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Keywords: Public law; constitution; Constitutional Court; transsexuality; human rights; comparative law; Republic of Serbia;
Prva odluka o ustavnoj žalbi transseksualne osobe X Ustavnog suda i argumentacija koja je upotrebljena za njeno obrazloženje, nesumnjivo zaslužuju svaku pohvalu. Uprkos tome, čini se racionalnim pozvati na hitnu intervenciju zakonodavca, ne zbog toga što problemi transseksualiteta nužno zahtevaju da budu baš zakonski regulisani (jer su mnogobrojna uspešna rešenja demonstrirana i u sudskoj i u upravnoj praksi drugih zemalja) već što bi u sadašnjem trenutku takva intervencija osujetila potpunu ignoranciju težine problema od strane zakonodavca u Srbiji. Suprotno iskustvima stranih pravnih uređenja, odsustvo striktne zakonske regulative moglo bi u srpskom pravu da otvori put neodgovornom i olakom tumačenju kako je promena pola stvar rutinske administrativne odluke koja se ispisuje na šapirografisanom obrascu, što je druga, ništa manje rđava krajnost. Prepuštanje opštinskim organima uprave da odlučuju o tako važnom pitanju kao što je promena pola, a da pritom ne budu snabdeveni nikakvim uputstvom ili drugim bližim propisom o načinu na koji će obavljati tu svoju dužnost, krajnje je riskantno i teško da bi se moglo pretpostaviti da bi se bilo koji odgovoran zakonodavac sa takvim rešenjem mogao saglasiti. To bi značilo pristajanje na sasvim slobodnu procenu svakog matičara o najvažnijim otvorenim pitanjima: da li je operacija za podešavanje pola neophodna za promenu navoda o polu u matičnoj knjizi ili je dovoljna i sama endokrinološka terapija o kojoj bi postojala odgovarajuća medicinska dokumentacija; ako operacija jeste uslov, kakva i kolika medicinska dokumentacija treba da prati odgovarajući zahtev i ko je ovlašćen da izdaje takvu dokumentaciju; najzad, kakve sve posledice proizvodi takva promena na dotadašnje i buduće pravne odnose transeksualne osobe, od mogućeg retroaktivnog dejstva upisa, do pitanja o sudbini braka u kome se mogao nalaziti onaj ko je pristupio hirurškoj i pravnoj promeni pola? Logično je, naime, očekivati da se u bliskoj budućnosti, a naročito nakon odluke Ustavnog suda, pred organima uprave ili sudovima u Srbiji pojavi više novih zahteva transseksualnih osoba za promenu upisanog pola u matičnim knjigama ili za priznavanje nekih drugih prava, koji će zahtevati civilizovan i adekvatan odgovor državnih organa i pozitivnog prava. Buduće pravno uređenje fenomena transseksualiteta u srpskom pravu moglo bi se ostvariti propisivanjem posebnog vanparničnog postupka za promenu pola, koji bi predviđao i nužne medicinske i pravne pretpostavke koje se moraju ispuniti da bi jedna osoba mogla pravno da stekne pol suprotan onome koji je upisan u matičnu knjigu rođenih (sudski postupak po ugledu na nemačko pravo), ili bi za donošenje takve odluke i dalje bili nadležni matičari kojima bi stajalo na raspolaganju odgovarajuće zakonsko rešenje (upravni postupak po ugledu na austrijsko pravo). No, bez obzira na vrstu pravnog postupka, rešenje našeg prava ne bi smelo da propusti da razreši dva vrlo važna pitanja načelnog značaja. Prvo je zahtev da se o pravnoj promeni pola može govoriti jedino kada je reč o transseksualcima koji su bili podvrgnuti operaciji polnog preuređenja, budući da se pre takvog zahvata može govoriti samo o osobi za koju je postavljena dijagnoza transseksualiteta. Kako je terapija transseksualiteta postupak koji traje više godina i obuhvata nekoliko faza (od psihijatrijskog posmatranja, preko hormonskog tretmana, do završnog polnog preuređenja koje se obavlja operativnim zahvatom na genitalnim organima), za pravo je važno da bude utvrđen jedan trenutak u kome će se nesumnjivo moći govoriti o obavljenoj polnoj transformaciji. Takvo rešenje je logično, zbog toga što i pravo koje se odnosi na transseksualce (slično onome koje se već godinama primenjuje