![CRIME, PHOTOGRAPHS, MEMORIES: PRESENTING CONCENTRATION CAMPS IN BOSNIA – ITN CASE AGAINST LIVING MARXISM](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2002_1531.jpg)
Bocskai's revolt was the first political event in Hungary in which public political propagan-da was an essential activity, which was discussed often and in several articles in the early modern European press, and of which both posterity and historical research can get a pic-ture mainly through broadly defined propaganda texts. On the one hand, the paper makes an attempt to outline the problems of information history that can be raised in relation to the revolt as well as its communication historical context, primarily the communication and propaganda challenge posed by the propaganda machine of the Habsburg court. On the other hand, it endeavors to show what answers Bocskai's revolt gave to this challenge, but not only by delineating information and communication historical connections and in-terpreting the texts along these lines, but by a thorough textological analysis necessitated by the uncertainty of the source base. Third, it gives an outlook on the European reception of the rebellion's propaganda documents. The authors do not undertake to reconstruct the whole text and information cycle, mainly because there are no archival sources available (these will hopefully turn up in further foreign research) and there are quite a few factors that are not clear yet, including the circumstances around the genesis of the texts, the channels of their dissemination as well as the relationship between the various texts and text variants. As a result, the analysis primarily endeavors to reconstruct the genesis of the texts, and it is only in the case of the Netherlands that it can provide a more detailed de-scription of the texts and the reception of the political messages carried in them.
More...Abstract: Serbs, Croats, Kosovar Albanians, and Bosniaks remember the past differ-ently and, although there are differences of historical memory within each group, one can speak of there being a dominant but evolving historical narrative among each of these national groups. This diversity of historical memory creates resources which may be tapped by ambitious leaders. In accounting for the Yugoslav meltdown, how-ever, one may identify three necessary conditions which were fulfilled: widespread discontent (itself reflecting system illegitimacy and economic deterioration), fracture lines along which the country might be dissolved, and leaders prepared to exploit dis-content for their own purposes.
More...Claude Romano, Au coeur de la raison, la phénoménologie, Paris : Gallimard, 2010, 1152 p., ISBN 978-2070404551 Natalie Depraz, Francisco J. Varela, Pierre Vermersch, À l’épreuve de l’expérience – Pour une pratique phénoménologique, Bucarest : Zeta Books, 2011, 370 p., ISBN 978-973-1997-50-6, Jitendra Nath Mohanty, Edmund Husserl’s Freiburg Years 1916–1938, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 2011, 512 p., ISBN 978- 0-300-15221-0, Frédéric Moinat, Le vivant et sa naturalisation. Le problème du naturalisme en biologie chez Husserl et le jeune Merleau-Ponty, Dordrecht – Heidelberg – London – New York : Springer, 2012, 224 p., ISBN 978-94-007- 1813-5, Antoine Vidalin, Acte du Christ et actes de l’homme. La théologie morale à l’épreuve de la phénoménologie de la vie, Paris : Parole et Silence, 2012, 574 p., ISBN 978-2-88918-065-3 Benoît Kanabus, Généalogie du concept d’Archi-Soi chez Michel Henry, Hildesheim – Zürich – New York, Olms Verlag, 2011, p. 266, ISBN 978-3-487-14624-9, Matthias Flatscher, Logos und Lethe. Zur phänomenologischen Sprachauffassung im Spätwerk von Heidegger und Wittgenstein, Freiburg / München: Karl Alber, 2011, 439 S., ISBN 978-3-495-48463-0
More...Keywords: elite, capital, elite conversion, elite formation
The study summarize the results of a micro-area elite research (2002-2006, “Homokhat” 4 villages and Mórahalom town). The database is provided by narrative life-stories, which structural compilation potential is presented in an earlier theoretical and methodological monograph (Narratív történetformák…, 1. edition 2007, 2. edition 2009.). In the present study, therefore, is a partial summary of the attempt-application, which along the ridge of the classical elite-theories, but gearing the narrative aspects of interpretative contextualist view, tries to rethink the relationship between experience and theory. In the opinion of the author the types of the capital, the conversion of the elite, the elite formation, the selection, circulation concept-theory, the phenomena of projection which gained ground in the sociological theories of transition in the study of spatial structure of local society - but it seems neither at the macro level - do not have the significance attached to them. The author bring all these in correlation with the context of the market system imported after ‘89 and therefore not adapted, which influenced the saving of previous elite, with other words the changing of the configuration of “old-new” elite, the course of the formation of the elite. Imre Pászka dr. habil, Associate Professor, „Master Professor”, University of Szeged, Faculty of Arts, Department of Sociology.
