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On advancing frontiers of science. A pragmatist approach

On advancing frontiers of science. A pragmatist approach

Author(s): Witold Marciszewski / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2011

Keywords: limiting principle; pragmatism; epistemic necessity; explanation

The pragmatist approach, as stated in this essay, takes into account two features of knowledge, both having an enormous potential of growth: the scope of science, whose frontiers can be infinitely advanced, while firmness of its propositions grows with consolidating once attained frontiers. An opposite view may be called limitativist as it conservatively sticks to some a priori limiting principles which do not allow progressing in certain directions. Some of them influence science from outside, like ideological constraints, others are found inside science itself. The latter can be exemplified by principles like these: (1) there can be no action at a distance; (2) there are no necessary truths; (3) there are no abstract objects. The first might have happened to limit physics with rejecting the theory of gravitation. The second entails that arithmetical propositions are either devoid of (clasical) truth or are not necessary; this would limit its role to being a mere calculating machine, without giving any insights into reality. The third, for instance, limits logic to the first-order level (since in the second-order variables range over abstract sets). The history of ideas shows that such limiting principles, had they been obeyed, would have hindered some great achievements of science. This is why we should not acknowledge them as necessarily true, that is, winning in confrontation with any view contrary to them. Such principles should compete with other ones on equal terms in obtaining as high degree of epistemic necessity as they may prove worth of. To the core of the pragmatist approach there belongs treating epistemic necessity as a gradable attribute of propositions. In accordance with ordinary usage, "necessary" is a gradable adjective, having a comparative form. The degree of epistemic necessity of a scientific statement depends on how much it is needed for the rest of the field of knowledge (Quine's metaphor). The greater damage for knowledge would be caused by getting rid of the point in question, the greater is its epistemic necessity. At the top of such a hierarchy are laws of logic and arithmetic. Among physical laws at a very high level there is the law of gravitation, owing both to its universality, that is, a colossal scope of possible applications (advancement of frontiers), and its having been empirically confirmed with innumerable cases (consolidation of frontiers). Such a success has proved possible owing to the bold transgression of the limiting principle 1 (see above), and this has resulted in so high a degree of unavoidability.

Bibliogrpahy

Bibliogrpahie

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 06-OEA/1970

Books & Periodicals

Bücher & Zeitschriften

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): German / Issue: 10+11/1968

Discussion-forum

Diskussionsforum

Author(s): Dietmar Claus Plajer,Udo W. Acker / Language(s): German / Issue: 2/2002

Keywords: Keywords: Transylvania; research; debates; religious tolerance

Contains contributions and debates by different scholars about controverted thesis, new directions in research and other problems. This issue contains atwo contributions, the first by Dietmar Plajer about the limits of religious tolerance in Transylvania and the second one by Udo W. Acker about some new publications on recent history.

THE HERZLICH TUT MICH VERLANGEN CHORALE WITHIN DIFFERENT ORGAN ARRANGEMENTS IN BUXTEHUDE AND BACH’S WORKS

THE HERZLICH TUT MICH VERLANGEN CHORALE WITHIN DIFFERENT ORGAN ARRANGEMENTS IN BUXTEHUDE AND BACH’S WORKS

Author(s): Csilla Sógor / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2009

Keywords: arrangement; chorale preludes; Herzlich tut mich verlangen; Ach Herr mich armen Sünder; protestant chorale;

The primary role of the organ from the standpoint of the Protestant Church and its liturgy is to accompany the church choir as well as the congregation. During the entrance and exit of the congregation, the precentor can choose to perform any musical material or even more, to improvise the piece. Organists of the 17th and 18th century were masters of congregational singing, being also outstanding improvisers. The very best organ masters worked within the German Lutheran (or Evangelical) Church, for they allowed instrumental music to be played, the chorale being an excellent “raw material” for future variations. I have chosen the Herzlich tut mich verlangen chorale as my theme, along with some of other arrangements for organ, such as the chorale prelude Ach herr, mich armen Sünder, BuxWV 178 composed by Dietrich Buxtehude (1637-1707), along with Herzlich tut mich verlangen, BWV 727 and Ach herr, mich armen Sünder, BWV 742 by J.S.Bach (1685-1750).

