![Stephen the Great’s titles. Diplomatic Tradition and Political Vocabulary](/api/image/getissuecoverimage?id=picture_2005_11202.jpg)
Keywords: genealogy; chronology; Dan; Mircea the Elder; the Basarab dynasty
Several misunderstandings of sources and confusions in their interpretation have long-time persisted when historians tried an account of the reign of Mircea the Elder, prince of Wallachia (1386-1418) and of the following period along the first half of the fifteenth century. This study aims to rewrite the genealogy of the Wallachian dynasty. Two princes who had the same name, Dan, were regarded as one alone, the same „Dan II”, when actually they were Mircea’s son (Dan III) and the son of Mircea’s brother Dan, whom we call Dan IV. We also argued for the existence of another of Mircea’s brothers with the same name, Dan II, who shortly interrupted Mircea’s reign. All of them were involved into the rivalry between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire in the border region between the Danube, the Carpathians and the Black Sea. Instead of having only one character, eager to change his politics according to one neighbour or another, we managed to find two cousins, taking sides each against the other, Dan IV being under the sultan’s protection, while Dan III fought against the Turks with the support of the Hungarians.
More...Keywords: Moesia Inferior; epocă romană; monetăria greacă imperială; Callatis; emisiune monetară; sistem ponderal; circulaţie monetară; iconografie; Moesia Inferior; Roman epoch; Greek imperial coinage; monetary issue; monetary system; monetary circulation; iconog
L’atelier callatian, dont l’activité nous l’avons analysée, a eu une évolution différente d’une époque à l’autre. On assiste, en fait, à un procès de migration de la pouvoir économique d’Istros – pendant l’époque grecque, à Callatis – dans la période hellénistique, et, au fin, à Tomis dans l’époque romaine, et, en conséquence, la production monétaire a suivit cette trajectoire. Après Nero, quand la polis de Callatis a obtenu le droit d’émettre monnaies (jus feriendi), l’atelier a émis des monnaies impériales grecques pendant deux siècles, le volume et la diffusion de ces émissions étant différentes d‘un émetteur à l’autre. Dans notre étude on discute, en premier lieu, les informations du corpus (…..), puis on fait une analyse du matériel numismatique publie après l’apparition du corpus jusqu'au contributions du L. Ruzicka y compris, matériel qui a été discute en ce qui concerne les nouveautés (émissions, variantes). En fin, on présente – encore parmi un catalogue des découvertes monétaires rédigé par nous, attache à la fin du texte, dans lequel on a accueilli presque tout le matériel numismatique publié ou inédit que nous avons à notre disposition (les collections des musées de Tulcea, Constantza, Bucarest - MNIR, Iaşi - IAI). Le matériel numismatique de notre catalogue (183 ex.), à la suivante distribution après les émetteurs : des pièces pseudo-autonomes : 30 ex. (8 ex. inédite) ; Nero – 3 ex. ; Marcus Aurelius – 1 ex. ; Marcus Aurelius et Lucius Verus – 2 ex. ; Faustina IIe – 2 ex. ; Lucilla – 2 ex. ; Commodus – 8 ex. (2 ex. inédites); Septimius Severus – 51 ex. (12 ex. inédites) ; Iulia Domna – 4 ex. ; Caracalla – 6 ex. (2 ex. inédites) ; Geta Caesar – 1 ex. (inédit) ; Geta Augustus – 2 ex. (1 ex. inédit) ; Severus Alexander – 7 ex. ; Gordianus III – 18 ex. (4 ex. inédites) ; Philippus Ier – 48 ex. (23 ex. inédites) ; Philippus IIe – 11 ex. (4 ex. inédites). On peut voir que le matériel numismatique inédit couvre toute la période de l’activité monétaire de l’atelier en discussion. Donc, à une analyse selon les émissions, on peut constaté que le lot Pick a un nombre de 125 émissions, qui suit de Hadrianus à Philippus II, à l’exception des émissions pour Antoninus Pius, Pertinax, Elagabalus, Maximinus. Ainsi, notre contribution n’est pas un corpus proprement-dite, mais se propose de mettre en actualité les informations relatives à l’activité monétaire de cet atelier. Comme nouveautés on remarque le témoignage clair du début de l’activité monétaire pendant la règne de Nero, une confirmation d’une émission de Hadrianus, l’addition des émissions pour Lucius Verus, Lucilla, Faustina Ie, Plautilla ; nous avons mis en évidence encore des types iconographiques nouveaux. En ce qui concerne la diffusion des émissions de Callatis, nous avons observé que celle-ci circulent presque seulement dans le territoire de la cite et, rarement, arrivent dans les centres urbains plus importants de la province.
