Keywords: educational institutions; Transylvania; XXth Century; the period between the two world wars; statistics ofstudents
Our analysis presents the changes in the Transylvanian educational institutions and in the number of their students, according to levels of education, school types and the maintainers of the schools. The available statistics are incomplete and this did not allow us to make an exhaustive and complete presentation of the development of public education in the region. Nevertheless, we can more or less reconstruct the main characteristics of the education market and of the institutions of the educational system between 1918 and 1948 based on the data presented in our paper.On the territories annexed to Romania after World War I, and especially in the parts gained from Hungary, state schools were established in a higher rate than the national average, either through the nationalisation of institutions of Hungarian language or through the construction of new schools. The large-scale developments in infrastructure had two reasons. The first reason was to consolidate the position of the Romanian population living in the newly acquired territories as opposed to Hungarians and Germans and to the denominational schools run by minorities.The other reason was the changed role of the state in the public education. Prior to 1918 in Transylvania, in line with the practice of Hungary, educational institutions were primarily maintained by denominations, while in Romania the role of the denominations was insignificant in this respect. Thus, the Romanian state basically aimed at implementing its existing school policy also on the newly acquired territories.All these resulted in the fact that while in the 1920/1921 school year only 32.7% of the primary schools were functioning in Transylvania were maintained by the state or by the communities, by 1928/1929 this proportion jumped to 77.8%.This switch in proportion can also be observed in case of lyceums and upper girls’schools, although to a smaller degree.The data on Romanian students already indicate the effects of school policy of the Romanian Government. Prior to 1918 in Romania – thanks to the reforms of public education minister Spiru Haret –heavy emphasis was placed on practical education. This approach made its way to Transylvania, and resulted in the increased proportion of Romanian students in trade, vocational and housekeeping schools which exceeded by far the proportion of the minorities. Further factors also contributed to this: vocational schools were maintained by the state and the language of instruction in these schools was Romanian. The fact that these types of institutions were accessible for the Romanian population living mainly in rural areas is not incidental either.The proportion of Romanian students was dominant also in teacher training schools, which ensured the supply of pedagogues who were meant to fulfill the need for teachers of the expanded primary school system. Commercial schools and lyceums were also maintained primarily by the state, and this was also visible in the proportion of Romanian students. Consequently, these institutions not only ensured the closing-up of the educational gap between the Romanian population and the minorities but also established the basis of the ethnic elite change (Romanians were employed in state offices, cultural apparatus, and as professional intelligentsia).Higher education essentially mirrored the situation of secondary schools. In the case of Romanians and Jews we can again observe the overschooling, with the notable difference that in the case of Jewish students there was a decreasing tendency while in the case of Romanian students there was a continuous increase. In the period between the two world wars the supply for new generations of intelligentsia for the minorities slowed down and did not meet the societal demands.On the other hand, the number of Romanian graduates increased as a result of the “Romanianisation” of secondary schools with Matura and increased the numberof students enrolled in universities.The evolution of the Transylvanian educational system and that of the educational market were defined all along by the state policies (the elite formation strategies and the ethnic policies).