"Structural Majority" of the Leftist Camp?

"Strukturelle Mehrheit" des linken Lagers?

Author(s): Lothar Probst / Language(s): German / Issue: 02/2003

Es war Willy Brandt, der in der Zeit, als die Grünen sich erfolgreich im Parteiensystem festgesetzt hatten, die berühmt gewordene Formel von einer »Mehrheit links von der Union« prägte. Die Grünen als strategischer Partner – das war die neue Vision, mit der man die konservativ-liberale Mehrheit in der Bundesrepublik dauerhaft brechen wollte. Wie stellen sich die Lage, das Wahlverhalten, die politischen Kräftekonstellationen nach den letzten Landtagswahlen dar?

REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS – A NEW WAY OF WARFARE

REVOLUŢIA ÎN AFACERILE MILITARE – UN NOU MOD DE DUCERE A RĂZBOIULUI

Author(s): Gabriel GABOR,Doina Mureşan / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 02/2013

Keywords: revolution; military affairs; war strategic environment

The concept of revolution in military affairs in the military is a real ground for the foundation and development of many concepts and strategies of transformation and reorganization of human capital and acquisition strategies as well as concepts and armament, equipment and technologies used in the most important international military alliances or military competitors, providing a substantial advantage in the fight against asymmetric technological and human threats.

„The bed is shared, the pillow is not.”

„Az ágy közös, a párna nem."

Author(s): Attila Pilinszki / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 4/2013

Keywords: dyadic research; gender differences; relationship instability; divorce; socio-demographic variables

In the study I examine gender differences in partnership instability based on data of a dyadic research (N = 175 dyad; 365 individuals). In the survey recipients of family support and child welfare services were asked in Budapest and Pest County. As a consequence, the data primarily applies to families with lower socio-economic status. More variables (parents’ marital status, family form, age of children) were associated with men’s instability and these correlations were stronger. In the analysis examining the effects of various socio-demographic variables, I found that important factors such as the level of education and the age of respondents did not correlate with the probability of divorce. The presence of children did not affect the instability either. Results suggest that the cohesive strength of children’s presence has become weaker or disappeared. Furthermore, men’s instability can be better explained by socio-demographic variables than that of women.

The social behaviour in zebrafish (Danio rerio) – the metabolic, neuropsychiatric and ecotoxicological relevance

The social behaviour in zebrafish (Danio rerio) – the metabolic, neuropsychiatric and ecotoxicological relevance

Author(s): Viorica Rarinca,Gabriel Plăvan,Ștefan-Adrian Strungaru,Alin Ciobîcă,Daniel Timofte,Mircea Nicoară / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: Zebrafish;social behavior;metabolism;ecotoxicology;

Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a teleost cyprinid, is a species that became an ideal model for aquaticecotoxicology due to large spectrum of methodologies developed in early 1980. Zebrafish as amodel organism has many advantages, such as: reduced costs (fish breeding is cheaper thanmice), small size, ex utero development of the embryo and individuals grow at a rapid rate(mature adults develop in about three months) and embryos are transparent. In addition,zebrafish has a high degree of homology to the human genome, which is why it is used as amodel organism for studying: genetics, metabolics, pharmacology, cancer, neuropsychiatricmanifestations, ecological toxicology etc. Thus, in this mini-review we are summarizing theaforementioned described aspects, by focusing on the social behavior and how this isinfluenced by their metabolic, neuropsychiatric and ecotoxicological relevance.

Disassembly of American Sleep with a scalpel Myth Sisyphus. The existentialism and the diagnosis of the American crisis in Fargo series

Rozkrajanie amerykańskiego snu skalpelem Mitu Syzyfa. Egzystencjalizm i diagnoza amerykańskiego kryzysu w serialu Fargo

Author(s): Pola Sobaś-Mikołajczyk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 20 (27)/2018

Keywords: existentialism; American TV series; Fargo;

In my paper I focus on presenting the American crisis on the example of the series Fargo. The Coen brothers show different heroes in the role of contemporary Sisyphus. Drawing on the philosophy of Sartre and Kierkegaard, they analyze the existential condition of their characters and expose the American dream. They entangle the characters into economic, emotional and living crises in order to expose the illusion of emancipation in capitalism.