More...Keywords: elites; school; Academy; Rome; Traian's Column; correspondence; Romanian exile
Romanian School at Rome had a decisive role in the forming of "humanistic" Romanian elite from the interwar period and its contribution to the througness of the scientific preparation of Romanian academics from the second half of the Twentieth century is indisputable. Between University from Cluj and Romanian School at Rome has been established a mutual rapport. The directors of the institution from 1928 to 1940, George G. Mateescu and Emil Panaitescu, and also the vicedirector of the Accademia di Romania from 1941 to 1947, Sever Pop, or its secretary, from 1934 to 1936 and 1938 to 1946, Virgil Vătăşianu, are originating among the experts of University from Cluj. Emil Panaitescu, professor of ancient history at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters from Cluj, ex-member of Romanian School at Rome, has been suported by the scientific councelor of our Institute from Rome, the archeologist Giuseppe Lugli. The correspondence between the two academics covers more than three decades (1927-58) and presents information, for the most part inedits, referring to the sustaining offered to professor Panaitescu by G. Lugli in 1927, occasioned by the election of the new director of Romanian School Rome, after the death of its founder, professor Vasile Pârvan. The mailing offers many information about the prospects of the project which considers the reproduction in cement of the Traian's Column and its exposing in Bucharest, project conducted by Emil Panaitescu during the Second World War. Is relieved the role played by professor Lugli at the end of 50's in the negotiations between Romania and Italy for the repatriating the artifacts and the reproductions of the Column, copies kept in the deposits of the Italian museums and in Lateran. The letters reproduced in Appendix bring new elements regarding to the last years of Professor Panaitescu, lived in exile at Rome, offering in the same time inedits detalis for a family biography.
More...Keywords: Carlist Restauration; Romanian Liberalism; political parties system; adaptation policy
The Carlist Restoration is a political turning point of the interwar period. In June 1930, the Romanian political system and adjacent practices that tended to settle into a pattern of relative democracy were radically changed by imposing new actor. All political competitors were aware that the King was to become major power factor and the majority of politicians concern was related to adaptation to the new reality of public architecture. First, it is a time of reorganization of the political scene, with repercussions on how public actors perceive the visible manifestation. Also Restoration act transformed the debate within the parties themselves. Historiography, political evolution of these institutions in relation Restoration and especially postrestauration is less professionally aproached. Act of June 1930 is built to strict evolving monarchy and has no place in the history of parties, although these mutations were important and that marked the decade that followed the Carlist Restoration. I approach at narrowing the National Liberal Party propose in this paper an analysis of the political attitude of "survival" that liberals have articulated it in the second half of 1930 in response to a major existential challenge, perhaps the most important in their history until the imposition of communism. Restoration called into question their existence as a political party. Is a dynamic of exclusion, which highlights the political culture of Romanian liberals, and the other competitors, how each policy thinking, civic action and the role of ethical values in society. It is also a moment of truth for liberal organization itself, the loyalty of members was hardly tested by removing the possibility of returning to power and its advantages, but also seductive imposition of the party led by George Bratianu in the Romanian liberalism space.
More...Keywords: Rome; Romanian School in Rome; Romanian elite; Vasile Parvan; pupils; alunni
L'accademico Vasile Pârvan (1882-1927), fondatore negli anni '20 del secolo scorso della Scuola Romena di Roma e direttore dell'istituzione fino al 1927, focalizzo la sua attivita verso l'integrazione dell'istituto romeno nell'ambito accademico romano ed italiano e verso l'organizzazione istituzionale secondo il modello delle Scuole ed Accademie sorte nella capitale italiana . Sotto la sua guida si perfezionarono a Roma 25 alunni, 13 tra di loro nel campo della protostoria, storia dell'antichita, archeologia, epigrafia, topografia o filologia classica, 9 in filologia moderna, archivistica, paleografia, diplomatica e generalmente nelle scienze speciali della storia, mentre l'architettura e la storia dell'arte furono frequentate da 3 giovani specialisti romeni. Non a caso, grazie anche alla loro specializzazione romana che segno positivamente la seguente carriera universitaria e produzione scientifica, 6 tra di loro furono ulteriormente eletti soci dell'Accademia Romena. L'accademico Pârvan integro gli interessi scientifici degli storici dell'antichita e degli archeologi nei progetti dell'Unione Accademica Internazionale, mirando la realizzazione della carta archeologica della Romania come parte della Forma Imperii Romani e stimolo gli orientamenti dei borsisti verso lo studio del classicismo greco-romano e del modo in cui esso rispecchia il mondo traco-dacico e quello delle popolazioni del Basso Danubio. Gli alunni romeni che portavano avanti ricerche nel campo della pre- e protostoria ebbero a Roma la possibilita di prendere come modello gli studi europei sulle antiche civilta italiche, mentre il lavoro negli archivi fu diretto quasi esclusivamente verso i problemi della romanita orientale, essendo i progetti di ricerca direttamente coordinati dall'Accademia Romena. Il perfezionamento in storia dell'arte ed architettura che la Scuola Romena di Roma offri ai suoi alunni nel primo decennio tra le due guerre godette del diretto appoggio dei professori e specialisti italiani, in primis dello storico dell'arte Antonio Munoz, che insegnava in quegli anni, presso l'Universita romana, la Storia dell'arte bizantina. Grazie al suo interessamento, i borsisti romeni furono coinvolti nei grandi lavori di restauro che Munoz guidava a Roma, le direzioni della loro specializzazione diventando appunto la storia dell'arte bizantina e la metodologia del restauro. I rapporti personali dei borsisti, la maggior parte costruiti intorno all'attivita scientifica della Scuola, furono simili alle relazioni sorte nelle comunita degli alunni presenti negli Istituti stranieri di Roma e sono interessanti per la storia dell'élite intellettuale romena tra le due guerre e per il suo destino nella seconda meta del Novecento.