More...Keywords: Dissent; Opposition; Human rights; Romania; Repression; Securitate; Political police;
From the mid-1960's dissent developed steadily in the Soviet Union and after the signing of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act also in the countries of Eastern Europe. However, this did not happen in Romania, where dissent remained only a constellation of personal histories. Why did this happen? We tried to address this by giving answers to a series of questions: what was dissent? who were the Romanian dissidents and how did they act? Which were the elements to encourage or, on the contrary, to block the development of dissent in Romania? Trying to solve this puzzle, we organized our book as a series of sequences. The first sequence conceptualizes dissent, by placing it in a geographical, political and temporal space. The second sequence presents the most representative acts of dissent in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in order to find the roots of this new form of opposition and to examine its dimension in different communist societies. The third sequence is devoted to Romanian dissent. Drawing from sociology we built a typology of dissent from a social and professional perspective. Therefore, we identified four types of dissent: religious, scientific, literary and ethnic. For each of these types we offerred an account of the main features of the domain in the 1970's and the 1980's and we analyzed dissent within the specific field. In addition, under the name of „party dissent” we analyzed some of the few stands against Nicolae Ceauşescu. This book presents also thorough case studies for the most important Romanian dissidents: Paul Goma, Vlad Georgescu, Father Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa, Mihai Botez, Doina Cornea, and Dorin Tudoran. Finally, we thought it was important to bring forward the two factors that influenced the development and dissemination of dissent in Romania: the Secret Police (Securitatea) and Radio Free Europe. Dissent was mainly ethical. The public critique of the communist regime, denouncing its evils and abuses, was only part of the dissident activity. What proved to be more important was the fact that dissidents concentrated on building alternative ways of living under the communist rule. It was truth, honesty, competence, and respect for a different opinion that stood at the basis of their endeavor. Dissent did not overthrow the communist regime by itself. However, it planted the seeds for a free and healthier society in the post 1989 era.Volume awarded with the "Nicolae Bălcescu" Prize of the Romanian Academy, 2016.From the mid-1960's, dissent developed steadily in the Soviet Union. After the signing of the 1975 Helsinki Final Act, it flourished in the countries of East-Central Europe. However, dissent was very scarce in Romania. Why was Romania different? We tried to address this question by giving answers to a series of other questions: what was dissent? Who were the Romanian dissidents and how did they act? Which were the elements to encourage or, on the contrary, to block the development of dissent in Romania? Trying to solve this puzzle, we organised our book as a series of sequences. The first sequence conceptualises dissent, by placing it in a geographical, political and temporal space. The second sequence presents the most representative acts of dissent in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in order to find the roots of this new form of opposition and to examine its dimension in different communist societies. The third sequence is devoted to Romanian dissent. Drawing from sociology we built a typology of dissent from a social and professional perspective. Therefore, we identified four types of dissent: religious, scientific, literary and ethnic. For each of these types, we offered an account of the main features of the domain in the 1970's and the 1980's and we analysed dissent within the specific field. In addition, designated as „dissent within the Party” we analysed some of the few stances that several Communist Party leaders took against Nicolae Ceauşescu. This volume also draws thorough case studies for some of the most important Romanian dissidents: the writer Paul Goma, the historian Vlad Georgescu, Father Gheorghe Calciu-Dumitreasa, the mathematician and futurologist Mihai Botez, the professor Doina Cornea, and the poet Dorin Tudoran. Finally, we thought it was important to bring forward the two factors that influenced the development and dissemination of dissent in Romania: the Secret Police (Securitatea) and Radio Free Europe. Dissent was mainly ethical. The public critique of the communist regime, denouncing its evils and abuses, was only part of the dissident activity. What proved to be more important was the fact that dissidents concentrated on building alternative ways of living under the communist rule. It was truth, honesty, competence, and respect for a different opinion that stood on the basis of their endeavour. The dissent in itself did not overthrow the communist regime. However, it planted the seeds for a free and healthier society in the post-1989 era.
