing the competitiveness of the products achieved and, implicitly,increasing the volume of military equipment exports to the profile markets.In view of these objectives, Romanian companies operating in the defence sector need toinvest considerable sums in the field of research, in order to develop high-performance militaryproducts and technologies that enable the development of this field of strategic interest forRomania. Another opportunity for the Romanian defence industry is to provide the necessaryfacility to produce military equipment and technology meeting NATO standards, in order to beused by the Romanian army.In this context, the Romanian defence industry is expected to face great challenges in thefuture, the major opportunity and strategic advantage being the special relationship withNATO and EU partners, in particular the strategic partnership with the USA.According to the commitments assumed, at political and military level, the RomanianGovernment will invest in the next years, in the defence sector, 2% of GDP, a large part of thispercentage (over 20%) to be allocated to products that encompass advanced technologies,most of which are to be imported from EU and NATO member states, as well as from the localmarket.

Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm

Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm
(Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm)

Author(s):Silvia Stanciu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:524-535
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:gender perspective; UNSCR 1325; security paradigm; gender diversity; inclusion;
Summary/Abstract:UN, NATO and EU member states have substantially contributed, in the last 20 years, variousresources, to the initiatives that have been assumed in accordance with the provisions set bythe international cooperation developed regarding gender perspective promotion, especially inthe context of armed conflicts. Normative frameworks together with the working mechanismsthat have been adopted and developed in this domain, establish high standards for UNSCR1325 agenda implementation, with notable references regarding security and defence, thisbeing a field of expertise and activity which is directly and permanently influenced by themanner in which armed troops exploit, in the conduct of their military operations and missions,the new set of operational perspectives, introduced to them by taking into consideration thegender dimension. In the context of the new security paradigm, the vision upon the globalarchitecture of risks and vulnerabilities imposes the adoption of punctual and equally robustmeasures in order to counteract any emergent risks that lay an immense pressure upongeneral safety and progress.In essence, international security organizations subscribe that gender diversitymay be a strength trait in favour of societal reconciliation and rehabilitation, by utilizing themilitary component as a cardinal vector in putting UNSCR 1325 “Women, Peace and Security”objectives into practice. Therewith, the dynamics and the complexity of modern conflicts havevalidated the importance of conceiving the security policies as promoters of social equalityand inclusion, all these representing essential conditions for acquiring international peace.

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence
(Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence)

Author(s):Alexandra-Ioana Marian
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:536-549
No. of Pages:14
Keywords:performance management; life cycle; RSAP (Resources and Support for Public Acquisition) platform; risk management;
Summary/Abstract:The procurement performance translates in terms of effectively managing public fundsthrough the acquisition of products that meet customers’ requirements, are delivered on time,and under advantageous conditions.A systematic analysis of the legislative barriers and factors that influence procurement offersa clear image of the vulnerabilities associated with implementing the process. By applyingmodern risk assessment methods, an information package can be designed to support thedecision-making process of how to effectively allocate resources in order to achieve theperformance objectives established.This paper offers a practical solution for improving procurement performance by developinga common platform, at the Ministry level, where the results obtained by each contractingauthority are analysed objectively and transparently. The platform also offers support inplanning an acquisition, serving as aid to all contracting authorities that engage in suchactivities.

Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward

Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward
(Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward)

Author(s):Mihai Daiescu, Radu Prioteasa
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:550-561
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:reproductive leadership; continuing development; VUCA environment; level 4 leader;
Summary/Abstract:Be it seen as a modern society need or just as a nowadays old dusty idea, leadership canactually make the difference in a military organization between “straight ahead” and “fastforward”.According to John C. Maxwell there are 5 levels of leadership: 1. Position leadership – peoplefollow because they have to; 2. Permission leadership – people follow because they want to;3. Production leadership – people follow because of what you have done for the organization;4. People development leadership – people follow because of what you have done for thempersonally; 5. Pinnacle – people follow because of who you are and what you represent.This article aims to emphasize the military organization need for leaders, especially for level4 leaders. As the technological evolution travels around the world with speed light, so shouldthe human resource development through leadership do.Level 4 leaders have the ability to empower others. They use their position, relationshipsand productivity to invest in their followers and develop them, until those followers becomeleaders in their own right. The result turns out to be reproduction. Level 4 leaders have theability to reproduce themselves.Seen from an economical/profitable point of view, leadership fills the space betweenstandard performance and continuing efficiency. How can we multiply leadership in less time sowe can have it all over our military organization and keep up with technological developmentspeed? The answer is simple again. Forming and using from abundance level 4 leaders in orderto develop other leaders. They are the ones that can exponentially multiply and speed up ourhuman resource development in a realistic pursuit of great performance.