na somatske hermafrodite) mora da uvažava preovlađujući pol jedne osobe. U slučaju predoperativnog transseksualca, kod koga su svi kriterijumi pola (izuzev psihološkog) usklađeni, očigledno je da takva osoba može u pravu biti smatrana jedino kao pripadnik pola koji je imala na rođenju. Potencijalni brak takve osobe sa osobom istog hromozomskog pola ne bi bio dopušten i morao bi se kvalifikovati kao homoseksualni odnos, bez obzira što bi takav transseksualac, zahvaljujući svom suprotnom psihološkom polu, smatrao svoj odnos heteroseksualnim. Obrnuto, kod post-operativnog transseksualca, preovlađujući je pol onaj na koji ukazuje usaglašenost psihološkog pola i anatomskog izgleda koji je stečen zahvaljujući hirurškoj intervenciji, pa i u pravu pol može biti samo onaj koji je u saglasnosti sa takvim harmonizovanim statusom individue. Drugo je zahtev da se o obaveznoj pravnoj promeni pola mora govoriti ukoliko je preduzeta odgovarajuća hirurška intervencija koja je definitivno približila transseksualca polu koji je suprotan onom koji je inicijalno bio upisan na rođenju. U suprotnom, moglo bi se dogoditi da se transseksualna osoba podvrgne operaciji polnog preuređenja ne zahtevajući posle toga nikakvu promenu statusa. Takav ishod bi značio da se pravo može naći u prilično čudnoj situaciji, u kojoj će morati da se saglasi sa tim da je valjan brak dve osobe koje obe imaju spoljni izgled jednog istog pola, ali na jedan zaobilazan način. Drugim rečima, u pravnom sistemu u kome je, kao što je to slučaj sa srpskim pravom, ustavna definicija braka obuhvatila bezuslovno samo muškarca i ženu, odnosno gde definicija braka nije indiferentna prema različitosti polova kao jednoj od pretpostavki za punovažnost braka (iako u uporednom pravu takav uslov sve češće izostaje), sudbina braka transseksualne osobe koja je izvršila operaciju polnog prilagođavanja, ali nije pravno promenila pol, bila bi u najmanju ruku neizvesna. Pravo ne bi smelo da dopusti da promena polnih odlika dovede u stvarnosti do situacije da pravni status neke osobe nije više usklađen sa njenim spoljnim izgledom, budući da je čitava velika tema o pravima transseksualaca na polni identitet i započeta kako bi se postiglo takvo harmonizovanje.
More...Keywords: history of Hungary;málenkij robot;forced labour;Soviet Union;
In the late 1944 and the beginning of 1945, a mass abduction of innocent civilian population was committed by the Soviet troops entering Hungary. These unsuspecting people were transported to the Soviet Union as prisoners of war or internees. Although we do not have exact data on their number, historians' estimates put the number of abducted civilians between 100-110 thousand and 170-180 thousand. In the background of abductions there was mainly the extreme labour shortage in the Soviet Union, but there were another three reasons, or rather justifications: supplementation of the number of prisoners of war, intention of ethnic cleansing (on territories outside the Trianon borders, so first of all in Transcarpathia), and the German minority. Until the second half of the 1980s, it was even prohibited to implicitly refer to atrocities committed by the Red Army. After the regime change, a systemic exploration of sources had begun in the Hungarian archives, and ever since more and more local history books, monographs and documents collections are published on the issue.
More...Keywords: Female achievements; Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina; Homage;
Laura Papo Bohoreta, the birth name of Luna, was born in 1891 in Sarajevo as the daughter of Judah and Esther Levi. At the end of the 19th and early 20th century she lived in Istanbul, where her entire family moved. There they lived very modestly. Since early childhood, she began to read various books. Later she studied French at the International French School for Jews (Alliance Israélite Française) in Istanbul.
