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The Hoard of Juchid Coins (Second Quarter of the 15th Century) from Alexeyevsky District of Tatarstan: to the problem of the 15th-century Bolgar Ulus mints

Клад джучидских монет второй четверти XV в. из Алексеевского района Татарстана. К вопросу о монетных дворах Булгарского улуса в XV в.

Author(s): Oleg V. Stepanov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Middle Volga region; 15th century; Bulgar vilayet; Bilyar; Jochid numismatics; hoard

The find of a new 15th-century hoard of coins from Bilyar area is discussed. Analogies to other numismatic complexes of the region are offered. The method of comparison of the finds of coins and their types makes it possible to draw a conclusion about the existence of a mint that had emitted silver coins in the second quarter of the 15th century.

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Problems of Studies of the Golden-Horde Period Sites in the Territory of the Bilyar Hillfort Site and Its Environs

Проблемы изучения памятников золотоордынского времени на территории Билярского городища и в его округе

Author(s): Zufar G. Shakirov,Fayaz Sh. Khuzin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Central Trans-Kama region; basin of Maly Cheremshan river; Golden Horde; Bilyar and its environs;medieval towns;

In the vicinity of Bilyar (“Great City”), the capital of pre-Mongol Volga Bulgaria, there are 249 archaeological sites referring to the 10th — first half of the 15th century. Of these, 59 date back to the pre-Mongol and the Golden Horde periods, while 20 archaeological sites refer exclusively to the era of the Ulus Jochi. The collapse of the Great City occurred in 1236. This fact is established by both written and archaeological sources and serves as another argument in support of the view that the coins with the name of al-Nasir li-Din Allah were minted in the 1240s. Recent studies have made it possible to localize the restored “Golden-Horde Bilyar”, where coins were minted in the second half of the 13th century, not on the site of the destroyed city, as was thought previously, but rather in the territory of the vast Bilyar III and the Toretskoye settlement sites located 3 km north-west of it. The number of settlements declined almost 3-fold — up to 8 persons per 1 sq. km, with a corresponding decrease in the population density. The changes in settlement patterns and material culture of the Bilyar area population, characteristic of the other conquered territories as well, reflects the process of provincialization of the former pre-Mongol centers.

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The Mordvinians of the Lower Volga Region under the Golden Horde

Мордва Нижнего Поволжья в золотоордынское время

Author(s): Aleksej Yu. Zeleneev,Yuriy A. Zeleneev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Lower Volga region; Golden Horde period; Mordvins; resettlement; cemeteries;funerary rite;

The article examines settlement of the Mordvinians in the Lower Volga region in the Golden Horde period (second half of the 13th and 14th cc.). Mordvinian settlements and burial grounds are encountered mainly in the forest-steppe zone on the Volga right bank, but sites in the steppe zone and on the Volga left bank are also known. The materials of the burial grounds reveal both Mokshan and Erzyan ethno-cultural characteristic features. At present, there is no reliable data yet on whether it was a forced relocation or independent movement of Mordvinian population.

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Golden Horde Silver Dirhams on the Area of the Ural Steppe

Серебряные дирхемы Золотой Орды в степном Приуралье

Author(s): Irina V. Matyushko,Lyudmila A. Kraeva,Lidiya V. Kuptsova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Ural Steppe; Golden Horde; burials of nomads; silver dirhams; Saray; Khwarezm

The article is devoted to the introduction of a new finding: a silver dirham of the Golden Horde period from the burial near Cheben’ki village, Orenburg Oblast. The coin is dated to 739—740 AH (1338—1340) and is attributed to the reign of Uzbek Khan. The finding is compared to the existing analogies and is considered among other materials prepared for the mapping of dirhams found in burials located in the Cis-Ural steppes. The finds of coins in burials of this region confirm its close contacts with the Lower Volga area and Central Asia in the Golden Horde period.

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The Nogai Horde Western Boundaries. On the History of Nogai Relations with Astrakhan and the Crimea in the 16th Century

Западные рубежи Ногайской Орды. К истории ногайско-крымских и ногайско-астраханских отношений XVI века

Author(s): Maksim V. Moiseev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Volga; Nogai Horde; Astrakhan Khanate; Crimean Khanate; boundaries; political relations;military conflicts;

In the early 16th century, the Nogai Horde reached its natural boundaries, limited from the west by the Volga River. However, this obstacle hampered their migrations, limiting the space required by the Manghits. So almost immediately they started a longed struggle for new territories with their neighbors — the Crimean and Astrakhan khanates. In 1530—1550, the struggle reached its peak, but neither of the parties at war managed to resolve the problem of ownership rights to the territories along the banks of the Volga River and its Delta distributaries in their favor. The problem of nomadic hordes delimitation was ultimately resolved after the conquest of the Volga region by the Russian State.