Christiaan Huygens’s Cosmotheoros: Anthropological Theology and the Mechanization of Nature

Christiaan Huygens’s Cosmotheoros: Anthropological Theology and the Mechanization of Nature

Author(s): Miguel PALOMO / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2019

Keywords: Christiaan Huygens; Cosmotheoros; automaton; mechanized universe; anthropological theology;

While it is known that a mechanized universe was adopted among scientists and philosophers during the seventeenth century and that it provided a new understanding of nature, we can see that for many scientists the universe was not entirely empirical. Rather, an automaton universe did entail theological and philosophical implications for figures such as Christiaan Huygens, who presents in his Cosmotheoros a theological anthropology mixed with astronomy and a speculative philosophy. In this paper, I defend that Huygens‟s Cosmotheoros not only could help us to properly understand and re-evaluate his figure, but also to have a complete view of the scientific mechanization of nature in the seventeenth Century.

The Hymnbook of 1837 from Kolozsvár

Az 1837-es kolozsvári énekeskönyv

Author(s): Otília Valéria Orosz / Language(s): Hungarian / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: hymnbook; tradition; psalm; practice; spirit of the time;

For centuries, our hymnbooks bring to the fore not only the issue of musical literacy but also tradition. The Reformed church singing in Transylvania and the Partium was determined by traditions rather than by the sheet music itself. From the beginning of the 19th century the Transylvanian hymnbooks were created under the influence of the spirit of the time. A typical example of this is the hymnbook edited under the influence of theological rationalism in 1837. The hymnbook, edited by Seprődi János in 1908, only partially corrected the melody deterioration while the edition of 1923 further preserved the sorting of cut and leveled melodies, which lacked psalms and old Hungarian songs. If we compare the 1837 hymnbook with the one published in 1921 in Debrecen, which also provides balanced melodies, we can see that melodies enriched with melisma remain in practice in Transylvania and this tradition is still preserved in many places to this day.

Personality, Analytical, and Emotional Intelligence Among Top and Middle Managers

Personality, Analytical, and Emotional Intelligence Among Top and Middle Managers

Author(s): Anna Baczyńska,Tomasz Rowiński / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: general mental ability; personality and emotional intelligence; top and middle managers; profile

Purpose: To explore the differences between top and middle managers’ selection profiles. To that end, we assessed three important criteria: analytical intelligence, emotional intelligence, and personality. Methodology: The study compared two groups of managers (N=383): top managers (N=98) and middle managers (N=285). To measure the three factors, we used reliable, validated tools. Using discriminant analysis, we defined the strongest differentiating factors of the two groups. Results: Significant differences were obtained in the areas of the three factors, i.e. in general mental ability, some aspects of the personality dimension, and some facets of emotional intelligence. Discriminant analysis showed that facets of emotional intelligence most strongly differentiate the two groups. Implications: We describe and explain the typical profiles of top and middle managers with the three factors. Originality/value: These results are useful in the selection and development process of the organization.

BILINGUALISM AND IDENTITY – THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND BEHAVIOR

БИЛИНГВИЗЪМ И ИДЕНТИЧНОСТ – ВЗАИМОВРЪЗКАТА МЕЖДУ ЕЗИК, КУЛТУРА И ПОВЕДЕНИЕ

Author(s): Iva Paneva / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2020

Keywords: bilingualism; bicultural identity; multiculturalism; bicultural identity integration (BII); identity; psychological studies with bilinguals; behavior; language

The article focuses on key theoretical and experimental studies discussing the relationship between bilingualism and identity. Encompassing an extensive body of psychological, linguistic and cultural research of various international authors whose work emphasizes the interdependence between language, culture and behavior, the paper aims to explore the factors that prove and showcase the link between cultural identity and behavior. By defining bilingualism through outlining the differences between simultanious and sequencial acquisition, the article presents the different definitions and opinions on bilingualism. It also reflects on how the socio-cultural environment affects the self-perception and cultural identity of bilinguals based on their emotional response and age of language acquisition. It is particularly important to stress the measurement of Bicultural Identity Integration (BII), as the high and low BII explains the levels of integration of each culture and language in bilinguals. The detailed presentation of important psychological experiments and studies with bilinguals proves the author’s position on the direct link between cultural identity, language and behavior, which is particularly important for the prevention of behavioral problems of bilingual children and psychological work with them. The article stresses the importance of conducting further empirical research in order to establish the factors and predispositions contributing to nurturing a bicultural identity in bilinguals, which will assure an integrated, balanced and self-aware personality.