More...Keywords: Jonas Mekas; José Luis Guerín; Filmed Correspondences;
More...Keywords: Jean-François Samlong; La Réunion; fabulous; Salazes; anthropology; François Mussard
The story of a hunter who gets hunted by himself, told by Babel, a “beautiful devil”, to a sociologist-cum-psychotherapist; the tale is both a thriller set in the mountains and a kind of fairy-tale relating the hunt for the monsters and the familiar demons of La Réunion; it echoes the hunting of fugitive native slaves as practiced by François Mussard… By a kind of death-leap the narrator-author présumé gets the chance to reshape his identity in a metaphysical space open to reality, after having brutalised a group of friends out on a fanciful hiking trip. As with Joseph Conrad, the adventure into the recesses of the soul – represented here by the ascent of an imaginary pic de la Sorcière –produces some horrible surprises which are nevertheless liberating.
More...Keywords: history; methodology; Hybeš; historians;
If I look at my own motives for something which the editors of this collection have called the Adventure of Historical Interpretation, then I can find four sources of inspiration. The first is the increasing tendency to create works which are, according to the current Czech methodology for evaluating science, ‘socially relevant’. In other words, works which meet the social demands that exist today. Although the methodology defines these demands as coming mainly from the commercial sector or public institutions, I see them as a link to the current discourse reflected in, for example, films and political debate. I would never intentionally write a book that no-one would be interested in and which I would defend on academic grounds as being basic research, while simultaneously being well aware of the limits of its impact. The second impulse comes from the tradition of historiography and the simple need to tell a story – in my case, mainly about people, institutions and relationships. I believe that such an approach is expected from historians, it is rewarding to meet this expectation as it is a reader-friendly approach, it gives the work order and I also happen to enjoy it. It is exciting to follow the twists and turns of the story’s journey in the detective-like investigation of the sources. And then the third impulse: it already feels like a slightly conservative attitude but the informative value of the source is of great importance to me. The source has the right of veto.
More...Keywords: Vincent Zapletal; critical biography; history;
In order to reflect on the creative process of writing a work of history I have chosen my second monograph, which is a critical biography of the Moravian Dominican Vincent Zapletal (1867-1938) published in Czech in 2006 and in an abridged version in French the following year.
More...Keywords: exclave; Königsberg; Baltic Rim; NATO; Russian Federation; Intermarium;
This article presents a brief but informative examination of the Kaliningrad region in order to find out the mysteries of a geographical territory that belongs to Northern Europe, but currently represents Russia’s only European trophy after winning the Second World War. The paper contains general elements, as well as data that may seem new, through which the geography and history of the region are analysed in the first part. After understanding the natural state and the secular heritage of this territory, we will portray the policies of the Russian Federation imposed on its exclave, determine whether Kaliningrad is an important commercial actor on the international stage and investigate the evolution of the population from an ethnic, cultural and religious point of view. All these elements described previously represent an essential body of knowledge in our attempt to ultimately determine the importance of the Kaliningrad Oblastas a first-line geopolitical bastion in the eternal East-West confrontation in Europe.
More...Keywords: Byzantine Liturgy; Eucharistic Anaphora; Sacrifices; Textual Criticism; Old Testament Theology; Liturgy and Bible;
This paper explores the hermeneutical background of the response to the final diaconal acclamation prior to the initiatory dialogue of the Eucharistic anaphora currently used in both Eucharistic formularies of the Orthodox Church, those of St Basil and St John Chrysostom. Specifically, this study examines the response, «Ἔλεον εἰρήνης, θυσίαναἰνέσεως», to diaconal command, «Στῶμεν καλῶς· στῶμεν μετὰ φόβου· πρόσχωμεν τὴν ἁγίανἀναφορὰν ἐν εἰρήνῃ προσφέρειν». After presenting the historical data and variants of the above response (as found in patristic quotes, liturgical commentaries, manuscript variants, ancient Latin translations and other Eucharistic formularies such as the Hagiopolite Liturgy of St James), this study provides an outline of the way in which contemporary experts in the field of liturgiology have understood this phrase. To follow, this paper explores the syntactical structure of the response in relation to the preceding acclamation. Particular analysis will be made of the grammatical and syntactical use of the present, active, infinitive«προσφέρειν». Finally, this paper demonstrates that the response in its current form offers a specific biblical hermeneutical understanding of the Eucharistic oblation (anaphora) in relation to the Old Testament sacrificial offerings.
