![Hungary: The Assault on the Historical Memory of the Holocaust](/api/image/getbookcoverimage?id=document_cover-page-image_425244.jpg)
Keywords: Cold war;US;Ostpolitik;US Transformation Policy
Détente seemed to prolong the division of Europe. It seemed to be un-American. From the perspective of its many critics, détente allowed for the Soviet Union’s strategic buildup in the 1970s and it precipitated America’s decline in the wake of Vietnam. Even worse, by preaching moral equivalence between Communism and Western democracy, détente allegedly made the United States lose sight of its mission. Only when Ronald Reagan started to abandon détente could the U.S. win the “Cold War endgame.” This is the traditional narrative. This chapter tells a different story by arguing that the U.S. policy of peaceful change could only thrive in a sustainable security framework that the United States and its Western European allies built through détente,dialogue, and engagement with the Soviet Union.
More...Keywords: Visegrad countries; Demography; Employment Policies; Medical Care; Migration;
Ky artikull shqyrton çështjen kërkimore: se deri në çfarë mase brenda politikës Vishegrad Katër (V-4) ka të ngjarë që demografia të ndikojë në recetat politikë brenda katër hapësirave të politikës: pensioneve, kujdesit shëndetësor, emigracionit dhe punësimit? Ndërkohë që orientimet kombëtare dhe evropiane mund të ndikojnë në politikën e vektorëve1, demografia, përfaqëson një variabël gjenetik në sektorët e lartpërmendur. Kështu që një ndryshim i rëndësishëm demografik do të shoqërohet me një ndryshim në rezultatet e politikave (ndryshim në arkitekturë). Kjo, do të jetë kështu për faktin se recetat e para politike kanë qenë të bazuar në vektorë më pak të paqëndrueshëm, të cilët u përqendruan në rregullsinë afatgjatë. Artikulli, argumenton se ndryshimet demografike do të sjellin rezultate të cilat do të jenë rezultat i ndryshimeve në ndërtimin e politikës.
More...Keywords: History of Istria 1945-1947; Allied Military Government; History;
The Allied Military Government in the Zone A of Venezia Giulia that existed between mid-June 1945 and mid-September 1947 was an occupation formation of the Allied army whose primary aim was to stop the Yugoslav military and political penetration (and annexation) in the territories that formally had belonged to the Kingdom of Italy but that were earmarked to be united with their mother countries (Slovenia and Croatia) in political documents of the Partisan movement, so as to prevent the Peace Conference from facing a fait accompli. Another, no less important goal was social and economic. The Allied Military Government was to prevent the humanitarian catastrophe and to restore the economy at least to some degree and enable it to provide for the population. To be sure, it was also necessary to prevent anarchy and lawlessness immediately after the war. It is questionable to what degree it succeeded in performing these tasks. It did manage to prevent the more violent consequences of political frictions, but not the process of mass emigration, primarily of Italian town population, as well as the change of the town’s geo-political status. The fact that the Allied Military Government was the butt of criticism of both the pro-Yugoslav and the pro-Italian political forces, testifies that it strove to do its job in good faith, to stay neutral and abide by the agreements that had been signed as much as it was possible with regard to the conflict-laden political situation among the former allies.
More...Keywords: Dayr Abū Ḥinnis; John the Baptist; wall painting; Infancy scenes; monasticism
The iconographical program of wall paintings in the Quarry Church of Saint John the Baptist in Dayr Abū Ḥinnis focuses on its patron saint. A frieze of Infancy scenes in the narthex of the church, seemingly centering on the early life of Christ, was thought to be an exception. In this paper, I argue that the unusual beginning of the frieze (Massacre of the Innocents) shows that the guiding element of this series of paintings is the Infancy of Saint John the Baptist. Thus, this frieze, in which generally known images were combined in an original and creative way, fits perfectly in the carefully designed overall iconographical program honoring the titular saint of the church, the model par excellence of monastic life.
More...Keywords: Bruno Jasieński; postcolonialism; socialist realism; gender studies
This article describes the Soviet colonial project of the 1930s. On the example of Bruno Jasienski’s socialist realist novel Man Changes His Skin, the author analyzes the hegemonic discourse of the metropolis and various strategies of its application in Central Asia. The article focuses on such issues as the themes of Soviet mission civilisatrice, overrepresented in the work, the patriarchal entanglements of Russian colonial domination, and rule through the imposition of presence, i.e. the displacement of local issues and the appropriation/transformation of foreign geography.