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Topography and Development of Bagaevka Settlement

Топография и застройка Багаевского селища

Author(s): Leonard Fedorovich Nedashkovsky,Marat Bayazitovich Shigapov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Lower Volga region; Golden Horde; 13th—14th centuries; settlements;material culture;

The article characterizes topography of the Golden-Horde Bagaevka settlement situated in Saratov region of Saratov oblast. The settlement used to belong to the Golden-Horde Ukek city district and existed in the second half of the 13th — 14th cc. Special attention is paid to trench I, where the works were conducted in 2002—2003, 2007—2012 and 2014—2015. Problems related to the purpose of the discovered constructions, distribution of separate categories of finds in them, including the numismatic materials (dated in general starting the late 13th c. to 1360/1361 A.D.), the imports and artifacts connected with various ethnic groups’ presence on the site are considered.

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The Estuary of the Volga River in the Golden Horde Period

Дельта Волги в золотоордынский период

Author(s): Evgeniy M. Pigarev / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Ulus of Jochi; Golden Horde; Volga estuary; hillfort; settlement; suburban environs; micro-region; natural zones

The paper discusses peculiarities inherent in formation and development of the administrative-territorial structure of the Volga estuary in the Golden Horde period, singles out economic micro-regions included in the Khan’s domain and offers geographical characteristics of the lower reaches of the Volga River, which had influenced the development of the Golden Horde cities and the formation of their suburbs.

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Localization of the Gashun-Usta Stow Complex (Stavropol Province, 1890) and Distinction of the Golden Horde Possessions in Central Ciscaucasia

Локализация комплекса из урочища Гашун-Уста (Ставропольская губерния, 1890 г.) и выделение золотоордынских владений в Центральном Предкавказье

Author(s): Vitaly A. Babenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North Caucasus; The Stavropol Upland; Golden Horde period; stow; belt set; belt bowl;ulus;

The article examines proceedings of the 1860—1861 Kuma-Manych expedition that allow specifying the localization of the Gashun-Usta stow in the territory of Stavropol province (guberniya). In 1890, a belt bowl and a belt set were found in the area, dating to the time of Mengu-Timur.The Gashun-Usta site is localized in the vicinity of Basanta village, Arzgirsky district, Stavropol Krai, in the basin of the Chogray River on the north-eastern slopes of the Stavropol Upland.This zone yields plenty of Golden Horde burials. Summer and winter pastures of medieval nomads were located there. Evidence by G. de Rubruk on Bеrke’s encampments can be linked with this territory.

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Lower Trans-Kuban in the 13th—14th Centuries: on the border of cultures and natural zones

Нижнее Закубанье в XIII—XIV вв.: на границе культур и природных зон

Author(s): Inga A. Druzhinina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North-Western Caucasus; Golden Horde; multiethnic population; settled tribes;nomads;

The paper presents a summary of the anthropological and archaeological materials from cemeteries investigated on the Lower Kuban River. The author concludes that a multiethnic population emerged there in the 13th—14th cc. AD. Its core was apparently formed by the Alans, Bulgars, Zygians, with participation of the settled Polovtsians. The anthropological material points to metisation of population, which is confirmed by the archaeological data, namely, mixed and unified character of the material and spiritual culture formed on the basis of different ethnic groups.

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Findings of Polovtsian Stone Sculptures as a Source for the Study of the Geography of Polovtsian Encampments in the Kuban Steppes

Находки половецких каменных изваяний как источник по изучению географии половецких кочевий степного Прикубанья

Author(s): Yuriy V. Zelenskiy / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Kuban area; Cumans; Middle Ages; sculptures; museum; collection;source;

The author considers the problem of localization of the Polovtsian stone sculptures on the territory of the Kuban River and eastern Kuban area steppes. The statues have been delivered to the museum starting from the late 19th century and are still delivered today. Before the revolution, the findings were not always localized. In the 1950s to the early 21st century, the statues were delivered from villages located in the territory of the Central steppe area, from the Middle Kuban area, and Eastern Kuban area. The findings of the Polovtsian stone sculptures are a valuable source on the geography of the Polovtsian nomad encampments of the Kuban area.

