Keywords: Alba Iulia Orthodox Philanthropy; historical radiography; model; social centers; spirituality and professionalism;
The author proposes a historical radiography social service in the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of Alba Iulia. The services, projects, programs were developed to serve the community in general and particularly within the human body, it would combine spirituality with the professionalism required by the exigencies of society. In this sense we find the best patristic biblical foundation of mission, a clearly distinguishable binding synergy charity or philanthropy, social activism or aggressive humanist individualism. This association propose a model whose accuracy is certified by numerous functional social centers, the variety of educational programs, understanding at the outset the vision complex, multifactorial which promotes support for those who really need support. Overview of activities derived from the words of Holy Scripture: For as the body without the spirit is dead, so faith without deeds is death (James, 2, 26).
More...Keywords: Diplomacy; Jews; the 3rd Reich; 1939-1944
Constantin Karadja (1889-1950) was a diplomat in the Foreign Service of Romania and as such from 1931 to 1941 Romanian Consul General seated in Berlin. From 1941 to 1944 he was the Director of the Consular Department in the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In that capacity, the Romanian diplomat submitted a number of reports to the appropriate offices in Romania in which he advocated the need to save the Romanian citizens of Jewish origin who were in Germany and in occupied territories. That action took place at a time when the conditions of the survivors among those citizens were desperate. Owing to the intervention of the Romanian Consular Direction, those people were permitted to return to Romania endowed with passports. In his notes and reports, of which the most relevant can be found in the Diplomatic Archive of Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Consul Karadja proves to be a man of extraordinary commitment and high professional integrity, whose defining characteristic is humaneness. As a recognition of his merits, on 15 September 2005, Constantin Karadja received from the Institute Yad Vashem in Jerusalem posthumously the title "Righteous Among the Nations" during a ceremony in the Israeli embassy in Berlin.
More...Keywords: land book; real estate publicity; real estate registration rights, plot of land; real estate registration; and provisional registration.
According to the provisions of art.876 of the New Civil Code regarding the purpose and the object of the land book, the legislator refers to a division of the object of the land book into a material object and a judicial one. As regards the material object, which is the real asset, it is defined in a different manner from the point of view of the land book, in paragraph 3 of article 876 (as being the land with or without any buildings), as compared to the general definition of the real asset, contained in art. 537, since, from the point of view of the land book, what is incorporated in the land and is not a building, naturally or artificially, having a permanent character, depends only on the description of the real asset or the specification of the use category, as the buildings are registered separately as per the provisions of article 19 paragraph 1 letter b of the law on cadastre and of art.94 of the Regulation for organizing and operating of the offices of cadastre and real estate publicity. The legal object of the land book is represented by the rights bearing over the real asset, the deeds and the legal relationships related to it, however, this study passes in review only the real rights. This occurs since the new code regulates new real rights, redefines certain real rights regulated by the ancient code, the ways of obtaining certain real rights, raising questions in relation to obtaining them based upon certain unilateral legal deeds inter vivos, but not only. The claim rights, the deeds and the legal relationships pertaining to the real asset shall be examined in a study about their registration in the land book, since, as regards them, the effects of the registrations depend on the object, while, as regards the real rights, the effect of the registration depends on the way of obtaining the right, but not on the nature of the right. The registration procedure of the law on cadastre was not supplemented adequately by the law on the enforcement of the new code, so that the registration of certain real rights needs an explanation from the point of view of the rules of substantive law of the code.
More...Anul 1744 a fost pentru Biserica greco-catolică din Transilvania unul al confruntării deschise cu miscarea anti-unire legată de numele călugărului Visarion Sarai. Dacă monahul a fost văzut în istoriografie fie ca un apărător al ortodoxiei, fie ca un agent al sârbilor, tulburător al ordinii confesionale, şi mişcarea pe care a stârnit-o a căpătat atributele protagonistului, fiind apreciată ca un moment esenţial în lupta pentru “desrobirea religioasă” sau ca un episod al propagandei ortodoxe sârbesti.
More...Keywords: Mesolithic; Early Neolithic; transition; neolithisation
The transition from foraging to agriculture in the last few decades has become a subject increasingly studied in academia. More complex research involving a large number of disciplines has made possible a substantial reevaluation of older concepts, but has also raised new questions and controversies. With the growing body of data from different regions of the world, it has become apparent that agriculture developed independently in more areas than was previously thought, and that the process of its geographic diffusion was much more complex than initially envisioned. The important role played by pre-Neolithic populations has come to be accepted by a growing number of archaeologists. The social and ideological implications associated with the adoption of agriculture have become more relevant, involving an association of causal factors with aspects other than economics. Regardless, questions such as why agriculture and how did it spread remain unanswered to a large degree.