More...Keywords: Svatobořice; Strážnice; holocaust; oral testimonies; IWitness;
Štúdia skúma metódou mikrohistorickým pohľadom holokaust v moravských obciach Svatobořice a Strážnice. Premeny lokality „Baráky“ vo Svatobořicicích ako i rozprávanie preživšej Ruth Felixovej o jej živote sú odrazom „veľkých dejín“ 20. storočia. Štúdia čerpá informácie k obom miestam z orálnych prameňov uložených v archíve svedectiev Visual History Archive (Univerzity v južnej Kalifornii). Prezentácia z terénneho výskumu sa týka lokality Baráky (Svatobořice – Mistřín), bývalej rómskej osady pri Svatobořicích, synagógy a židovského cintorína v Strážnici a domu Ruth Felixovej na Bzeneckej ulici.
More...Keywords: Romanticism; Messianism; Messiah; Redemption; Nation; Mysticism;
The Slovak Romantic Messianism is perceived by us as a phenomenon growing from a specific current epochal situation relating to a relatively rich tradition, which existed in the Slovak cultural context already in previous historical periods. By considering the characteristic features of production, its existence was often relativised. Nevertheless, it represents an important testimony of a concrete epoch. Its artistic implementation (perhaps today more than in the past) is being well appreciated, thanks to its interesting form and to its expressive and narrative strength or value. By focusing our attention on its expressive and thematic means, it is possible to prove that the authors tried to mediate a mystical experience to the readers. As mystagogues, they introduced and initiated the readers to the mysteries of God’s plans aiming at transformation of this world. In this sense, through their literary production, they invoked and prayed God to give them a chance to live a direct mystic experience in the reality. By pursuing this purpose, they filled their poetry with curious archaisms and neologisms (the so-called self-creation of language). They gave way to a speculative etymologism and poetical forms. Generally, they were syncretically stylying poetical shapes. And they often exploited experiments or complex strophic structures.
More...Keywords: movement; determination of load; positive changes;
Movement maintains the vitality of the whole body. Regular physical activity, prolongs life and reduces mortality of the human population from chronic diseases. This trend can be 628especially noticeable in the age group of 50 to 70 years. Regular exercise, starting from school age, in addition to maintaining health, also helps in faster recovery after illness. However, the „amount“ of physical activity should - must be properly dosed. Inadequate „dosing” of physical activity has two opposites. In one case, this may delay the onset of the disease or the disease itself may have minor consequences for the human body. Otherwise, it can cause the onset of injury or illness. Therefore, a careful approach is needed, knowledge of how the human body functions, but also the etymology of various diseases. Education on movement dosing, requires the unity of different institutions in terms of providing conditions for exercise and movement of the entire population, as well as developing a strategy with clearly set goals. All of the above can significantly improve the health of the entire population.
More...Keywords: organizational development; crisis; green human resource management; motivation; best practices in green HRM; sustainable development
For the first time in its history, contemporary society is facing challenges so diverse in nature – from the protracted pandemic of the Covid-19, to the crisis of hostilities in Ukraine; serious challenges based on the energy crisis, and complex economic relations. In this context, the complicated political situation throughout the world seems to be the scene of the search for new solutions in all spheres of socio-political life. In these turbulent times, there is still talk of 'sustainability' – of solutions, policies, strategies. Employers and employees face joint challenges to reconcile sustainability and profitability. This paper aims to present key ideas related to the concept of Green HRM and to highlight some key features in making sense of the applicability of this concept in the practice of modern organisations. It focuses on the current state of Green HRM practices in Germany and Bulgaria, where HRM has been a leading theme in recent years and where good practices and ideas can be drawn out.