More...Abolish the Past Once and for All. A kommunista aszketizmus esztétikája [The Aesthetic of Communist Asceticism]. By Dávid Szolláth. Reviewed by Tamás Kisantal Tudomány és ideológia között. Tanulmányok az 1945 utáni történetírás történetéről [Between Scholarship and Ideology. Essays on the History of the post-1945 Historiography]. By Vilmos Erős and Ádám Takács. Reviewed by Anna Birkás The Holocaust in Hungary: Evolution of a Genocide. By Zoltán Vági, László Csősz, and Gábor Kádár. Reviewed by Ferenc Laczó Gendered Artistic Positions and Social Voices: Politics, Cinema and the Visual Arts in State-Socialist and Post-Socialist Hungary. By Beata Hock. Reviewed by Péter Apor Vezércsel. Kádár János mindennapjai [King’s Gambit. The Everyday Life of János Kádár]. By György Majtényi. Reviewed by Tibor Takács Politikai rendőrség a Rákosi-korszakban [Political Police in the Rákosi Era]. By Rolf Müller. Reviewed by Éva Tulipán Trianon Again and Again. Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. [The Disintegration of Historical Hungary and the Trianon Peace Treaty. Politics of Memory in Slovakia and Hungary.] Edited by Miroslav Michela and László Vörös. Bratislava: Reviewed by Csaba Zahorán Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovensku a v Maďarsku. [The Disintegration of Historical Hungary and the Trianon Peace Treaty. Politics of Memory in Slovakia and Hungary.] Edited by Miroslav Michela and László Vörös. Bratislava: Reviewed by Adam Hudek
More...Keywords: Rechtsgeschichte; Ungarn; Budapest.
Man könnte glauben, dass die Entfaltung der Lehre und der wissenschaftlichen Erfassung der Rechtsgeschichte gleichzeitig vor sich gingen. In der Wirklichkeit ist aber schon die Festlegung der Grenzlinie problematisch: Wann begann wohl die Lehre der Rechtsgeschichte an der Juristischen Fakultät der Königlichen Ungarischen Universität? Bis zur bürgerlichen Umwälzung 1848 ist nämlich das Fach als selbstständiges Studium in der Ausbildung nicht präsent. Aber als Teil des auf dem Gewohnheitsrecht basierenden so genannten einheimischen Rechts ist die ganze Rechtsgeschichte, von den Gesetzen Stephans des Heiligen bis zum Habsburgischen Patentrecht, vom landesweiten und örtlichen Gewohnheitsrecht bis zu den Traditionen der Gesetzgebung, im Lehrstoff vorzufinden. Die namhaften Lehrenden des ungarischen Rechts, die auch Lehrbücher veröffentlicht haben (so z. B. Imre Kelemen, Mátyás Vuchetich, Pál Szlemenics), lehnen sich stark an das traditionelle Recht an. Das Privatrecht ist sogar ein Geschichtsfach (Andor Csizmadia), während das Strafrecht angesichts der Kodifizierungsbewegungen gerade dabei ist, die Bande der ständischen Geschichtlichkeit loszuwerden. Deshalb ist es vielleicht richtig, wenn wir anders formulieren und die Anfänge dort vermuten, wo wir mit historischer Analyse (und mit historischem Unterricht) zu tun haben, die sich auf die Rechtsentwicklung konzentriert, ausgesprochen historische Gesichtspunkte in den Mittelpunkt stellt und sich den Sachen kritisch und rechtsgeschichtlich nähert.
More...Keywords: economy;religious institutes; Italy; 19th nad 20th centuries;
The author of the article first points out that religious orders could not live in absolute poverty, because they had to provide for the formation of their novices, the care of their patients and their elders, and, especially, support the work they intended to do (schools, hospitals, missions etc.). Therefore, they needed considerable financial resources, which came from kings, princes and nobles; other sources of income included begging, nuns’ dowries and alms from the faithful. The French Revolution changed the economic picture, demanding religious men and women to live of their work. Next the author examines the case of Italy after the general suppression of religious institutes of 1866, extended to Rome in 1873. In order to survive, the religious in Italy set up many civil societies, all subject to the laws of the Italian state. They succeeded in replenishing a significant patrimony.