More...Keywords: Dacian fortification; fortified terraces; embankment; timber framing; timber elevation; murus dacicus;
Dans cet article sont analysés les témoignages des structures architecturales d’une fortification dace (époque La Tène) située dans de la région subcarpathique près de Covasna. On discute les aspects constructifs des structures de soutènement des quatre terrasses successives entourées par les courtines de défense. On mis en évidence des variantes de reconstitution des mur ou palissade en bois soutenues par ces structures de terrassement et aussi la restitution d’une grande tour mis à jour par les fouilles archéologiques.Ils sont observés les caractéristique générales des mures de défense daces en bois élevés sur des socles en pierre et finalement sont présentés quelques conclusions sur murus dacicus.
More...Keywords: Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu;
Articolul prezintă diferite lucrări despre Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu.
More...Keywords: Marxism; village community; Asiatic mode of production; tributary mode of production; feudalism;
Despite the common opinion according to which Marxism had little, if any influence on the medieval archaeology practiced in Communist countries (other than USSR), a careful examination of the studies published by the Romanian archaeologist Maria Comşa proves that she used Marxism critically to support the interpretation of her own excavations. Comşa was very influenced by the theories of the Marxist sociologist Henri H. Stahl, especially by his definition and theories of the village community as the essential feature of the social life in the Romanian territories between the third and the fourteenth centuries.
More...Keywords: Eastern Europe; steppe nomads; post-Hunnic antiquities; migrations; Central Asian element; “princely” culture;
The finds (burials and commemorative places) of the post-Hunnic nomads in the steppes of Eastern Europe are examined, which testify to the Central Asian influence on the “chieftain”/“princely” culture of the steppe population of the middle 5th — mid 6th centuries. This is a set of horse equipment, weapons, women’s jewelry. It is likely that their appearance in the western part of the Eurasian belt of the steppes is associated with the movements of nomadic peoples — Onogurs, Saragurs, Urogs, Savirs. At the same time, when it comes to borrowing in the “chieftain” culture, the usual diffusion of the prestigious “princely” fashion, reflecting the military-political and cultural orientation of the ruling elites and not directly related to migration, is very possible.
More...Keywords: Eastern Europe; Dnieper Left Bank forest-steppe; Sudzha region; Migration Period; Kolochin culture; cultural connections; import;centers of power;
The paper deals with the imported items from the Sudzha region (the Kursk oblast, the Dnieper Left Bank forest-steppe), dated to the Migration Period. They are divided in two main groups. The first one is dated by 5th — early 6th centuries and characterizes the early phase of the Kolochin culture. At this time, the local population contacted with Western and Central Europe, the Northern Black Sea, the Upper Dnieper, the Middle Oka regions. Artefacts of the second group belong to the 7th century and correspond to the final stage of the Kolochin culture. They show connections with the Byzantine Empire (possibly, its Western Asia part) and Central Asia, as well as with southeastern part of the Baltic region. Contacts with the Kama region are recorded in the post-Kolochin time (late 7th—8th centuries).There is a significant variety of types of imports (ceramic tare and food products contained in it, jewelry and costume details, horse harness, precious vessels, textile) and forms of interaction between the population of the Sudzha and other regions (trade, migrations, adoption of artistic traditions, possibly matrimonial and diplomatic relations). The data obtained confirm the hypothesis that a certain “center of power” existed during the Migration Period at the lower reaches of the Sudzha River and adjacent sections of the Psel River. It is possible to associate it with the early Slavic Kolochin medium. An important place in this structure could be occupied by the Kurilovka 2 settlement.
More...Keywords: Altai; Early Middle Ages; Syanbi-Rouran time; Turks; migration; archaeological sites; written sources;
The article presents a reconstruction of historical, cultural and ethno-social processes that took place in Altai in the middle of the I millennium AD. The author concerns analysis of a significant amount of materials from the sites of the Syanbi-Rouran time and the Early Turkic period. It was established that by the time of the legendary resettlement of the “Ashina families” the local population, which constituted one of the components of the new community, was at a fairly high level of organization, but was not consolidated. The question of the origin of another group of the population that possessed an advanced complex of weapons and horse equipment and appeared in Altai no earlier than the middle of the 5th century AD, remains open. Available sources also do not allow specifying the circumstances and causes of the “unknown” migration. At the same time, an analysis of the excavation materials of the early Turkic sites of Altai became the basis for determining the complex features of the funerary rituals and identifying the categories of the subject complex that are characteristic for “newcomers”. The results obtained allow us to consider the processes of adding a new community and the initial stages of the history of the Turks at a new level. Prospects for further research are related to conducting targeted field research in various parts of the Central Asian region and, above all, in Xinjiang.