More...Keywords: Romani community; Bulgarian; migration processes
With the restoration of Bulgarian statehood the various ethnic and religious communities, incl. and Gypsies, become full-fledged Bulgarian subjects. In the announcement, we are addressing only the specific moments outlining the place of the Gypsies in a Bulgarian state in the period from the end of the 19th century to the mid-twentieth century. We fix on the actions of the executive to them as regards of migration processes, nomadism and the territorial settlement of their neighborhoods. We look at the institution of cheribashiata – the proxy who presents the gypsies in front of the municipal administrative authorities as well as the place of the Gypsies in the institutions responsible for external and internal security and public order in Bulgaria.The process of globalization and the mobility of human resources pose new tasks and challenges towards the foreign language education in theoretical and practical aspect nowadays. It focuses on the development of competences outside the classroom that help smooth interactions and co-existence between members in multicultural societies. The aim of the present paper is to: 1) Introduce to the reader some of the methods used in teaching Japanese language as a second language in higher education institutions in Japan; 2) Focus on contemporary methods that meet the requirements of the process of globalization.
More...Keywords: Juliusz Słowacki; Beniowski; associative memory; anamnesis; cryptomnesia
The article discusses various mechanisms of memories in "Beniowski" by Juliusz Słowacki, which are typical of associative discourse in a digressive poem. Therefore, anamnestic memory is distinguished, which in "Beniowski" is subordinated to irony and defines Słowacki’s attitude to tradition, including the literary one, and is associated with the language crisis experienced by the poet. The basis for Słowacki’s cryptomnesia memory is also pointed out, which is associated not only with his erudition and the phenomenal ability to remember. Nowadays, it is interpreted as a manifestation of the poet’s intertextuality, his struggle with the influence of his predecessors and searching for his romantic idiom. The article gives examples of associations related to Jaszuny that Słowacki visited in his youth. The article also explores associations with Ludwika Śniadecka, Słowacki’s youthful love. Finally, cryptomnesia and anamnesis are shown as figures of memory, subordinated in "Beniowski" to different types of irony, which breaks the course of a digressive poem, and in a broader perspective – disrupts the reference function of the language.
More...Keywords: Buddhist cave paintings; Kucha; Kizil; Tocharer; aśubhabhāvanā; mortuary rituals
It will take some time before research can finally settle the questions related to the relative chronology and absolute dating of Kucha paintings. Recently, several studies have approached the issue from different angles, be it a discussion of the school affiliations of the narratives illustrated in the caves or an attempt to establish by which trade routes lapis lazuli – which was used only after a certain date – was brought to Kucha. The present study cautions against the late dating of caves in the periphery of Kizil (whose paintings are to be classified as early for various reasons) merely due to their inconvenient locations and considers possible parallels with Indian monastic complexes, the oldest of which were built in the periphery, close to the burial grounds.
More...Keywords: Black Sea; European Union; strategic autonomy; strategic culture;
In the current global context of great power competition and while fighting to overcome and recover from the COVID-19 pandemic, the EU has embarked on the ambitious undertaking to redefine itself as a more capable, credible, independent when necessary, defence stakeholder, the EU strategic autonomy process. Throughout this endeavour, it is becoming more and more apparent that one of the more challenging dimensions of the EU strategic autonomy debate is dial of national characters and strategic cultures within the union. The aim of the paper is conceptualizing the strategic culture framework in EU context and to identify both positive and negative factors that carry the potential to influence the formation of an authentic European strategic culture. The final conclusions will assess whether any subsequent actionable policy is, in fact, possible in the foreseeable future, mainly to what extent an autonomous European strategic culture could act as either a facilitator or inhibitor of EU security and defence decision making.
More...Keywords: Russia; Chechnya; conventions; international norms; policies; internalization
This paper discusses Russia’s position vis-à-vis the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the two Additional Protocols of 1977 and the implications for the two wars fought by Russian troops against separatist guerrillas in Chechnya in 1994 – 2006. The paper begins by tracing the Soviet Union’s policies toward the Conventions and Additional Protocols and the effects of these documents on Soviet military operations both abroad and at home from the late 1940s through the early 1990s. The experience with the Conventions and Additional Protocols during the Soviet era helped to shape the policies of the Russian Federation, which, as the legal successor state to the USSR, inherited the Soviet government’s obligations under international treaties and agreements. The paper highlights the changes and continuities in post-Soviet Russia’s position and then uses the recent Russian-Chechen wars as a case study. The paper sheds light not only on Russia’s policies in Chechnya but also on recent scholarly literature regarding international norms and state behavior. A norm in international relations, including the tenets of international humanitarian law, can be defined as a shared conception of the appropriate way to behave or the appropriate stance to take on a particular issue.
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