More...Historically, the attention and efforts of Czech and Slovak historians have been directed towards national history rather than general history. This was because Czech and Slovak historians, who were never very numerous, considered it their natural and primary duty to concentrate all their efforts on studying the history of their nation. It was thus, especially during the national oppression from which the Czechs and Slovaks had to suffer under the Habsburg monarchy, that Czechoslovak historiography, the development of which went hand in hand with the whole cultural life of the two nations, was able to fulfill its noble task in the national revival of Czechs and Slovaks.
More...Keywords: Neo-Gothic; Croatia; Friedrich von Schmidt; Herman Bollé; Josip Vancaš; Zagreb; Osijek
Neo-Gothic emerged in Croatian architecture rather late in comparison to Great Britain and the majority of countries in mainland Europe. First buildings built with elements of this style appeared at the beginning of the 19th century, however only during the 1850s and 1860s first larger neo-Gothic churches began to be built in Croatia, primarily due to the efforts of the Viennese central administrative bodies. In the same time, Croatian aristocracy accepted this style for the restoration of their castles (Trakošćan, Novi dvori). By the mid-1870s, owing to the efforts of the Đakovo bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer, Viennese architect Friedrich Schmidt started his work on neo-Gothic restoration of medieval buildings in Zagreb (St. Mark’s parish church and the cathedral). In the following decades, the neo-Gothic style reached the highest level of use in Croatian architecture. The most important architects that designed churches and other buildings with elements of neo-Gothic were Schmidt’s students Herman Bollé and Josip Vancaš. From the beginning of the 20th century, the use of Neo-Gothic in Croatian architecture became increasingly rare. Croatian architecture was slowly being overcome by the influence of secession from Vienna and other major cities in the monarchy (Prague, Budapest).
More...Keywords: Horodecki; architect; imperial biography; social biography; architecture of Kiev
This article presents the figure of the well-known Polish architect, Władysław Horodecki. He was primarily active in the lands of today's Ukraine, in Kiev, but also in other cities of Russia, and after Poland regained its independence his career dimmed. His biography is placed in the context of the non-obvious social space of the Russian Empire, which was perceived by the architect as a space of his own. The urban culture of Russia at the time exposes itself as a place of divisions distinct from contemporary national perspectives, revealing its integrative potential. Horodecki was also characterised by a high degree of mobility, accompanied by the crossing of both physical and social boundaries. His professional biography fits into the discussion of imperial biography as a relevant analytical model.
More...Keywords: history; East Africa; 19th century; Great Britain; European expansion; diplomacy; Zanzibar Sultanate; armed forces; Mombasa; historiography; Swahili poetry
The author analyzes three narratives about the rebellion of Mombasa garrison in 1874–1875: a literary text, a historical text containing quotes from poetry, and a corpus of documentary sources produced by the British consulate in Zanzibar. The author identifies both the dominant and collateral narratives within these texts and the factors that shape them. The analysis is accompanied by an attempt to reconstruct the factual framework, and in particular to look for silences in the narratives. The identification of the latter is indispensable for the interpretation of texts. The analysis of the three narratives allows the author to go beyond the historiographic convention established seventy years ago by one of the examined texts, which focused on the psychological aspect of the rebellion and on rivalry within the Mombasa elite. The author, without denying the value of individual perspectives, proposes to read the history of the rebellion in a global context related to imperial policy, including the abolitionist policy of Great Britain, the development of the plantation economy and the growing indebtedness of planters.
More...Keywords: obesity; overweight; economy; direct costs; indirect costs; prevention; costs of pharmacotherapy
There has been a rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among people worldwide in recent times. Excessive body weight causes many chronic diseases and hinders proper functioning in society. Obesity treatment generates costs that can be divided into direct (related to expensive pharmacotherapy, hospitalization or outpatient treatment) and indirect, resulting from a decrease in productivity and numerous absences from work. The increase in the number of obese people is correlated with the increase in the costs of prevention and treatment of excess body weight and its consequences, which burden budgets of countries around the world every year.