More...Keywords: Dilemma aniversary;
Andrei Pleşu writes a short article about what transition could mean for Dilemma magazine in an aniversary moment: 500 issues. Andrei Pleşu doesn’t hesitate to talk about three personalities, disappeared in the last years: Ştefan Augustin Doinaş, Zigu Ornea and Tita Chiper .
More...Beginning with 2007, the Faculty of History and Political Sciences, „Ovidius” University of Constanta launched a series of debates, scientific activities under the title: European policies for Romania. In this respect, on the 29th of May 2007 the Senate Hall hosted the following debate with the naming: The Green Card of Maritime Policy – Toward a future maritime policy in point of the Union: a European perspective concerning oceans and seas was set for debate for a period of an year. The purpose of the document can be labeled as realistic: „This Green Card intends to launch a debate in respect of a future Maritime Policy of EU that would eventually approach the oceans and seas in a holistic manner. It is important to emphasize the fact according to which the above-mentioned Green Card will stress the continual use of the benefits possible only by means of respect among them in a moment in which their resources are threatened by severe pressures and our technological abilities to exploit them that seem to undergo a process of advance.. The accelerated reduction of marine biodiversity, due to pollution, the impact on climate changes and over-fishing represent particular alarm signs that cannot be ignored. The Green Card is based on the existing policies and initiatives of the European Union that are combined with Lisbon strategy that intend to reach a certain equilibrium between economic, social and environment dimension of lasting development. Moreover, The Green Card is expected to contribute to a new awareness from the side of European citizens as regards the importance of their maritime heritage, the significance of oceans in people’s lives and their potential to determine welfare and economic opportunities”, starting from the idea expressed in the Introduction of the document that stipulates the following: „It is estimated that a figure of about 3 and 5% from the Gross domestic product is generated by the maritime industries and services and not including the value of raw material such as oil, gas or fish. Maritime regions totals more than 40% of Gross Domestic Product”. On 10th of October2007 the following document The Communication of the Commission toward the European Parliament, Council, Economic and Social European Committee and the Committee of Regions. The conclusions regarding the European maritime policy that included the „astonishing reactions” (…) „as well as the magnitude of participation in point of the process of consultation”. In fact, at that time, The Commission published the „An integrated maritime policy in point of the European Union”. It is important to mention the conclusions of the General Affairs Council and External Relations from the 16-17th of November 2009 that recognized “the advance of the last two years in the field of integrated maritime policy” along with the integrated approval of maritime affairs.
More...În perioada 24-25 octombrie a.c., Catedra de Jurnalism a UBB a organizat cel de-al VII-lea Simpozion Naţional de Jurnalism, cu participare internaţională, cu tema Limba de lemn în presă – ieri şi azi. Deschiderea simpozionului a avut loc vineri, 24 octombrie 2008, ora 9,30, în Amfiteatrul “Woodrow Wilson” al Facultătii de Ştiinţe Politice, Administrative şi ale Comunicării, prelegerea inaugurală fiind susţinută de cunoscutul realizator de televiziune, Nicolae Melinescu. Precizăm că simpozioanele organizate până în prezent de Catedra de Jurnalism a UBB au cel puţin trei trăsături specifice: înaltul nivel ştiinţific al comunicărilor susţinute; participarea unor personalităţi la acestea; toate lucrările celor şase simpozioane anterioare au fost publicate în volume, la edituri de mare prestigiu din România (Polirom, Tribuna, Limes): Curente şi tendinţe în jurnalismul contemporan (2002), Schimbări în Europa, schimbări în mass-media (2003), Jurnalismul cultural în actualitate (2004), Presa scrisă românească – trecut, prezent, perspective (2005), Stil şi limbaj în mass-media din România (2006), Forme ale manipulării opiniei publice (2007), intrând astfel în circuitul ştiinţific naţional şi internaţional.