More...Keywords: Eugene D. Neculau; Ungureni People’s University; manuscripts; Upper Jijia; Botoşani; social life; family; parents’ instruction; children; games; elderly; old traditions; folk festivals; birth; wedding
Eugene D. Neculau was born on December 29, 1900, in Ungureni, Botoşani. During 1920-1925 he attended the Faculty of Letters (Department of Philosophy) at the University of Iaşi. In 1925 he declines to take up a teaching post at the University of Iaşi, in order to be closer to Ungureni. There, from 1927 to 1947, he led the town’s Cultural House and then the People’s University. Neculau’s undertakings in Ungureni are considered to be one of the very few Romanian successful experiments in adult education. Located alongside the colony-school Soleşti, Vaslui, and Dimitrie Gusti’s Social Services, and extending from the ASTRA’s Haretist movement, Ungureni’s People's University opened up and proposed an alternative way for Romanian villages, a method which aimed to save the village through its own powers. Eugene D. Neculau obtained his PhD in Literature and Philosophy at the University of Iaşi in 1944, writing a thesis on the Conditions and Prospects of a Pedagogy for the Romanian Village. After 1947, the Communist regime banned the activity of the People’s University and Neculau took refuge in the world of archives and libraries, especially in Iaşi and Bucharest. It was here, in these institutions, that until 1970 he completed the manuscripts of Villages of Upper Jijia and People's University in Ungureni. Many Romanian scholars wrote about Neculau’s life and accomplishments. In this respect we mention Mihail Sadoveanu, Vasile Pavelcu, Badin Ovidiu Alexandru Zub, Ovidiu Bârlea Adrian Neculau, and Stephen S. Gorovei, among others. He maintained an extensive correspondence with many other personalities, including Simion Mehedinţi, Gheorghe Kirileanu, Gheorghe Ionescu-Siseşti, priests Dumitru Furtună,Constantin Bobulescu, and historians Teodor Balan, Alexandru Gonţa, C.A. Stoide, Mihai D. Sturdza, and Constantin Turcu. During his life he published relatively little, between 1947-1960 being banned from this activity (Building-up the Romanian Village, in 1936; the first monograph in Romania on J.J. Rousseau, in 1938; a rare and valuable Bibliography of the Romanian Village, in 1942; and after 1960 various materials published in the “Chronicle” of Iaşi, “Yearbook of Linguistics and Literary History” of the Romanian Academy, Iaşi Branch; “Journal of Education”, “Journal of Ethnography and Folklore”, “Historical Magazine,” etc. He died in 1974, probably thinking about the thousands of pages of manuscript left behind. Shortly before his death, at the insistence of George Macarius of Iaşi University, is inspired to submit his archive to the State Archives of Iaşi. The scientific legacy of Neculau is almost unknown. For about 15 years, at the urging of Professor Stephen S. Gorovei, supported by Mihai D. Sturdza and Manuela Gheorghe Macarius, I began the journey of publishing this unique scientific work. Four volumes of social history and genealogy have seen the light of day so far: a chapter on the “Villages’ Civilization”, and other three sub-chapters from the “Village Culture” (namely, the Economic Life and the part dedicated to empirical medicine from Intellectual Life); finally, the chapter titled Social Classes and the Relationship Between Them. It is possible that the total amount published so far to represent about a quarter of the brilliant socio-ethno-historical monograph manuscript, Villages of Upper Jijia. The material published here is part of Chapter II of the first volume (following one of Neculau’s divisions), chapter entitled “Village Culture”. Title of the original material is Social Life. The title under which it is published here is an adaptation from the author’s sub-titles. Introducing the reader to the life and work of this personality of our nation, we considered that the first lines can stay together under one title that we deem meaningful, eloquent, and comprehensive: Eugen D. Neculau – A forgotten Researcher of Moldavian Villages and a Devoted Friend of Romanian Archives. During demonstrations and flawless logic, the Neculau examines the theme chosen almost exhaustively, primarily from a sociological perspective. First of all he researches the life of the village-man within the context of the family. This family gave birth to the “ancient school of the parents”, the foundation of which being work and need. Entire pages are then dedicated to children, the latter constituting “permanent social groups that remain the same”. Thus, each stage of human development is analyzed in detail, with lots of fascinating details. The status of the elders in the rural family is not forgotten, a few pages managing to plainly reveal what the elders once meant for Romanians. After a brief review of spiritual kinship, the beginning of the second part treats the unwritten rules of the village community. Neculau insists that “from generation to generation traditions (i.e., customs and habits) are transmitted and respected along with all kinds of usages, ceremonies and rites.” Continuing this theme, other popular celebrations are explored, beginning with the New Year and finishing with the rites of passage in the life of the pre-modern man: the birth and baptism, marriage and wedding, and death and funeral. Other topics, such as public opinion, national, civic, and political life, along with a few social processes and social tendencies, are briefly discussed towards the end of the manuscript.