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On the Internal Topography of the 13th—15th-Century Settlement “Zheleznodorozhnoye-1” (Krymsk District, Krasnodar Krai): preliminary observations

О внутренней топографии поселения XIII—XV вв. «Железнодорожное-1» (Крымский район Краснодарского края): предварительные наблюдения

Author(s): Vladimir P. Mokrushin,Evgeniy I. Narozhny,Pavel V. Sokov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North-Western Caucasus; Golden Horde settlements; agricultural environs; burial grounds; Black Sea region; Italian trade; export of grain from the Kuban region

This work is focused on the internal specificity of the “Zhelezodorozhnoe-1” settlement in the Krymsk District of Krasnodar Krai. Together with two other synchronous Golden Horde sites, it is considered a consolidated economic center. Compared to the other large-scale sites, such as “Zhukova” settlement and Angelinsky Yerik, or “Shakhrak city”, after I.V. Volkov, these objects adjoin the periphery of the large “Copario area” (after I.V. Volkov, located in the area ranging from Golubitskaya village to Chyorny Yerik farmstead). In the context of the sources, these facts allow raising the problem related to the possibility of participation of the settlements in question in the exports of grain to Caffa, where from it was reexported to Europe.

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The Adygeyan Pottery of the Golden Horde Period from the Collections of the State Museum of Oriental Art (Moscow)

Адыгская керамика золотоордынского времени в фондах Государственного музея Востока

Author(s): Ludmila M. Noskova / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North-Eastern Black Sea region; Adygeya; the Golden Horde period; 14th—15th centuries; cemetery; kurgan; ceramics;pottery;

The paper discusses a small collection of 14th—15th-century ceramics from the excavations by the Caucasian archaeological expedition of the State Museum of Oriental Art in Adygeya and the Eastern Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is discussed. Most of the pottery comes from the Shendjiy kurgan cemetery (Adygea) and late medieval burial ground in the village of Kabardinka (near Gelendzhik). Several of the vessels were found on the banks of the Krasnodar Reservoir, where the late medieval funerary sites are situated. The material is divided into two groups: those from the left bank of the Kuban River and from the Black Sea region. The vessels are represented in different forms of jugs and mugs predominantly. All the vessels are made of red clay, which is typical for the Adygeyan ceramics of the Golden Horde period, and are produced on slow rotation potter’s wheel. Most of the jars of the second group have a side drain — a rim in the shape of oenochoe (“towards yourself”), which is a typical feature of the vessels from the Black Sea region. These forms of vessels disappear in the left-bank Kuban region. At the same time, the jugs with tubular drain appear in the ceramic complexes as metal jugs imitations. In general, the ceramic forms represented in the collections of the Museum of the Oriental Art complement the main types of kitchenware, common in the North-Western Caucasus in the 14th—15th centuries.

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Madjar, a Сity of the Golden Horde, by Written, Cartographic and Visual Sources

Город Золотой Орды Маджар по письменным и картографическим источникам

Author(s): Yury D. Obukhov / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North Caucasus; Golden Horde period; Madjar; cartographic sources; visual sources

The researchers’ interest in Majar, a Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, has become obvious since the 18th century and still exists nowadays. In spite of the existing seemingly extensive historical evidence of the 14th through to 20th centuries, related to the description of the city existence and exploration, there remain quite a number of questions, which attest to the fact that the sources available have not been extensively processed. The combined analysis (not ventured before) of all available written, cartographic and illustrative sources without exception, with the involvement of newly identified ones, alongside with the application of modern GIS technologies, will have a positive effect on the study of the Madjary hillfort site and its practically unstudied environs.

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French-speaking Travelers of the Past about the Golden Horde Sites in the Caucasus (Madjary Hillfort)

Франкоязычные путешественники прошлого о памятниках золотоордынской эпохи на Кавказе (городище Маджары)

Author(s): Ekaterina L. Sosnina / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: North Caucasus; Golden Horde period; Madjary; written and visual sources; architecture

The article offers information about the Majar hillfort — the remains of the largest Golden Horde city in the North Caucasus, which is contained in the travel notes, letters, memoirs and other kind of records and drawings by foreign travelers of the 18th—19th centuries. They were: S. Turkay, an emigrant from Hungary; Ferrand, a French doctor; nobleman Aubrey de la Motret, a French traveler; Jan Potocky, researcher of the Caucasus, a descendant of the Polish magnates, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Adele Hommaire de Hell, a French writer and traveler, member of the French Geographical Society. These sources have not been translated into Russian and remain little known to researchers.