More...Keywords: voivodal church;buildings;medieval pottery;princely residence;stone;bricks;mortar;foundation;rubbish;building level;coins;metal items
The old residence of the first voivodes of Wallachia raises many questions regarding the church and other parts of the construction, among which especially interesting is the identification of the princely house. In the 17th century, due to the construction of the monastery, the ensemble was entirely changed. The princely church, destroyed by an earthquake, was restored in 1635, and the monastery buildings were raised on the same place as the old demolished constructions. During the archeological excavations made in 1975-1977, 1981-1982, 1984 and 2000-2005 in the old princely residence in Câmpulung traces of the 14th century were discovered and problems regarding the later evolution of the architectural ensemble were clarified. When the princely residence was no longer used, the area surrounding the most important church in Câmpulung, where the first two voivodes of Wallachia and some great nobles were buried, became urban cemetery. Due to the construction of the monastery in 1635, the ensemble was entirely modified in the 17th century. The church was restored and the monastery buildings were constructed after the old buildings, no longer in use, were demolished. The identification of the residence of the voivodes is an issue of particular interest. The cellar of the house situated south-east of the church was dated in the 14th century. The excavations made in 1975-1977 proved this cellar should be dated in the 17th century. The last remains of the wall that surrounded the church in the 14th century, demolished in the 15th century, were destroyed during its construction, together with other traces belonging to the 15th century and graves dated in the 16th century. The old house of the voivodes should be looked for elsewhere. In order to obtain more information about the constructions, the excavations made in 2000-2003 were made in the area situated east of the church and those made in 2004-2005 in the south-eastern part. Another archaeological excavation was made in the area situated on 76 Negru Vodă Street, to obtain more data about the urban habitation of the 14th-17th centuries. Significant remains dated in the 14th century were discovered east of the voivodal church. Among the results, one should mention a part of a building, researched on 10 m width, with walls made of stone, 1 m thick, with a pavement made of bricks inside and other areas with pavement situated outside, along the eastern and western walls. This building could be connected to the old princely residence. The stratigraphy shows this construction should be dated earlier than the buildings of the monastery. A coin minted by the king of Hungary Vladislav I in 1442, discovered in an earth layer subsequent to the building, argues the chronology of the construction in the 14th century and the assumption it belongs to the old princely residence. The excavations made in 2002 and 2003 increase the information about a large building with thick walls made of stone, found in 1981, dated in the 17th century. We are dealing with a large construction (about 11 m wide), made of stone and bricks, partly situated below the ground level inside the enclosure, but at the same time at the ground level towards the limit of the terrace. A threshold and a mullion of the stone frame of the entrance were found at a lower level of the building. The archaeological data and especially the stratigraphical observations confirm the initial chronology of the building, but the information should be supplemented with other data. The documents allow the supposition this building lodged the monastery stores and inn, built in 1646-1647 and destroyed in 1737. The traces of a monastery construction probably dated in the 18th century were found and delimited, too. In 2004 and 2005, in the south-eastern part of the church, traces which can be connected to the wall surrounding the church on its eastern side, and other traces probably belonging to the earth fortification which is the southern limit of the ensemble were found. The remains of two perpendicular walls, more than 1 m thick , were found towards east, which, according to their stratigraphical position, could be dated in the 14th century. Habitation traces of the 16th century, and many remnants of the walls belonging to monastery constructions dated in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries were also discovered. The enclosure wall of the monastery of the 17th century was observed in other two spots and a contemporary parallel wall towards west. Two parallel walls with a brick pavement between them were found, belonging to the buildings which limit the enclosure towards south. The constructions south of the church were used until 1934, when they were destroyed by a great fire. On a large surface north of these walls, Thick layers of ruins, stone, mortar remains covering the traces of other walls were discovered. Due to the limited surface of the excavations, the remains of buildings dated in different periods were discovered only partially. The image of the ensemble is subjective and incomplete. Only suppositions about the plan and the chronology of the constructions can be made. A complete research, allowing a complete picture of all these remains, confirming or denying different hypotheses should be possible sometime, if we intend to render valuable the traces of vanished buildings.
More...Keywords: national security; terrorism offences; criminal investigation; investigative process;
[1] Detailed explanations on the course of an investigation of a criminal case concerning national security offences and acts of terrorism, as well as the mechanisms that may and must lead to solving illicit activities under investigation, are relevant arguments that require the analysis of the investigative processes for the discovery and prosecution of these categories of offences. [2] The discovery and prosecution of offences against national security and terrorism offences is the result of a complex of activities carried out by bodies responsible for law enforcement in the field of national security (gathering general information and/or information intended for an individual case under investigation), which anticipates the evidentiary activity carried out by the judicial bodies. [3] The operative informative investigative process is the set of complex, secret, coordinated, dynamic, progressive and successive activities, characterised by mobility and flexibility, provided by law, with an administrative-legal nature, intended for the gathering of information for national security, by the prevention, identification, countering and combating threats to national security, as well as the discovery of offences against national security and terrorism offences, having as object the operative informative investigative means, methods and processes and the procedures for their use. [4] The criminal investigation process or the prosecution of offences against national security and terrorism offences is the phase of the criminal process intended for the gathering of the necessary evidence regarding the existence of the offences, the identification of the persons who committed an offence and the establishment of their criminal liability, in order to ascertain whether or not it is appropriate to order arraignment.