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders
(Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders)

Author(s):Marius Suciu, Mihai Daiescu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:562-571
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:personality traits; personality types; leadership; military organisation;
Summary/Abstract:The psychological distribution of military leaders at different levels present interestingpatterns. Romanian military leaders have not yet fully appreciated the psychologicalcontributions that staff bring to the resources of the labour force. Human resources, acompilation of the value and importance of the workforce, are a capital investment and shouldbe recognized for the reason of human development and management. This small studyconducted with first-year members of the Romanian Staff College found support for extremelydynamic contributions between extraversion and introversion, feeling and intuition, thinkingand feeling, judging and perceiving the preferences of future male and female leaders. Militaryleaders differ in their psychological preferences, and a study like this may predict, on a largerscale, future psychological expectations.

How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?

How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?
(How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?)

Author(s):Radu Prioteasa, Marius Suciu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:572-583
No. of Pages:12
Keywords:commander; battalion; officer; delegate; digitization; motivation;
Summary/Abstract:The paper addresses the central role the battalion commanders have in the overallarchitecture of the military system. The Battalion Commander is close enough to the team sothat he can personally interact with every member of the battalion and he also leads a unitlarge enough to have a major impact on the dynamics of operations (be it in peacetime, crisisor war). The cornerstone of the paper is the attempt to synthesize the essential elements of theongoing training of these leaders, importance of studying and hard work, delegating punctualtasks to the staff. The essential role of battalion commander in the “growth” of young officers,the importance of tradition, positive motivation and the digitalization of command are asmany focal points in completing a “good growth” for the commander as are intriguing topicsfor any further discussion.

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913
(Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913)

Author(s):George Ungureanu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:584-603
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:borders; internal vulnerabilities; external threats; projects; actions; evolutions;
Summary/Abstract:Starting from the complexity of the defence and national security field, this article, basedon Romanian, Western, Bulgarian and Turkish historiographical contributions, supplementedwith archival military documents, deals with the problem of defence of the right bank Danubeterritory obtained after the Berlin Congress (1878), until the incorporation of SouthernDobrogea (Quadrilateral) in 1913. This article briefly shows the initial Romanian views on theinclusion of Dobrogea, then the measures enforced by the authorities at two levels, namelythe political-diplomatic and military one, and the ethnopolitical one respectively, includingeconomic, social and cultural aspects. The conclusion is that the military measures takenled to limited achievements, mainly due to some objective reasons, but this situation wascounterbalanced by suitable political-diplomatic combinations and options and especially bythe remarkable result of the work aiming to enhance, modernise and colonise the territory.A decisive stage in this respect was that of 1890-1895.

The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century

The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century
(The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century)

Author(s):Ion Rîşnoveanu
Language:English
Subject(s):Security and defense, Military policy
Page Range:604-623
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:World War I; Romanian Army; military doctrine; military attachés; defence line;
Summary/Abstract:At the start of the twentieth century, the Romanian General Staff was busy constructingRomania’s defence doctrine. They were focused on the most probable situations, in whichRomania would be forced to defend itself.The officers of the General Staff used reports from the military attachés in Petersburg andSofia and identified that Dobrogea was targeted by two potential aggressors – Russia andBulgaria.This is why the planners made detailed drafts to those defence plans, focusing on thedifferent defence lines from the Danube Delta to the Black Sea Coast, in the case of a Russianaggression. For southern Dobrogea, a delicate area after the Peace of Bucharest in 1913, afterwhich Romania received the counties of Durostor and Caliacra (or Quadrilateral, as it appearson Romanian military maps) new alinements were viewed as essential for the defence of thearea against the Bulgarians.