Jonke’s contribution to the Croatian lexicography

Jonkeov doprinos hrvatskoj leksikografiji

Author(s): Bernardina Petrović / Language(s): Croatian / Issue: 5/2007

Keywords: Jonke’s contribution; Croatian lexicography; Linguistics;

This paper discusses Jonke’s research and professional work in the field of lexicography pointing out the most important contributions. Although lexicographic activity was not the primary research and professional interest of Ljudevit Jonke, he left a number of remarkable contributions in the field. Jonke’s lexicographic activity can be divided in two periods. In the first period, during and shortly after the Second World War, he wrote a major study on Patačić’s dictionary and contributed to Hrvatska enciklopedija with large number of lexicographic entries. In the second period, from the middle of the fiftieth to the beginning of the seventieth years of the last century, he wrote about actual achievements of the Croatian lexicography and contributed to Enciklopedija Jugoslavije with lexicographic entries.

THE SECOND EDITION OF JOHANN BEHRENDT'S HYMN BOOK ISZ NAUJO PÉRWEIZDĖTOS IR PAGÉRINTOS GIESMÛ-KNYGOS AND PRAYER BOOK MALDÛ-KNYGÉLOS (1735): AN UNKNOWN COPY IN PRAGUE

JONO BERENTO GIESMYNO ISS NAUJO PÉRWEIZDĖTOS IR PAGÉRINTOS GIESMÛ-KNYGOS IR MALDYNO MALDÛ-KNYGÉLOS ANTRASIS LEIDIMAS (1735): NEŽINOTAS EGZEMPLIORIUS PRAHOJE

Author(s): Birutė Triškaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian / Issue: 22/2020

Keywords: Johann Behrendt; Hymn book; prayer book; 18th century; Lithuanian publication;

The article presents a 1735 Lithuanian publication from Königsberg (Lith. Karaliaučius) which was believed to not have survived—the hymn book for Prussian Lithuania’s Evangelical Lutherans Iß naujo pérweizdėtos ir pagérintos Giesmû-Knygos (Reviewed and Improved Hymn-book) and the prayer book Maldû-Knygélos (Prayer-book). The only known copy of the second edition of the hymn book and the prayer book was discovered in the National Library of the Czech Republic (Czech Národní knihovna České republiky; NK ČR: 33 K 139) in Prague. It has not been registered in Lithuanian bibliographies. Just as the first 1732 edition, the second edition appeared thanks to the initiative of the theology professor of the University of Königsberg and the chief court preacher, Johann Jacob Quandt (Lith. Jonas Jokūbas Kvantas, (1686–1772), while the archpresbyter of Insterburg (Lith. Įsrutis), Johann Behrendt (Lith. Jonas Berentas, 1667–1737), led the editing team. Aiming to reveal the differences of the second edition from the first, and to highlight the editing tendencies of the hymn and prayer books, this article not only discusses the main features of the copy, but also analyzes the structure of the 1735 edition including the repertoire of new hymns and linguistic particularities of the texts of hymns and prayers written in Lithuanian. Provenance research revealed that the copy belonged to the Lithuanian Dovydas Blindinaitis or Bl(i)undinaitis before reaching this library, and this is supported by handwritten inscriptions on the front and back flyleaves. He acquired the book in 1736 for 33 groschen and must have been its first owner. The imprint “REGIÆ BIBLIOTH: ACAD: PRAGEN:” (“Royal Library of the Academy of Prague”) which is seen on the title page of the hymn book could only appear after 1777 when the Public Imperial-Royal University Library (Czech Veřejná císařsko-královská univerzitní knihovna) in Prague had been established.