More...Keywords: Arbanasi; history; economic development; educational work; Greek cultural and language influence; historical documents in Greek
This article presents information about the history of the village of Arbanasi situated in the close proximity of the town of Veliko Tarnovo. The theses of the researchers working on the problem of the origin of the village are stated in it. The analysis of the information presses the view that most likely Arbanasi was founded either in the second half of the 15th century or in the beginning of the 16th century. The publication gives demographic datum about the village and information about the participation of its inhabitants in the struggle for national liberation. The economic development of the village is examined in details as well as the development of the educational work in it. The text is based on a wide range of studies and the information known so far is complemented with new facts obtained from historical records in Greek from the private archives of Georgy Popsimeonov – one of the most educated inhabitants of Arbanasi in those days (“St. Cyril and St. Methodius” National Library – Bulgarian Historical Archive,fund 36) and from the private archives of one of the most outstanding Arbanasi resident families – the Rusovich (State Archives – Veliko Tarnovo, fund 963K). The deciphering and the translation of the historical documents have been done by the author of the publication.
More...Keywords: William Gifford Palgrave; Ottoman Empire; The Congress of Berlin; Principality of Bulgaria; Constituent Assembly; Notables; the Organic Law.
The present publication contents the reports of William Gifford Palgrave, the British Consul-General in Bulgaria after the liberation of the country from the Ottoman yoke in 1878, to Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, Foreign Secretary (1878–1880), three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and the leader of the Conservative Party. The reports are preserved in the National archives in London. An experienced diplomat, Palgrave was the first among the European delegates to come to the new capital Sofia. The task of the European diplomats was to observe the creation of the Bulgarian administration, to examine closely the Provisional Russian Administration and to contribute to the interests of their governments. An important aspect of Palgrave’s mission in the Principality was his presence and observation of the meetings of the Constituent Assembly in Tarnovo in 1879, which was convened in order to adopt the Organic law (constitution) of the new state. Palgrave excels as a diplomat and often turned out to play an active role in the reconciliation of the hostile groups and continuation of the debates. He was able to become deeply acquainted with the Bulgarian national character, which helped him in his diplomatic activities in the country. Palgrave followed the instructions of his government, sticked to the decisions of the Congress of Berlin and opposed the Russian policy in the Balkans and at the same time tried to attract the Bulgarians on the British side and to recognize the interests of the minorities.
More...Keywords: syndicate; political regime; post-communism; Romania
Parmi les études sur les pays postcommunistes la question de la démocratie apparaît comme une problématique centrale débouchant sur une série de réflexions sur les trajectoires empruntées, l'identification des facteurs de changement, les formes de démocraties produites. Au-delà de l'intérêt scientifique, ces recherches servirent souvent d'appui aux programmes des bailleurs de fonds internationaux dont le FMI, la Banque Mondiale et l'Union européenne. Ces applications concrètes permirent de mesurer la diversité des situations entre chacun des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale et la complexité des réalités sociales. Après 12 ans de «transition», le retour au pouvoir des ex-communistes dans plusieurs de ces pays démontre que la démocratie à «l'occidentale» n'est plus vraiment plébiscitée par l'électeur. Ces nouvelles démocraties sont fragiles, instables et mal connues.