More...Keywords: Inner Asia; Mongolia; Early Middle Ages; Turks; Tang Empire; anthropology; Turanid race; ceramic microplastics;
The article discusses unique 7th century materials from the Turkic mausoleum in Bayannuur sum of the Bulgan aimag of Mongolia. The sculptural images belong to one of the Tiele (Tokuz-Oghuz) tribes that were part of the Tang Empire. They are currently stored in the Kharkhorin museum. 11 equestrian figures were studied. A safety assessment of the ceramic microplastics is given. The riders’ clothes elements are revealed, a characteristic of the anthropological appearance of the prototype statuettes is given. A separate description of the horses is also offered. It has been determined that a number of images have traditional musical instruments in their hands, which are also used in the funerary rite. Image prototypes are undoubtedly Mongoloid and most likely belonged to the Turanid race. Ceramic microplastics demonstrate the authentic appearance of the ancient Turks of Mongolia and expand the range of sources on the anthropology of medieval Inner Asia.
More...Keywords: Seversky Donets basin; Early Middle Ages; Saltov-Mayaki culture; Aces; Savirs; Kasogs;
In the complexes of the Stolbishche-Starokorsunskaya horizon (740—780 CE), the Seversky Donets basin is represented by three different sets of personal metal jewelry. These jewelry sets, taking into account the burial places in which they were found, indicate the areas where the owners of these jewelry sets originally lived before they moved to the Seversky Donets basin. For the holders of the catacomb funerary rite (burial grounds near the village of Verkhny Saltov, Stary Saltov, Rubezhnoye) and the population who left the inhumation burial in pits with the eastern orientation of the deceased (Netailovsky burial ground), the initial migration area was the territory of modern eastern Ossetia, Ingushetia, Chechnya. The immigrants who buried their dead in the catacombs belong to representatives of the Eastern Alans — Asams (Avsurks). Burials in soil pits were left by the representatives of the mixed Turkic-Ugric population — Savirs. For the population who left the Saltov cremation burial in the Seversky Donets basib, the initial migration area was in the steppe zone of the western Trans-Kuban region (the 2nd territorial group of cremation burial grounds of the 8th—9th centuries of the Kuban-Black Sea region). Later, immigrants from the Western Alanian population groups, who had previously lived in the Central Ciscaucasia, also came to the Seversky Donets basin.
More...Keywords: Khazar Khaganate; Lower Volga region; Early Middle Ages; funerary rite; barrows; soil burial grounds; capital; planigraphy; fortress; yurt- shaped dwellings; ceramic complex; radiocarbon analyzes;
The article discusses two main problems in the archeology of the Lower Volga in 8th—10th centuries — the question of the ethnicity of the region’s population and the question of the location of the last capital of the Khazar Khaganate — the city of Itil. A review of all the known burials of this time shows that they are concentrated in the Volga delta in burial sites on Baer mounds in its northern, western and northeastern parts of the delta. They are made in pits with steps and niches-caches in the walls. The buried are oriented with their heads to the west, in most burials elements of the rite of neutralization of the deceased are traced. Funerary food and other equipment is located behind the head of the buried.Also, the hypothesis of the localization of the capital of the Khazar Khaganate on Samosdelskoye settlement is put forward. The idea is supported by its location on an island, divided into several parts by channels, presence of a burnt brick fortress, inside which there are yurt-shaped dwellings, its ceramics of the 9th — 10th centuries and radiocarbon analysis data.