More...Keywords: Moldova;Identity;textbook analysis;History textbooks;
The work is the result of the project Geschichtslehrbücher zwischen politischer Propaganda, nationalistischen Konstruktionen und Wissenschaft. Untersuchungen zur Entwicklung des Schulfaches Geschichte in den posttotalitären Staaten Südosteuropas am Beispiel der Republik Moldau, der Ukraine und Rumänien started in 2005 and completed in 2008, implemented in partnership with „Georg Eckert” Institute for International Analysis of Textbooks and due to the financial support of „Gerda Henkel” Foundation, Germany.The work comprises the following parts: introduction, the role of history in society development, teaching history in the Republic of Moldova – between ideology and propaganda, conclusions and recommendations, sources and bibliography, summary in English and index of names, the main text being enriched with tables, annexes, and pictures.In Chapter I, The Role of History in Society Development, the author approaches several aspects regarding history as science, the relations between history and politics, the right of every citizen for access to authentic history, relations between history education and national identity, the role and importance of history in the system of education, the place of history curriculum in the national system of education and the importance of the school textbook in achievement of the educational objectives.In Chapter II, History Teaching in the Republic of Moldova: Between ideology and political propaganda, the following issues are discussed: the policy of the Communist Party in the Soviet times – pollution of history science, from the national idea to the national curriculum (1988/89-2001), development and publishing of the school history textbooks (1991-2009), history between reform and counter-reform (2001-2009) and history teaching in Transnistria separatist region.The author comes with the list of conclusions and recommendations. In the Republic of Moldova there is no unity and continuity in history teaching. Frequent interventions in history teaching have not allowed forming qualitative history education in citizens. For reconciliation in history teaching and historical content in the Republic of Moldova, some specific steps are to be taken in the following fields: politics, finance, and administration; publishing, curriculum design, and textbook development, as well as printing and dissemination of textbooks. Thus, the author recommends the Government of the Republic of Moldova: to carry out a series of actions through which they will ensure that education is a national priority; to provide a legal and legislative background for qualitative education; to develop mechanisms of public debates on educational policies; to bring contribution to the development of national publishing industry based on the principles of competition; to support research referring to textbook development and assessment; to promote and facilitate exchange of information regarding research in the field of curriculum and educational materials; to develop partnerships among governmental and non-governmental institutions expressed in partnership agreements, as well as agreements between two or more parties in the field of educational policies; to establish forms of regional cooperation in the field of history teaching in order to educate young generations for better understanding between neighbors; to promote mutual understanding among nations that would help understand everybody and fight prejudice and mutual outcast; to facilitate and encourage contacts among professional associations of historians and teachers at both the national and international level in order to allow exchange of experience, ideas, and suggestions on curricula, textbooks, teaching methods, and research in history.
More...Keywords: Bessarabia;Russia;
Proceedings of the International Conference which are debating various aspects of theBucharest Peace Treatment of 1812. 200 years of annexation Bessarabia by Russian Empire
More...Keywords: Moldova;University;Education;Biographic Research;
A collective book on history of the university careers, institutions, social networks, biographies, interviews from the Republic of Moldova
More...Keywords: Moldova;USSR;Communist party;Communist regime;Communist regime in Romania;Terror;
The book on Communist regimes in Eastern European countries
More...Keywords: Great Britain;Romania;Modern Age;
The book on the Great Britain and the Union of the Romanian Principalities (1856 - 1859)
More...Keywords: Bessarabia;USSR;Deportation;
The book on Soviet Deportations in Bessarabia 1940-1941, 1944-1956
More...Keywords: Moldova;USSR;Culture;
The book on Cultural policy in the Moldavian SSR, 1944-1956
More...Keywords: Transylvania; Orthodox Church; bishopric; Vasile Moga; documents;
The present material aims at realising an excursion into the Transylvanianuniverse at the beginning of the 19th century, marked by the re-installation of theRomanian Orthodox hierarchy due to the bishop Vasile Moga (1774-1845). The articlefocuses on the context and the machinations behind bishop Vasile Moga’sconsacration, the ecclesiastical and architectural policy (bishop Vasile Moga being thefirst spiritual leader that has managed to get into the fortress of Sibiu through acquiringa new building), the educational guidelines (through the foundation of ,,the priests’school” and of ,,the teachers’ school” from Sibiu as well as through supporting someyoung students within the great European universities), the bishop’s relation with thesubordinated clergy (priests, protopopes, consistory assessors, theologians) andpractices of promoting, the relation with the Greek-Catholic Church from Transylvaniaand also the relation with the scholar Gheorghe Lazăr. Significant passages arededicated to the comparative analysis of the personality and of the activity of the twogreat Transylvanian Orthodox leaders from the 19th century: Vasile Moga and AndreiŞaguna. Apart from these, the paper presents for the first time, in an transliteratedversion, a series of documents referring to Vasile Moga’s bishopric, including histestament, identified in the ecclesiastical archives from Sibiu.