More...Keywords: family business; family firm; succession; incumbent motivation; case study;
The topic of family businesses and their importance for Czech economy is not sufficiently addressed in the Czech Republic. In order to run a family business in the long term, it is necessary that ownership and management must be successfully handed to younger generation. After the end of previous political regime about 30 years ago, in the Czech Republic, most family businesses were established. Nowadays, they are still managed and owned by generation of first founders and they can be replaced by their offspring. The aim of this paper is to find out what leads the outgoing generation to hand the company over to their offspring. Part of the paper presents the analysis of the results of already performed quantitative surveys among family businesses in the Czech Republic. For the research, qualitative exploration by the method of in-depth interviews with seven current owners was used. It was found that results are influenced by the fact what led respondent to start his/her own business. The effort to maintain a long family tradition, necessity due to the physical condition of the founder, the desire to engage in another business field, the attempt to establish a new tradition in the family and their own fatigue and awareness of the necessity of their departure are the main reasons leading to the transfer of the Czech family firms to the successors.
More...Keywords: fibulae; early La Tène scheme; Middle Dniester; Getic fortifications; “late Scythian” tombs; Celts;
The present study brings to the foreground of discussions a certain type of artifacts, the importance of which in the process of analyzing archaeological finds is difficult to overestimate, but which, unfortunately, was not used by the researchers to the proper extent. Thus, in the archaeological literature there is no single work on the Iron Age fibulae that were discovered on the present-day territory of the Republic of Moldova. Moreover, even when some specimens were introduced into scientific circulation, their publication was very short, often without a clear and precise presentation of the context, and the images accompanying incomplete texts in most cases are not clear enough for detailed analysis. Based on this situation, we decided to fill this historiographic gap and at the first stage we devoted our research to the iron fibulae of the early La Tène scheme found on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. As a result of the investigation, a lot was allocated, consisting of 12 fibulae, most of which were found on the territory of the Getic hillforts on the right bank of the Dniester. The degree of preservation of the items leaves much to be desired. The number of undamaged fibulae is relatively small, and those preserved fragmentarily create sufficient impediments for the possibilities of classification. Despite these circumstances, a catalogue of early La Tène scheme fibulae was developed, on the basis of which the main analogies were identified both in the neighboring areas (Romania and Ukraine), and in the Central Europe. We suggested to trace the chronological landmarks for the existing analogies, as well as to evaluate the chronological framework of the presented artifacts. At the same time, we set out to follow the ways and means by which these fibulae reached the Prut-Dniester area and, where possible, to highlight probable phenomena and processes that were behind the respective distribution of this type of artifacts.
More...Keywords: épigraphie slavonne; linguistique et paléographie;histoire ecclésiastique de la Transylvanie; pein- ture murale; influence ruthène.
La découverte d’une inscription slavonne dans le narthex de l’église du monastère de Râmeţ (comté d’Alba) en 1966, sa relecture avec des moyens techniques spéciaux en 1978 et sa publication officielle en 1985 ont porté à l’attention des historiens le nom du peintre (Mihul du Criș-Blanc), le nom de l’évêque fondateur (arche- vêque Gélase), le roi régnant lorsque la nef de l’église était peinte (Louis d’Anjou) et l’année 1377. Les Ortho- doxes de Transylvanie auraient eu une hiérarchie ecclésiale organisée autour d’un archevêché et une école rou- maine de peinture en pleine affirmation. Toutefois, ces informations résultent incohérentes par rapport au con- texte politique ou ecclésiastique – les Roumains étant fréquemment invites a rejoindre le rite latin – et au con- texte artistique. À ce jour, Mihul demeure une figure singulièreet ses créations n’ont pas encore trouvé de termes de comparaison. La nouvelle lecture de l’inscription proposée dans cette étude part de la constatation que la dernière partie du texte, où se trouvent le nom, la mention du roi et la datation, demeure illisible (même après l’examen aux rayons ultraviolets, comme en témoignent les clichés pris en 1978, conservés dans le dossier de restauration et partiellement publiés