Foreign Intelligence Collaboration during King Carol II Dictatorship (1938-1940)

Foreign Intelligence Collaboration during King Carol II Dictatorship (1938-1940)
(Foreign Intelligence Collaboration during King Carol II Dictatorship (1938-1940))

Author(s):Alin Spânu
Contributor(s):Iulia Singer (Translator)
Language:English
Subject(s):History, Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), Security and defense, Politics of History/Memory
Page Range:624-631
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Romania; Carol II; Special Intelligence Service; collaboration; USSR; Germany;
Summary/Abstract:In February 1938, King Carol II imposed his political will and turned from a mediator intoan important actor. When the royal dictatorship was established, the political parties werebanned, the military took over the leadership of counties and town halls and the structures offorce were given increased powers. At the same time, Romania began to be isolated externally,because of both certain scenarios of the revisionist states and the conciliation policy adoptedby England and France. Against this background, the Romanian intelligence services launchedactions of exploration and information exchange with traditional partners (England andFrance), and with Germany, with multiple purposes. From the English and the French, help wasneeded to counter revisionism, while from the Germans we required cooperation regardingthe Soviet space, all with the purpose of maintaining Romania’s integrity. The results, notalways favourable, were analysed and presented to political-military decision-makers, thosewho had to make the final decisions.

The Situation of the Army at Romania's Re-Entry into War on 28 October/10 November 1918

The Situation of the Army at Romania's Re-Entry into War on 28 October/10 November 1918
(The Situation of the Army at Romania's Re-Entry into War on 28 October/10 November 1918)

Author(s):Silviu-Daniel Niculae
Language:English
Subject(s):Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), Security and defense
Page Range:632-647
No. of Pages:16
Keywords:First World War; re-entry into war; the situation of the Romanian army; the second mobilisation; carrying out of mobilisation;
Summary/Abstract:The situation of the Romanian army on the eve of the second mobilisation resulted fromthe carrying out of the demobilisation imposed by the Peace Treaty of Bucharest signed on24 April/7 May 1918. In other words, when mobilisation was declared, the operational statusof all the higher commands, general services and military establishments of the Romanianarmy was the one corresponding to the last budget drawn up in peacetime, that is, from 1916.All these commands, services and establishments depended on the Ministry of War, in termsof both management and administration.

Romanian Navy Officers sent to Study Abroad (1925-1928)

Romanian Navy Officers sent to Study Abroad (1925-1928)
(Romanian Navy Officers sent to Study Abroad (1925-1928))

Author(s):Marius Laurențiu Rohart
Language:English
Subject(s):Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), Security and defense
Page Range:648-653
No. of Pages:8
Keywords:Navy; interwar period; Naval Academy; naval tactics; naval doctrine;
Summary/Abstract:Despite the fact that the Navy School was established in Constanța, in 1920, the RomanianNavy considered necessary to send several young officers to study at the Naval Academiesin the West. This practice was implemented in the 19th century and many famous officers,some of them even Navy Commanders, graduated from Naval Academies in the West.The present study focuses on a group of young officers educated and trained in Italy and France,starting in the mid ’20s. Studying their reports sent to the Navy Inspectorate in Bucharest,interesting lessons are emphasised, which were implemented when they came back to thecountry. From concepts, through naval tactics, to complex exercises, each officer belonging tothe group could acquire certain skills, depending on the specifics of the Navies of the countriesthey studied in. Once they returned to the Romanian Navy, the officers could promote theacquired information, which had important effects on the Romanian naval thinking during theinterwar period.

Gheorghe Dabija - Soldier, Diplomat and Writer

Gheorghe Dabija - Soldier, Diplomat and Writer
(Gheorghe Dabija - Soldier, Diplomat and Writer)

Author(s):Gabriel-George Patrascu
Language:English
Subject(s):Military history, Recent History (1900 till today), Security and defense
Page Range:654-665
No. of Pages:10
Keywords:Brigadier General Gheorghe Dabija; First World War; Romanian military writer; military attaché;
Summary/Abstract:Gheorghe Dabija became known in the Romanian military journalism through his studiesand works of military pedagogy, where he approached various aspects of the training andeducation of the troops. Within the period 1910-1913 he was a military attaché in Sofia andBelgrade. He participated in the Reunification War 1916-1919, commanding different militarystructures, a fact that enabled him, after the finalization of the military operations, to dedicatehimself to the military history, drafting an exceptional monography dedicated to the battleactions developed within the period 1916-1918.