More...Keywords: URBAN-INCERC; conferinţă; conference; urbanism; amenajarea teritoriului; spatial planning; construcţii; buildings; constructions
Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of constructions, architecture, urbanism and territorial development, 12th edition.
More...Keywords: URBAN-INCERC; conferinţă; conference; urbanism; amenajarea teritoriului; spatial planning; construcţii; buildings; constructions
Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of constructions, architecture, urbanism and territorial development, 13th edition.
More...Keywords: URBAN-INCERC; urbanism; amenajarea teritoriului; spatial planning; construcţii; buildings; constructions
History of NIRD URBAN-INCERC: research in civil engineering, architecture and spatial planning.
More...Keywords: labor market; unemployment; cultural organization; workforce;
The European Union has been dealing with an increasing unemployment in several member states. There is a shortage in the demand for labor. National and EU institution try to solve these challenges by different means. The appliance of cultural organization techniques from management theory is such a need. The purpose of this paper is to study the attempts of EU member states in creating a more efficient and effective institutionalized system for the labor market using cultural organization as a mean to decrease unemployment, increase the demand of labor and better placement for the European workforce.
More...Keywords: Universitatea de Stat "Alecu Russo" din Bălţi; colocvii ştiinţifice; Filip Nicolae (1926-2009); universiti libraries;
Volumul cuprinde materialele de la ediţia a 6-a a Colloquia Professorum "Tradiţie şi inovare în cercetarea ştiinţifică", desfăşurată la 29 septembrie 2016, ediţie dedicată Anului profesorului Nicolae Filip, care ar fi împlinit vârsta de 90 de ani.
More...Keywords: maroeconomic environment; hedonic market; pricing strategy; property
The increase of prices for residential property is going through an annual increase (yoy). In the third quarter of 2017, residential property prices were estimated to grow by 3.99% (yoy), higher than 3.17% (yoy) in the second quarter of 2017. Based on the typeof building, the highest increase in house price is expected to occur in small type of building (7,79% yoy). Property investment in West Java also experienced an increase as reflected in the rise of property price index in the third quarter of 2014. The strategy of property pricing is allegedly influenced by macroeconomic environment and hedonic market. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of macroeconomic environment and hedonic market on the property pricing strategy in West Java. The research was conducted by quantitative method. The unit of analysis and observation unit in this research is the customer of the property company in West Java. Observation conducted using time horizon which is cross section / one shoot that means information or data, collected directly at the scene, empirically at one time that is end of year 2017. The population is property companies in West Java, with sample taken as many as 50 respondents. Hypothesis testing is done by usePartial Least Square (PLS). The results show that the macroeconomic environment and hedonic market both influence the pricing strategy. The macroeconomic environment has a more dominant influence than the hedonic market in the formulation of pricing strategy. The results of this study are expected to provide benefits for property management companies in West Java that in the formulation of pricing strategies must consider the macroeconomic environment of population, household income, and interest rates. In addition, the pricing strategy should also consider the hedonic market aspect, especially the environmental and location aspects, physical structure, physical environment, and investment.
More...Keywords: URBAN-INCERC; conferinţă; conference; urbanism; amenajarea teritoriului; spatial planning; construcţii; buildings; constructions;
Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of constructions, architecture, urbanism and territorial development.
More...Keywords: URBAN-INCERC; conferinţă; conference; urbanism; amenajarea teritoriului; spatial planning; construcţii; buildings; constructions;
Includes abstracts of the papers presented in the research conference on constructions, economy of buildings, architecture, urban and territorial development.
More...