More...Keywords: barrow-cenotaph; quiver; plate for the bow end; 11th—12th centuries; Supoj-Sula interfluve; Sula defense line; Berendei; Pereyaslav Torks;
A barrow-cenotaph was excavated in 1988 on the left bank of the river Dnieper near Irkliev village. A plate for the bow end and remnants of a quiver decorated with a bone ornamented plate were discovered at the level of the ancient horizon. The object represents a rare group of sites also known in the Volga and Lower Dnieper regions. Decorative plates with carved ornaments in the form of “twists” were often used to decorate the quiver in the 8th—12th centuries. The plate for the bow end is a rare type of product, an identical analogy to which is found in the materials of Trans-Baikal region. Analysis of the material let us date the barrow to the 11th—12th centuries and let us reveal the series of synchronous funerary sites in the area of Supoj-Sula interfluve. This territory belonged to the Sula defence line of the Old Rus time, where the Pereyaslavl Torks were located. The investigated site also belongs to this group of nomads and can be associated with the Berendei.
More...Keywords: Romania; Dobrudja; 6th—8th cc.; Avars; Slavs; pottery; fibulae; buckles; belt parts;
This paper presents the archaeological evidence of the presence of migratory populations in the territory delimited by the Danube and the Black Sea, known as Dobrudja, between the middle of the 6th century and the first decades of the 8th century. From the ethnic mosaic existing during the stated period in this territory, the Slavic and Avar populations are highlighted. In the first part, the attention is focused mainly on the situation of the citizens on the Danube limes, of the unfavorable moments generated by their raids and their allies, following the chronological identification according to the stratigraphic sequence. The second part presents the discoveries known at the moment, assimilated to the Slavic and Avar cultural environments, consisting of functional objects, elements of dress and military equipment.
More...Keywords: Etelköz; North-West Black Sea region; 9th century; Early Hungarian graves; golden foil; arrowhead
The paper considers two early medieval burial mound complexes investigated in the North-Western Black Sea region, in the south of the Dniester-Prut interfluve. A fragment of the arrowhead and gold foil were preserved from the grave 13/1 from Olănești cemetery (the right bank of the Lower Dniester), and only gold foil were preserved from the burial 6/4 from Balabanu-2 cemetery. It is evident that these graves belonged to ordinary community members.Modern analysis of the funerary rite (bone from sacrificial food near the buried shoulder, the presence of charcoal in the grave) and a few accompanying equipment (arrowhead wrapped in gold foil, as well as finds of gold foil plates of various shapes) allow us to consider these burials to be Hungarian and date them to the 9th — the beginning of the 10th century.
More...Keywords: Dobrudja; Lower Danube; quaestura exercitus; Justinian; follis; solidus; Avars; Slavs; barbaric incursions
Coin circulation in early Byzantine Dobrudja has always been correlated with events known from the written sources. The intepretation of coin hoards and single finds aimed to shed more light on the political and military events unfolded in the region during the age of the Avaro-Slavic invasions, which culminated with the collapse of the Byzantine frontier on the Lower Danube. Employing a different methodology, the present study evaluates the numismatic evidence in Dobrudja in the wider context of the Mediterranean world. By removing coin finds from the limited sphere of contemporary chronicles with their emphasis on barbaric incursions and transferring it to the realm of archaeological research, we are in a better position to reconstruct important socio-economic mechanisms during this age marked by dramatic cultural transformation. The gold and bronze coins found in dozens of settlements in Dobrudja reveal a high degree of standardization, which points to the fact that most coins arrived in the province as payment for the garrisons defending the frontier and for the mobile troops billeted in local towns. Low-value coins reflect the frequency of daily transactions both in towns and fortresses, while the presence of coins issued at mints like Carthage, Rome and Alexandria reflects the circulation of people and goods across the Mediterranean.
More...Keywords: Bulgaria; 10th century; production complexes; Nowosel; Zlatar; bronze coins; folisses;imitation;
Casting of Chersonesos coins was started by Vasily I and continued by the subsequent rulers. Impressive circulation leads to a decrease in casting quality. A completely different situation in Bulgaria, where neither the official coinage nor the casting of coins during the First Bulgarian Kingdom was witnessed. The first known cast replicas of Byzantine coins were anonymous folisses of class A-2 (976—1035). That is why molding imitations of Byzantine follises of the beginning of 10th century, raises important and interesting questions. Most coins are cast of bronze and are imitations of Byzantine folisses. In this paper, 36 coins were included, 17 of which were found in the production center of the village of Novosel, and 17 more in a center in the vicinity of the village of Zlatar. Coins include the folisses of Leo VI (866—912), Roman I Lecapenos (920—944), Constantine VII (920—931), Constantine VII and Zoe (914—919), Constantine VII and Roman II (950—959). Ceramics and coins define the activity of all centers of artistic metalwork up to the 70s of the 10th century.
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