More...Keywords: religious diversity; Mosaic Faith; Chief-Rabbi; sefardim; askenazim; synagogue;
This article aims to answer a few specific questions about the situation of social and religious life of the Romanian Jews in the interwar period. How was the Mosaic Faith organized in Romania during this period? How did religious diversity and the diversity of Jewish traditions in the provinces of interwar Romania influence organization of their spiritual and religious life, given the new framework? Was there a link between the emancipation of Romanian Jewry and the reorganization of their religious life? What were the main Jewish religious movements in interwar Romania? Was there a mutual influence between Jews in the various Romanian provinces, in the field of communal and religious life, in terms of the Chalacha, as well as of the emergence and development of various philosophical-religious currents of Judaism? Let me mention a few elements meant to provide a general answer to these questions: the diversity of regional and historical traditions, as well as the presence of different religious and cultural traditions among the Jews in the various Romanian provinces; a change in the status of the Jews, both individually and collectively, within the Romanian state; the reorganization of communal and religious life; contacts between casuistic rabbis from different provinces; the mutual influence in the field of Torah study and in publishing Hebrew books. One aspect I will refer to is that of the colliding tendencies between the followers of the various trends, as well as the collisions of interests between the followers of centralism and the followers of religious pluralism. I need to mention that the interwar period was the age of maximum development of the Romanian Jewry, both in terms of demography and level of integration, as well as in terms of philosophical-religious thinking and religious practice. Due to these aspects, I believe one can refer to a certain diversity in unity and to a unity in diversity, as far as the Romanian Jewry in the interwar period is concerned. This issue sparked controversy among the followers of various Jewish currents and tendencies within the community at the time, as well as later, between historians of Judaism and apologists belonging to different religious currents and political tendencies. Another aspect is the fact that the Romanian Jewry had been given citizenship, which meant they now faced different issues from those of the previous period. One such issue was the official acknowledgement of the Mosaic Faith, its right to have a representative in the Romanian Senate, just like all other religious groups, and the state’s obligation to subsidize it proportionally with the number of its members. This was one of the claims of the Union of the Local Jews, which later became the Union of Romanian Jews. Its main leader, Dr. Wilhelm Filderman, acknowledged the existence of linguistic differences between the Jews living in the various provinces of Romania. While recognizing the religious differences with regard to the Jews in Transylvania, he wanted to present the Mosaic Faith as a unitary organization, before the authorities, asserting the religious unity of the Jews and of Judaism, based on the Chalachic rules of the Shulchan Arukh religious codex. He considered that religious differences were only an internal matter, while the mosaic faith was unitary, and he gained the support of the Liberal Party, that shared this view. Unlike the Liberal Party, the National Party of Transylvania, which later became the National Peasants’ Party, supported the idea of pluralism, with different mosaic denominations.
More...Keywords: Dacia; regnum Dacie; Denmark; political ideology; pontifical diplomacy; historical myths; Stephen the Great; Frederic III; Christian I.;
Based on previous geographical confusions in Norman and Danish historiography in the 11th-12th centuries, the official creation of “Northern Dacia” pertains to the Roman Church, specifically to Pope Paschal II, simultaneously with the elevation in archbishopric of the siege of Lund, “metropolis Dacie”, in 1103/1104. By transforming Denmark in a regnum Dacie, we argue, the Roman Church “provincialized” it as a part of the new Christian Roman Empire of the Church, in the same way ancient Dacia was a province of the classical Roman Empire. From then on, “Dacia” in a restricted sense designates the Danish kingdom, while it regards in an extended meaning the Church province of all Scandinavia.The crisis of this medieval political and ecclesiastical terminology is thereafter put under closer scrutiny, starting with the making of the Union of Kalmar in 1397 and Eric VII’s reign. The official visit of Christian I in Italy and Rome in 1474 as “Rex Dacie” is here studied in some detail as one turning point when “Baltic Dacia” became part of a comprehensive European political and cartographic representation. Put in their genuine context, the few documents concerning a “Re de Dacia” starting with 1489 – recently claimed to be identified allegedly with Stephan the Great of Moldavia – concern in reality exclusively the sovereigns of medieval Denmark. A rich selection of representative pontifical, imperial and Italian written sources as well as iconographic and cartographic documents is convoked here in order to highlight this reality.