en 1985). D’autres images ont été publiées pour soutenir la lecture proposée, en mettant en évidence les détails qui ont conduit à la lecture du nom Lodovic et de l’année 6885 (= 1377). Cependant, le type d’écriture et les traits linguistiques du texte de l’inscription suggèrent que les aspects paléographiques sont spécifiques à l’école d’orthographe fondée à Tarnovo par le patriarche bulgare Euthyme (1375-1393), plus tard diffusés par ses disciples en Serbie, en Moldavie et en Russie. La réforme d’Euthyme ne pouvait pas atteindre la Transylvanie en 1377. La prédisposition du peintre à écrire les mots tels qu’il les con- naissait dans sa propre langue témoigne du fait qu’il a appris le slavon quelque part en Transylvanie, très proba- blement auprès d’un moine serbe. L’inscription et, implicitement, les peintures de Mihul dateraient ainsi de la fin du xve siècle ou des premières décennies du siècle suivant. La comparaison avec l’inscription sculpté sur le socle de l’église de Feleac, datée de 1516, dont le texte contient des parties similaires à l’inscription de Râmeţ, suggère que le roi mentionné par Mihul était en réalité Vladislas II. Il est appelé LASL´U KRAL´ dans l’inscription de Feleac et le nombre de signes graphiques utilisés pour rendre ce nom s’inscrit parfaitement dans l’espace aujourd’hui illisible où le nom du roi a été transcrit dans l’inscription de Râmeţ. En utilisant la même méthode de distribution des signes dans l’espace afférent de l’inscription de Râmeţ, la période dans laquelle elle pourrait être peinte peut être réduite à l’intervalle 7011-7024 (= 1503-1516). Compte tenu du conflit entre Jean, évêque de Mun- kács, et Hilarion et Gélase, hégoumènes du monastère de Peri, il est fort possible que l’hégoumène Gélase ait été élevé au rang d’archevêque de Transylvanie. Un acte royal de 1494 semble d’ailleurs le suggérer. La résidence était censée se trouver à Feleac, mais il s’avère qu’elle aurait pu fonctionner en parallèle avec le diocèse de Feleac, sans nécessairement être unie à Rome. La possibilité d’installer Gélase à Râmeţ offre un point d’appui pour l’anti- quité de l’évêché de Geoagiu de Sus, évoqué dans l’acte de nomination de l’évêque Christophore en 1557, le mo- nastère de Râmeţ étant en fait la véritable (ou du moins la première) résidence de l’évêché ayant juridiction dans les parties méridionales de la Transylvanie. Un document de 1622 le désigne, en effet, comme « monastère de Geoa- giu (situé) à la limite du domaine Geoagiu (de Sus) » (Giogi klastrom s ez Giogi hatarban vagion). Un archevêque arrivé du nord, d’un espace familier avec l’art des Ruthènes, peut également expliquer le type de Deisis avec ar- changes et saints militaires représenté sur le mur oriental du narthex de Râmeţ. Le fait de peindre cette scène au début du XVIe siècle pose à nouveau le problème de la datation de la première couche de peinture, conservée dans la niche de la Proscomidie et à la jonction de l’iconostase avec le mur nord de la nef, pour laquelle la présente étude propose l’année création du monde 6895 (= 1386-1387). L’inscription en roumain, sculptée dans la pierre et placée au XVIIIe siècle à l’extérieur, sur le côté nord, au-dessus de l’entrée propose d’ailleurs cette date. La mention du nom du roi Matthias (Matiiaș crai) dans la même inscription peut fournir la limite inférieure d’une troisième étape de décoration de l’église, sa limite supérieure étant le milieu du XVIe siècle, étape où la nef, l’iconostase, et peut-être une peinture murale extérieure, furent repeintes. La dernière étape importante est liée au nom l’évêque Inocenţiu Micu-Klein, à l’initiative duquel l’autel a été repeint en 1741
More...Keywords: Art; Woman and power; Restauration of capitalism; WW I in Croatian Oral poetry; Collective identity; Cultural memory; Folklore;
Review of: Maja Flajsig - Ewa Wróblewska-Trochimiuk, Umjetnost na marginama. Hrvatski politički plakat u 19. i 20. stoljeću, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku i Institut za slavistiku Poljske akademije znanosti, Zagreb 2019., 281 str. Ines Prica - Sanja Đurin, “Hrvati su brand u Čileu”. Diskursi uspješnosti i pripadanja, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb 2020., 215 str. Ivana Hanaček - Lydia Sklevicky, Žene i moć. Povijesna geneza jednog interesa, ur. Andrea Feldman i Marijana Kardum, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku i Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb 2020., 280 str. Brigita Miloš - Lilijana Burcar, Restauracija kapitalizma. Repatrijarhalizacija društva, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku i Centar za ženske studije, Zagreb 2020., 373 str. Marija-Ana Dürrigl - Antonija Zaradija Kiš i Marinka Šimić, Cvijet kreposti. O naravi ljudskoj kroz narav životinjsku. Studija – transliteracija – faksimil, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku i Staroslavenski institut, Zagreb 2020., 367 str. Barbara Majnarić - Prvi svjetski