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Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data

Animals for Food in the Golden Horde City of Old Orhei (Republic of Moldova): Topography and Archaeozoological Data

Author(s): Luminiţa Bejenaru,Ludmila Bacumenco-Pîrnău / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Golden Horde; Old Orhei; food; archaeozoological data; topography

The archaeological level of the Golden Horde period is analyzed, and this assemblage is compared to the level of the 15th—17th centuries in order to account for a diachronical variability of food resources of animal origin on the Old Orhei site.The study of medieval Old Orhei is mainly focused on the diversity of food resources as reflected by the archaeozoological analysis. Previous archaeozoological studies on the medieval period in Old Orhei discussed aspects related to animal species identified on the site and the proportion of wild and domestic species. The consumers of animal products especially differed by their ethnic belonging. Thus, in the period of Mongol (the Golden Horde) occupation, the main domestic species used in alimentation were the sheep/goat (Ovis aries/Capra hircus), the cattle (Bos taurus) and the horse (Equus caballus), while later — after Mongol retreat, the livestock of the local economy was mainly represented by the cattle (Bos taurus) and the pig (Sus domesticus).The hunting records a very low rate (0.24% NISP) during the Golden Horde period; the low occurrence frequency of wild animals’ remains in this cultural level is quite surprising, since the documents of the time contain information emphasizing that the Mongols used to greatly rely on hunting, which was practiced for different purposes: to compensate a food shortage, to secure furs and hides, to keep fit for future battles, etc.

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Topography of Azak Pottery Production

Топография гончарного производства Азака

Author(s): Svetlana A. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Golden Horde; Azak; potter’s workshop; localization; kiln; semifinished items

The article offers data on pottery production topography, based on the results of archaeological excavations of the Golden Horde city of Azak in 1961—2015. The material studied made it possible to single out several pottery production districts located in the north-eastern, south-western, central and south-eastern parts of the city; to establish their approximate borders and preliminary dating, as well as to reveal location peculiarities of the workshops that had belonged to 1st and 2nd group potters, who differed according to technological production level and their genetic origins.

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North-Eastern Azov Sea Region and Middle Reaches of the Seversky Donets River in the 13—14th Centuries (the impact of natural and geographical factors on the peopling of the territory)

Северо-Восточное Приазовье и среднее течение Северского Донца в XIII—XIV вв. (влияние природно-географического фактора на заселение территории)

Author(s): Eduard E. Kravchenko / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Azov Sea region; Seversky Donets River; Golden Horde period; nomadic camps; hillforts; routes;natural zones;

A study of the Golden Horde sites in Donbass territory revealed that they had been formed in close connection with the natural and geographical situation in some parts of the region. The steppe region used to serve as the nomadic pastoralism domain. In the middle reaches of the Seversky Donets River, peopled by sedentary population since ancient times, large settlements had been established which served as trade, craft, and administrative centers.

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The Topography of Burial Grounds of Golden Horde Azak and their Impact on the Urban Planning

Топография городских могильников золотоордынского Азака и их влияние на общегородскую планировку

Author(s): Andrei Nikolaevich Maslovskiy / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Azak; Golden Horde; cemeteries; topography;planigraphy;

Excavations of Azak are held in every district of the city. That’s why now it is possible to study some questions of planigraphy of big city of the Golden Horde. The paper contains information about 38 discovered burial sites of 13th—14th cc. Short data about these sites origin is also given. Mapping of the objects shows certain logic in their location. Burial sites appear nearly at the same time. Each of two arc-like burial zones appears as a result of an administrative policy, which ordered to place graves outside from the habitable districts. But soon sites of an earlier period became surrounded by residential estates. The second arc-like zone of burials appeared as a result of this process.

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Some Questions of Historical Geography of the Middle Don Region in the Era of the Golden Horde

Некоторые вопросы исторической географии Среднего Подонья в эпоху Золотой Орды

Author(s): Mikhail V. Tcybin / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Middle Don region; Golden Horde; Russian settlements; nomadic burials;mausoleum;

Are characterized monuments of the Middle Don region in the the Golden Horde period. They relate to different groups of population: are settlements with Russian ceramics and nomadic graves, mausoleums, burial grounds and settlements. New data of anthropological researches are provided. Comparison of data of archeology and written sources is carried out.

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The Military Organization of the Nomads of the Crimea in 12th—14th Centuries

Военная организация кочевников Крыма в XII—XIV веках

Author(s): Victor N. Chkhaidze / Language(s): Russian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: the Crimea; medieval nomads; burials; military organization;Cumans;

The report presents differentiate according to the degree of arms 49 male burials kochevnikov medieval (12th—14th centuries), which were identified in 56 cemeteries in the Crimea. Based on the analysis of materials, three groups of military burials of nomads: 1. Heavily armed cavalry with metal protective arms and a full set of weapons and melee; 2. Cavalry without defensive arms, or with a non-metallic armor, also with a full set of chopping weapons and ranged weapons; 3. Light cavalry armed only with bows and arrows, swords rarely. The picture presented of the military organization of the Polovtsian society in Crimea, which existed until the inclusion in the composition of the Polovtsian troops of the Golden Horde.

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