More...Keywords: New Civil Code; legal principles; general principles of law; general principles of civil law; cardinal (fundamental) principles of the New Civil Code; Old Civil Code;
The New Civil Code has a much firmer foundation than the old Civil Code because, unlike the old Civil Code, which was built on two fundamental pillars, namely the private property – contractual freedom axis, the current Civil Code was designed and is built on four cardinal principles: human dignity, private autonomy, legal equality and private property. The first of these – human dignity – serves as the ultimate goal, and the other three principles as the means to that end. Indeed, human dignity is not only an absolute or supreme value, on the one hand, and a fundamental right, i.e. a subjective civil right, on the other, but also a fundamental principle on which the Civil Code and the whole of civil law (and not only) rests, be it the law of persons and/or the law of property. Then, the Civil Code and civil law as a whole, and not public law, represent the genuine framework for the exercise of the civil liberties of any person, natural or legal, and by their suppletive nature also constitute the natural framework for the exercise of subjective civil rights, born out of the exercise of private autonomy. Thirdly, the Civil Code and civil law as a whole ensure not only formal but also substantive equality of subjects of civil law. Last but not least, the Civil Code and civil law as a whole regulate, on a liberal basis, the regime of private property as the foundation and guarantor of personal dignity and freedom.
More...Keywords: peintures murales; chapelle royale; Chypre; Uniatisme; Frankokratia;
Après avoir reconfirmé la datation de Camille Enlart (vers 1421 ou 1421-1424) et identifié le comman-ditaire (l’évêque de Limassol Barthélemy Gui) dans une inscription fragmentaire, la présente étude explore: d’une part, les modèles des inscriptions en langue vernaculaire française de Pyrga (Chypre); d’autre part, la lo-gique du programme iconographique et le contexte culturel que sous-tend cette dernière. Dans la première par-tie, l’analyse des inscriptions de la chapelle prouve que le concepteur du décor peint a suivi un modèle manuscrit, sans doute un psautier avec un grand cycle d’enluminures. L’étude évoque trois termes de comparaison célè-bres: le Psautier de la reine Ingeburge (Chantilly, Bibliothèque du Musée Condé, 9 – tournant du xiiie siècle), le psautier de l’évêque Henri de Blois (Londres, British Library, Cotton Nero C iv – vers 1160) et le livre d’images de Marie de Rethel (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, n. acq. fr. 16251 – vers 1285). Dans la source manuscrite reconstituée, les inscriptions en ancien français étaient probablement transcrites en tant que tituli, d’après une typologie tripartite: noms de fêtes religieuses, groupes nominaux ayant une fonction analogue et légendes sous forme d’énoncés introduits par l’adverbe coument. La langue des inscriptions de Pyrga, un français d’Outremer, présente les traits particuliers des scriptae chypriotes de la fin du Moyen Âge. De plus, on constate que la déco-ration de la chapelle inscrit le monument de Pyrga dans la catégorie des chapelles royales de l’Europe occidentale (xive et xve siècles). Le transfert du codex à la paroi concerne non seulement les images, mais également les textes qui accompagnent ces dernières. L’auteur s’intéresse ensuite à la disposition symétrique de la décoration dans les deux travées de la chapelle, ainsi qu’à la manière dont cette disposition accentue l’Uniatisme catholique-orthodoxe. La logique dos-à-dos de la décoration émule celle des icônes à double face – termes de comparaison directs pour la chapelle – notamment leur choix d’apparier deux scènes : la Crucifixion / la Mère de Dieu. Le con-cepteur du décor peint souhaitait évoquer l’osmose de deux églises: une église latine, orientée vers l’Est; la sug-gestion d’une église byzantine, orientée vers l’Ouest. Cela explique le choix particulier de la décoration des voûtes (christologique pour la travée Est et mariale pour la travée Ouest), la double représentation de l’An-nonciation (pour marquer l’orientation des deux églises) et le choix d’une composition de type pala d’altare pour la paroi Est, tandis que la paroi Ouest imite la décoration des templons byzantins. L’osmose des deux églises est indiquée de manière encore plus claire par le choix de représenter les martyriums des saints Étienne (signifiant l’Orient) et Laurent (signifiant l’Occident) au-dessus des entrées latérales. Ce serait une allusion à l’osmose des corps de ces saints dans la Coniunctio corporum sanctorum Stephani et Laurentii (bhl 4784b). Après une réévaluation du texte fragmentaire (aujourd’hui perdu) de l’inscription dédicatoire, il est évident que la dédicace proprement dite concernait l’Assomption de la Vierge. Qui plus est, l’osmose Est-Ouest était de nou-veau indiquée par la représentation dans un même cadre de la Dormition de la Mère de Dieu (sujet à connotation byzantine) et du Couronnement de la Vierge (thème occidental par excellence). Les textes littéraires des xive et xve siècles confirment la fixation chypriote de l’appariement de la Mère de Dieu avec la Passion du Christ, de même que plusieurs autres choix de la décoration de Pyrga. La signification de la décoration devait être multiple, en rapport avec la triple utilité du bâtiment: chapelle funéraire (pour Barthélemy Gui), chapelle royale (pour le couple Janus de Lusignan-Charlotte de Bourbon) et point d’entrée au monastère de Stavrovouni, qui hébergeait des reliques de la Sainte Croix.