rat u hrvatskim tradicijskim pjesmama, prir. Irena Miholić i Renata Jambrešić Kirin, Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb 2019., 56 str. Josipa Tomašić - Davor Nikolić, Između zvuka i značenja. Fonostilistički pristup hrvatskim usmenoretoričkim žanrovima, Disput, Zagreb 2019., 336 str. Jadran Kale - Tomislav Oroz, Gdje si bio 1573? Lica i naličja Matije Gupca u praksama sjećanja, Naklada Jesenski i Turk i Kulturno informativni centar, Zagreb 2018., 303 str. Jadran Kale - At Home but Foreigners. Population Transfers in 20th Century Istria, ur. Katja Hrobat Virloget, Catherine Gousseff i Gustavo Corni, Annales University Press, Kopar 2015., 229 str Lada Stevanović - Disrupting Historicity, Reclaiming the Future, ur. Silvana Carotenuto, Francesca Maria Gabrielli i Renata Jambrešić Kirin, Unior Press (“L’Orientale” Università degli studi di Napoli) i Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Napulj, Zagreb 2019., 368 str. Ana Smokrović - Kamen na cesti. Granice, opresija i imperativ solidarnosti, ur. Lada Čale Feldman, Lidija Dujić, Maša Grdešić, Renata Jambrešić Kirin, Anita Dremel i Nataša Medved, Centar za ženske studije i Institut za etnologiju i folkloristiku, Zagreb 2019., 146 str. Orlanda Obad - Framing the Nation and Collective Identities. Political Rituals and Cultural Memory of the Twentieth-Century Trauma in Croatia, ur. Vjeran Pavlaković i Davor Pauković, Routledge, New York 2019., 245 str. Monika Bregović - Folklore. Electronic Journal of Folklore 77. Tematski broj “Human-Animal Relationship in Belief Narratives”, ur. broja Mirjam Mencej, ur. Mare Kõiva i Andres Kuperjanov, Folk Belief and Media Group of Estonian Literary Museum, 2019. Monika Bregović - Americana 8/2. Tematski broj “Interspecies Dialogue in Postmillenial Filmic Fantasies”, gost. ur. Anna Kérchy, ur. Réka M. Cristian i Zoltán Dragon, Department of American Studies, Institute of English and American Studies, University of Szeged, 2017. Nada Kujundžić - Teaching Fairy Tales, ur. Nancy L. Canepa, Wayne State University Press, Detroit 2019., 478 str. Dubravka Zima - Stoljeće djeteta u Hrvatskoj. Djetinjstvo i školovanje u 20. stoljeću, katalog izložbe, ur. Štefka Batinić i Elizabeta Serdar, Hrvatski školski muzej, Zagreb 2019., 277 str. Vilma Benković - Kazivač. Časopis za etnološke i kulturnoantropološke teme 3/3. Klub studenata etnologije i kulturne antropologije (KSEKA), Zagreb 2019., 250 str. Marijeta Bradić - Konferencija Filozofsko-znanstveni aspekti veganstva, Novoosnovano udruženje studenata filozofije NOUS, Odsjek za filozofiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 29. 5. – 1. 6. 2019.
More...Keywords: Pius II (Enea Silvio Piccolomini); John Hunyadi; Matthias Corvinus; Vlad III the Impaller (Dracula); Mehmed II; crusading; humanism; state-building; identity; corruption;
One of the political letters, deemed worthy to be cited and copied by Pope Pius II (olim Enea Silvio Piccolomini) in his Commentaries, was the message allegedly sent by Vlad III the Impaller(Dracula), voivode of Wallachia, to Sultan Mehmed II on November 7, 1462. The missive was the textual embryo of Book XI, chapter 12 (Iohannis Dragule immanis atque nefanda crudelitas, eiusque in regem Hungarie deprehensa perfidia, et tandem captivitas), covering over a fifth of the chapter. The Dragula chapter was placed between the depiction (in chapter 11) of the Viennese conspiracy against Albert VI of Habsburg, the rival brother of Emperor Frederick III of Habsburg (April 1462), and the emphatic presentation (in chapter 13) of the royal anti-Ottoman request sent by Stephen Tomašević, the new king of Bosnia, to Pius II (roughly a year earlier, in the late summer of 1461, a date the pope failed nevertheless to mention, though he extensively quoted both the oration of Tomašević's envoys and the subsequent papal response). The case of John Dragula explicitly linked chapters 11 and 13. Frequently overlooked, the chapters bordering the infamous deeds of the voivode of Wallachia formed its logical political context, founded on Matthias Corvinus. The son of John Hunyadi, who had executed John Dragula's father, Vlad II Dracul (just Dragula according to the pope), was (as recorded also by Pius II): (1) the overlord (i.e. suzerain) of John Dragula, (2) the archrival of Frederick III, and (3) the challenged suzerain of Stephen Tomašević. Prior to the Dragula issue of 1462, Pius II had loyally served Frederick as his secretary and envoy (from late 1442 until he was elected pope in August 1458) and had sent a crown for Stephen Tomašević's royal coronation on Christmas Day 1461 (against the opposition of Matthias, whose Bosnian rights Pius II claimed however, in his Commentaries, to have defended). Starting with the case of John Dragula, the most famous Wallachian in Enea's/ Pius' writings, the study focuses on the actual case at hand: that of humanist/ pope and his designs for an continent and a faith in turmoil.