More...Keywords: political liberalism; doctrine of sovereignty; political authority; liberal state
This article explores how liberalism, using several easily identifiable concepts (law of nature, rights of the individual, social contract), obscures the role of politics. Liberal discourse not only indicates the basis of political authority but also posits a relation-ship between the legitimate political order and the emancipation of the individual. The liberal political theory rejects the absolutisation of established power. Nevertheless, it reproduces the relations of domination and legitimises the existing order, as long as it may be presented as a product of rational and peaceful communication. Thus, liberal political theory functions as a discourse of power and domination masked by an act of voluntary submission by which subjects constitute themselves as wanting to be ruled over.
More...Keywords: Cosmopolitanism; imagination; social theory;
Kritický kosmopolitismus je nový směr v sociální teorii, v němž se odráží jednak objekt, kterému se věnuje, jednak specifický metodologický přístup ke společenskému světu. Odlišuje se od normativně politických a morálních pojetí kosmopolitismu, které počítají s globálním politickým společenstvím, případně s univerzalistickou kulturou, a to v tom ohledu, že chápe kosmopolitismus jako sociálně situovaný a jako jeden z pokusů o reflexi sebeustavující povahy samotného společenského světa. Jedná se o přístup, jehož středobod tvoří procesy vnitřního vývoje ve společenském světě spíše než globalizace jako primární mechanismus. Je projevem postuniverzalistického druhu kosmopolitismu, který není pouhou podmínkou rozmanitosti, ale je artikulován v kulturních modelech otevřenosti světa, skrze něž se společnosti proměňují. K artikulaci kosmopolitní imaginace dochází v procesech, rámujících společenský svět, a v kulturních modelech, podle nichž se ustavují; nelze ji proto redukovat na konkrétní identity, spíše bychom ji měli považovat za jednu z podob kulturní problematizace (kontroverze), v níž hraje stěžejní úlohu logika překladu. Kosmopolitní imaginace se může rozvíjet v libovolné společnosti a kdykoli. Především však patří k modernitě, chápané jako situace problematizující sebe samu, vystihovaná neúplností a vědomím, že jistota se nikdy neustaví jednou provždy. Kritická kosmopolitní sociologie jako metodologicky silný přístup má velmi specifický úkol: objasnit či vysvětlit proměny společností tím způsobem, že se zaměří na nové nebo vznikající společenské skutečnosti.
More...Keywords: Christianity; Islam; Dialogue; Vatican II; Abrahamic; Theology of Salvation; Religious Pluralism;
The present study sheds light on priest Youakim Moubarak, as an important theologian and islamologist, in the Maronite church as well as in the Arab world and Europe. This study presents two angles: first, the Christian - Muslim dialogue in the Moubarak’s theory. Second, his thoughts on freedom from “theology of salvation” and the openness to theology of “religious pluralism”.
More...Keywords: 3D cartography; spatial abilities; thematic 3D map; user testing;
In this study, we focus on the usability of pseudo-3D thematic maps (static perspective views) compared with their conventional 2D equivalents. A total of 105 study participants were divided into two groups (12–19 years old and 20–27 years old). A Perspective Taking Test measured their spatial abilities and each participant solved 15 tasks using four thematic maps. We compared map variants to determine which is more suitable for individual tasks. We then examined the differences between the two age groups and tried to find any relationship between the user’s spatial abilities and the number of correct answers. We observed a significant difference regarding the map’s visualization dimension only in one particular task and significant differences between the age groups when they worked with 2D maps. We found a positive correlation between the participant's level of spatial ability and the number of correct answers.
More...Keywords: stamp-seal; cultic scene; Neo-Babylonian; style; worshipper; symbol; type
The present research is dedicated to the stamp-seals and their im-pressions with the Neo-Babylonian Cultic scene. The research is ba-sed mainly on published monuments in the collections of Le Louvre (Paris) and Vorderasiatischen Museum (Berlin), added with some artifacts from other museums. A classification of the motive on the monuments is proposed. It is based on the styles used in the art of Mesopotamian glyptics during the First Millennium BCE. Three types of scene’s depiction are de-fined, and the peculiarities of their figural elements are examined. Based on new publications, some additional observations on the chronology of the scene in the period under study are made.
More...Keywords: illegitimate children; discrimination; customs and law; dynastic family
From the perspective of principles of a dynastic family, a model dominant until the 19th century, illegitimate births were evidence of the interruption of the “normal” social process, and a weakening of social control. The old laws and nineteenth-century civil codes had dug a chasm between “legitimate” and “illegitimate” children, or bastards (this noun became a slur). In the 19th century in Europe, the proportion of “illegitimate” children increased rapidly, while attitudes towards them were slower to change.
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