More...Keywords: manuscripts; old prints; libraries; Modern History; Greek language;
The Library of the Orthodox Metropolitan See of Moldavia and Bucovina in Iaşi preserves over a thousand copies of old Greek books. There are only ten manuscripts in this collection, one of which was com-missioned by Constantin Brâncoveanu, Prince of Wallachia. The collection consists mainly of Greek prints of various origins, some of which can be traced back to the library of the Princely Academy of Iași, succeeded by the Mihăileană Academy. Other volumes originate in the library of the Theological Seminary of Socola, founded by Veniamin Costachi Metropolitan of Moldavia, who donated his personal library to the Iași foundation. Sev-eral references come from the private collections of high hierarchs, while some books were collected from various Moldavian monasteries, especially from those who used to be metochia of the Greek Patriarchates and the great monasteries under their jurisdiction. This article evaluates the importance of the prints according to their dating, place of publication, owners, and contents (generally didactic books, but also polemical books of a religious nature). It also seeks to reconstruct the historical context of their circulation in Moldavia and the circumstances in which they came into the possession of the Metropolitan See of Moldavia and Bucovina. The analysis provided takes into account prosopographical investigations, the history of the Moldavian educational institutions, and the examination of the notes (mostly in Greek) on the prints.
More...Keywords: Lower Mureș Basin; Middle Bronze Age; Late Bronze Age; tell settlements; mega sites/forts;
In the context of our recent interest in the Late Bronze mega-site/fort at Sântana-Cetatea-Veche, we take this opportunity to review the settlements, cemeteries, key artifact types and economic activities characteristic of the Middle Bronze Age (ca. 2000/1900–1550 BC) and the beginning of the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1550–1450 BC)periods in the immediate vicinity of this site. Our objective is to present the current state of archaeological research. For this purpose, a database has been compiled that highlights, from a quantitative and qualitative perspective, the knowledge of a period of more than 500 years in the prehistory of the Lower Mureș Basin.
More...Keywords: Mihai Eminescu; Titu Maiorescu; double life; assassin; traitor; biographical writings; documentaries;
They are secrets that you can share with someone close to you. There is a time for revelations and another for absolute silence. A man who possesses a certain culture knows how to behave in both situations. Therefore, the secret is not a lie. In the case of Titu Maiorescu, things are much more serious, it seems that we are dealing with an unimaginable imposture, that of a traitor to the Romanian nation. As a civilian and as a professor of philosophy, Maiorescu would have needed a moral minimum. As a Christian and knowledgeable in the philosophy of science, it would have been necessary for this morality to roughly agree with the Gospel. His venerable philosophical wardrobe offered him nothing like it, especially since he had the "shining" example of his father about whom so little was known, so that Maiorescu fabricated his morals with his head and hands. The first thing he had to do was remove morality with hedonism. If we admit that actions are committed for pleasure and self-interest, altruism no longer has a solid basis, and morality is no longer imperative or universal. Indeed, he who does not feel pleasure in doing good to others is not obliged to do it, and as everyone pursues his own interest and all interests are personal and transitory, our hero has perfectly accommodated himself to the "freedom" to betray. Lord, it was not the barbarian hordes from outside that suffocated us and are still suffocating us, but those from within! "Buyers"! those who - for how many bags of silver? - they sold our country and now they want to sell us what this nation has never put on the world's stall, its soul! These "buyers" who put on the stall of the "history of betrayal of the Romanians", not only the natural resources of Romania but, in a criminal and unprecedented way, the inestimable wealth of the soul. We were invaded by those "ours", changed forever! Those "others" in our bosom! Lethal carriers of the chromosome message of forgetting everything that is Christian and Romanian. Real tumors have attacked and continue to attack even today, openly or silently, as if in a terminal phase, the dying body of this Romanian holy land.
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