General Ioan Dumitrache, Portrait of a Legend. Commander of the 2nd Mountain Division - Divizia de Cremene

General Ioan Dumitrache, Portrait of a Legend. Commander of the 2nd Mountain Division - Divizia de Cremene
(General Ioan Dumitrache, Portrait of a Legend. Commander of the 2nd Mountain Division - Divizia de Cremene)

Author(s):Florian Bichir
Language:English
Subject(s):Military history, Recent History (1900 till today)
Page Range:666-685
No. of Pages:20
Keywords:Second World War; General Ioan Dumitrache; 2nd Mountain Division; Crimea Division; Grozny; Chechnya;
Summary/Abstract:The activity and the memoirs of General Ion Dumitrache are undoubtedly important,if not capital, for knowing our history and especially the history of the Second World War.It is notorious that Mountain Troops represented the only elite troops of the Romanian Infantryduring the entire Eastern Campaign. In today’s jargon a kind of “green berets”. The best knownof them was the 2nd Mountain Division.The courage of the fighters under the command of General Dumitrache made the2nd Mountain Division to acquire on the front a well-deserved renown, in sync with thedetermination demonstrated by the troops of that great unit: “Divizia de Cremene”. HistorianAlesandru Duţu noted in his most recent volume that “General Dumitrache led large unitsof the Romanian Army that reached the easternmost point in the Second World War.The Romanian troops under his command fought in the Caucasus Mountains, the 2nd RomanianMountain Division reaching close to Grozny, the capital of Chechnya!”

Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Security and Defence between History, Theory and Public Policies Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Security and Defence between History, Theory and Public Policies

Introduction

Introduction (Introduction)

Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis

Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis (Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis)

A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine

A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine (A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine)

Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network

Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network (Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network)

Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security

Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security (Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security)

A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order

A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order (A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order)

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area" (Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area")

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations (Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations)

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation (Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation)

The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security

The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security (The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security)

Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century

Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century (Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century)

The Black Sea Militarisation

The Black Sea Militarisation (The Black Sea Militarisation)

Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes

Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes (Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes)

Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies

Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies (Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies)

Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism

Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism (Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism)

Fake News in the 21st Century

Fake News in the 21st Century (Fake News in the 21st Century)

Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence

Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence (Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence)

Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence

Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence (Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence)

Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts

Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts (Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts)

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts (Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts)

Formalising Information Warfare

Formalising Information Warfare (Formalising Information Warfare)

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats (Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats)

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy (Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy)

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels (Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels)

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning (Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning)

Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions

Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions (Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions)

The Use of Key Performance Indicators as Useful Decision-Making and Performance Improvement Tools in the Acceptance of the Balanced Scorecard Concept

Strategic Map - Planning Instrument for the Successful Implementation of the Transformation Strategy in the Accepted Meaning of the Scorecard Balance Concept

The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts

The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts (The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts)

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security (The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security)

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces (The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces)

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats (A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats)

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept (Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept)

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces (Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces)

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations (The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations)

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field (Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field)

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry (Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry)

Implications of Utilising UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Agenda for the Conduct of International Military Operations and Missions in the Context of the New Security Paradigm

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence (Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence)

Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward

Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward (Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward)

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders (Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders)

Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Security and Defence between History, Theory and Public Policies
Romanian Military Thinking International Scientific Conference Proceedings. Security and Defence between History, Theory and Public Policies

Introduction
(Introduction)

Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis
(Romanian Military Thinking Conference Proceedings - Plenary Sessions Synthesis)

A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine
(A Retrospective Glimpse on the Conflict in Ukraine)

Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network
(Institutional Adaptation in the Security Environment - A Case Study on the Concept of Social Network)

Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security
(Dynamics and Transatlantic Cooperation in the Field of Energy Security)

A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order
(A Realistic Approach to Power Relations between the USA and Russia in the Context of the Current World Order)

Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area"
(Environmental Security as Part of the National and European Security: the Strategic Dimension of the "National/European Forest Area")

Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations
(Food Security in the Context of a Global Food Crisis and the Rise of ”Food Powers” - Several Considerations)

Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation
(Intelligence Education - Strategic Innovation)

The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security
(The Implications of Illegal Migration and Refugees on European Security)

Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century
(Cyber Security - The Great Challenge of the 21st Century)

The Black Sea Militarisation
(The Black Sea Militarisation)

Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes
(Extended Black Sea Region - An Area of Geopolitical Changes)

Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies
(Innovation, Protection of a Military Character Information Guarantee in the Information Society Based on Technologies)

Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism
(Psychological Impact of Cyberterrorism)

Fake News in the 21st Century
(Fake News in the 21st Century)

Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence
(Fake News - Threat to National Security and Defence)

Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence
(Benefits and Risks in the Field of Artificial Intelligence)

Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts
(Trends in the Evolution of Hybrid Conflicts)

Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts
(Symmetry and Asymmetry in Recent Military Conflicts)

Formalising Information Warfare
(Formalising Information Warfare)

Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats
(Anti-Aircraft Defence and Hybrid Threats)

Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy
(Strategic Interest of the Russian Federation in the Middle East - Part of a "maskirovka" type strategy)

Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels
(Vulnerabilities and Threats from the Virtual Space vs Security Architectures at Different Levels)

Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning
(Consequence Management, Critical Infrastructures and the Art of Military Operational Planning)

Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions
(Strategic Communication, Pre-Stage of Military Strategy Formulation. Collective Irrationality, A Factor in Making Strategic Decisions)

The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts
(The Use of Tanks in Main Military Conflicts)

The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security
(The Use of Knowledge Bank Technologies and Services Provided for the Field of Defence, Public Order and National Security)

The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces
(The Influence of the Characteristics of Future Conflicts on the Shape of Tank Structures in the Romanian Land Forces)

A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats
(A Study on the Capabilities of Unconventional Operational Elements, The Center of Gravity of Hybrid Threats)

Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept
(Realities and Trends in the Evolution of the Naval Cybernetic Security Concept)

Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces
(Human Resource - The Most Important Component of Combat Capability of Armed Forces)

The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations
(The Need for an Internal Management Control Application for Military Organisations)

Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field
(Norway - Model of Reform in the Military Education and Defence Field)

Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry
(Quo Vadis Romanian Defence Industry)

Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence
(Improving Performance and Risk Management in Procurement By Developing a Common Platform at the Ministry of National Defence)

Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward
(Reproductive Leadership - The Difference between Straight Ahead and Fast Forward)

Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders
(Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Military Leaders)

How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?
(How to Craft the Next Generation of Battalion Commanders?)

Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913
(Pages from the Romanian Military Thinking. The Political-Strategic Vision on (Northern) Dobrogea: 1878-1913)

The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century
(The Conception of the Armed Forces General Staff Regarding the Defence of Dobrogea at the Beginning of the 20th Century)

Foreign Intelligence Collaboration during King Carol II Dictatorship (1938-1940)
(Foreign Intelligence Collaboration during King Carol II Dictatorship (1938-1940))

The Situation of the Army at Romania's Re-Entry into War on 28 October/10 November 1918
(The Situation of the Army at Romania's Re-Entry into War on 28 October/10 November 1918)

Romanian Navy Officers sent to Study Abroad (1925-1928)
(Romanian Navy Officers sent to Study Abroad (1925-1928))

Gheorghe Dabija - Soldier, Diplomat and Writer
(Gheorghe Dabija - Soldier, Diplomat and Writer)

General Ioan Dumitrache, Portrait of a Legend. Commander of the 2nd Mountain Division - Divizia de Cremene
(General Ioan Dumitrache, Portrait of a Legend. Commander of the 2nd Mountain Division - Divizia de Cremene)