INTERMEDIATE STRUCTURES AND THE SOCIAL SYSTEM OF SCIENCE

INTERMEDIARNE STRUKTURE IN DRUŽBENI SISTEM ZNANOSTI

Author(s): Franc Mali / Language(s): Slovenian / Issue: 27-28/1998

Keywords: social science systems theory; system of science; intermediate structure; scientific world; social communication;

Avtor se v prvem delu prispevku ukvarja z vprašanji intermediarnih struktur v sistemu znanosti v luči sistemskega koncepta funkcionalne družbene diferenciacije in integracije. Njegova osnovna teza je, da moderni sistemski in evolucionistični pristopi dajejo v analizi medsistemskih regulacij in koordinacij vedno večji pomen refleksivni dimenziji. Praktični primeri povezovanja znanstvenega, političnega in ekonomskega sistema na način trojne spirale kažejo na naraščajoči pomen refleksivne dimenzije v procesih kontekstualne politične regulacije. Refleksivna funkcija družbenih sistemov povečuje svobodo odločanja in zmanjšuje družbena tveganja kot posledico nelineranih in dinamičnih znanstveno-tehnoloških razvojev. V drugem delu se prispevek omeji na konkretni prikaz institucije znanstvenega sveta kot mesta srečevanja znanstvenih in vladnih interesov.

Evropae nationes: Allegories Painted in a House in Brașov in the Early Seventeenth Century

Evropae nationes: Allegories Painted in a House in Brașov in the Early Seventeenth Century

Author(s): Dana Jenei / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: Transylvania; Brașov; mural painting; qvatvor evropae nationes; “Four European Nations”; Hans von Aachen; Jan and Raphael Sadeler;

The present study analyses the premodern wall paintings discovered and restored in the principal room of the house situated at no. 16 Town Hall Square in Braºov, in the middle of the former Short Row, which are datable to the early decades of the seventeenth century. Two fragmentary figurative panels with mythological figures are preserved on the west wall, and vegetal decoration on the vaults, with flowers painted perpendicularly to the edges, unlike the other regular schemes of the known “Transylvanian Floral Renaissance” murals of the period. The pairs of mythological deities in the panels are derived from the drawings of Hans von Aachen, engraved by Jan and Raphael Sadeler, and represent allegories of the “European Nations” (c. 1594). Hermes and Athena (who usually make up the composite alchemical motif Hermathena in Mannerist art), have here a different meaning and symbolize France, while Juno and Mars represent Spain. The other two motifs of Hans von Aachen’s series, Italy and Germany, may have been shown on the opposite eastern wall, but they were probably destroyed by the later works which remodeled the house. This ensemble comissioned by the rich members of the Transylvanian Saxon urban elite who owned the house is the only example of murals inspired by Hans van Aachen’s qvatvor evropaenationes (c. 1594) known today in monumental European art.

Person Names Register 2021

Menný register 2021

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 03/2021

Critical Potential and Subversiveness of Young Emerging Artists Working Alongside Art Institutions: Milena Ivić What are we supposed to do with all this freedom [Šta da radimo sa svom ovom slobodom]

Critical Potential and Subversiveness of Young Emerging Artists Working Alongside Art Institutions: Milena Ivić What are we supposed to do with all this freedom [Šta da radimo sa svom ovom slobodom]

Author(s): Milan Samardžić / Language(s): English / Issue: 27/2022

Keywords: institutional critique; contemporary art; transgression; mainstream feminism; anti-art; autonomy of art.

This study concerns the concept of freedom, radically questioning the autonomy of contemporary art and institutions. The issue of freedom of expression, freedom of speech and artistic freedom will be considered through a particular artistic event that serves as a case study. This event happened in October of 2020 in Banja Luka, BiH (Bosnia and Herzegovina). It was a solo exhibition by contemporary artist Milena Ivić from Banja Luka, organized and curated by the Museum of Contemporary Art of the Republic of Srpska (MSURS) entitled What are we supposed to do with all this freedom [Šta da radimo sa svom ovom slobodom]. It successfully opened one evening, and by the following day it had to be withdrawn and closed to the public. The text in the first part presents an insight into the context of the mentioned exhibition and the structure of the MSURS as the main art institution in this part of BiH. The second part of the text offers a look at certain patterns within the paradigm of contemporary art, with a look at the feminist framework of the artist. The third and final part points out the paradoxical principles of the autonomy of art and shows how the institution transforms subversiveness and obstructs progressiveness by perpetuating the status quo.