More...Keywords: Libraria; Biblioteca Județeană Mureș; biblioteconomie; bibliologie; carte veche; carte bibliofilă; istorie locală; servicii de bibliotecă; Biblioteca Teleki; carte veche românească;
The Cultural Palace in Tîrgu Mureş was built between 1911-1913 in Secession Style, the Austro-Hungarian version of Art Nouveau Style. The arhitects were Komor Marcell and Jakab Dezső. It was decorated by many famous artists of the time with motifs inspired by local folklore and history. From the beginning, it was designed to shelter some public institutions as: Ethnographic Museum, Public Library, Art Museum, Academy of Fine Arts, Cinema, Art Gallery. At the opening of the Public Library, 319 volumes were available to the readers, but the next year there already existed 7.340 publications. The book collection was initially consisting of donations from other libraries, institutions or individuals. The Library`s first manager was Molnár Gábor, and its first librarian was Aurel Filimon. They managed to organize the Library in a librarianship way and to grow the number of the books, magazines and newspapers by searching and asking for donation. The Library has been developed along in time. Today it contains almost one million library documents. It works in the same space from the beginning, but their functions were obtained more rooms and other sections were opened in the Cultural Palace, in four Tîrgu Mureş neighborhoods, in the Parc Complex. Throughout time, the Library was visited by numerous local, national and international personalities, who signed in Library`s Golden Book. Nowadays at the Library are kept four incunabula and many old and rare books. The librarians try to buy the latest books published on the editorial market. A special section is „Teleki-Bolyai” Library. Bibliotheca Telekiana is a historic public library founded by the Count Sámuel Teleki in 1802, at the time when Transylvania was part of the Habsburg Monarchy. The Teleki book collection contains over 40,000 volumes. Teleki compiled and published a four-volume catalogue (Vienna, 1796-1819), divided according to general topics. Teleki's instructions concerning the operation of the library are also presented in the catalogue (Volume II). It was completed with other collections as: the Bolyai Biblioteca Judeţeană Mureş 16 Library with over 80,000 volumes, the Miscellaneous Collection made up of several private libraries previously held by religious schools and those of a Franciscan Monastery. Today, it is one of the richest Transylvanian collections of past centuries’ book culture. It`s well over 200,000 volumes. The library possesses 67 incunabula, the oldest of which is „Liber de Homine” by Galeotto Marzio printed in Bologna around 1475. Approximately 20,000 pages of manuscripts by Farkas and János Bolyai are among the library's most praised pieces. It also contains many old and rare books. Today, the continuously growing book collection is focused on scientific subjects, specialising in history, local history, cultural history, and social sciences. Many people use the Reading Room and the museum is visited by thousands of tourists every year.
More...Keywords: vestments; sticharion; orarion; epitrachelion; sakkos; omophorion; pectoral cross; engolpion; episcopal mitre; pastoral staff;
Regarding the significance of liturgical vestments in the Byzantine liturgical commentaries, three directions can be distinguished: one that associates the various garments with the moment of the Passion of Christ the Savior, a second direction that connects clerical vestments with the radiance and immaculate of the angels, and a third, by which they are seen as signs of divine grace working in and through the clergy of the Church. If the existence ofthe first two directions is evident in the first Byzantine commentary(of St. German of Constantinople, 8th century), the third direction can be noted in the comments of Saints Nicholas Cabasila and Gregory of Sinai, strongly influenced by the hesychastic current, which dominated Byzantine theology in the fourteenth century. The last Byzantine commentator on the Liturgy, St. Simeon ofThessalonica († 1429) only summarized the meanings of theliturgical vestments attributed by earlier Byzantine commentators.
More...Keywords: Middle Ages; patriciate; lineage; demography; Ulcinj; dragoman
Based on historiographical findings and the documents from the State Archives in Dubrovnik, the historical role and activities of members of one of the most important patrician lineages of Ulcinj are considered prosopographically and multidisciplinarily. The chronological, genealogical and onomastic compatibility of this lineage to expatriates of Ulcinj, Antonine family Gabro of Dubrovnik, are pointed out, too. The Dabris are recorded in available historical sources from the 14th century to the 1600s. Their prominent social position vividly reflects the centuries-old manifold contacts and challenges of life on the border. Especially exemplarily in that regard were the personage and the fate of the young interpretor Pasquale Dabri.
More...