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When presenting the accomplishments of Polish researchers in the years from 1982 to 2013 concerning money in Ancient Egypt, it is worth recalling earlier studies because they constitute important points on the map of our achievements; they are still discussed in international literature. These include some publications by Stefan Skowronek dealing with the Alexandrian mint and different aspects of its issues during the Roman period until Diocletian’s monetary reforms. His later studies already fall within the time frame of the following research. Altogether, they comprise a list of major publications about Alexandrian coins, primarily about their iconography, also viewed from a synthetic perspective. Alexandrian coins, that is, issues from the time of Roman rule from Augustus to Diocletian, which Giovanni Dattari called Numi Augg. Alexandrini, are marked by unique iconography. Apart from an analysis of selected research questions, Stefan Skowronek presented, in broader terms, the merging of local and Greco-Roman trends, their religious and political aspects. Barbara Lichocka also contributed to the iconography of Alexandrian coins. Among others, she studied the iconography and cult of Nemesis, as well as suggested a new interpretation (as Artemis) of the female figure standing in front of an altar and facing Apollo as depicted on the coins of Antoninus Pius.The archaeological excavations conducted by Polish missions in Egypt forced the necessityto publish new findings. These publications included works by Aleksandra Krzyżanowska (anannotated catalogue of coins from Tell Atrib and articles concerning coins from this archeological site, a research paper on a small group of late Roman coins from Deir El-Bahari) and Barbara Lichocka (studies of coins from different periods unearthed on Kom El-Dikka in Alexandria, a catalogue of Byzantine coins from Marea baths and a publication of coins from Naqlun). Dorota Malarczyk examined Umayyad coins found in Marea. Piotr Jaworski published coins issued in Egypt and found in Ptolemais. Katarzyna Lach provided a general overview of coins recovered from the Polish-American excavations in Berenice. Adam Jegliński drew up a study on an assemblageof coins from Kom El-Dikka in Alexandria and proposed an interpretation of the context. The chemical composition of coins was investigated to a limited extent for some categories of coins from Kom El-Dikka, primarily of those cast during the late Roman period and the few silver/billon coins from the Roman period (Claudius, Nero).The coins unearthed during excavations are often a starting point for further detailed analyses.The topics that were discussed were relevant not only for one archaeological site, but forexpanding the knowledge of money in Egypt, both minted locally and flowing in from otherregions as a result of Diocletian’s reforms. Works which are worth mentioning in this contextinclude Aleksandra Krzyżanowska’s paper on the long period of circulation of Ptolemy VI’s coins and the so-called Arabic-Byzantine coins, and Barbara Lichocka’s discussion concerning the late Roman cast coins found on Kom El-Dikka.An analysis and interpretation of terracotta molds for copying late Roman coins is undoubtedly a subject whose research, conducted indepently by Aleksandra Krzyżanowska and Barbara Lichocka, contributed to a better understanding of manufacturing and circulation of cast coins. The issues of money circulation were not often raised by Polish researchers. Therefore, it is worth indicating the highly-valued study by Andrzej Kunisz on the circulation of gold money in Egypt, based on an analysis of the most important hoards found in Egypt. Andrzej Kunisz addressed, among others, a controversial issue of production of gold coins under Vespasian, which could have been minted in Alexandria. This thread was later pursued by Katarzyna Lach. The earliest issues of coins, from the pharaonic times, were not analyzed in detail. However, two monographs (by Jarosława Bodzek and Mariusz Mielczarek) where they were mentioned cannot be omitted. Ptolemaic coins were not an object of great interest among Polish numismatists either. Nevertheless, there are interesting observations made by the historian Ewa Wipszycka concerning the monetary policy of the Ptolemies, recorded in her handbook of Greek history. Articles by Agnieszka Fulińska and Barbara Lichocka deal with the message conveyed through the iconography of Ptolemaic coins.The scarcity of publications with analytic-synthetic approach is still noticeable. Undoubtedly,it is connected with the lack of good libraries. More studies should be done on coins struck inEgypt and preserved in the collections of Polish museums. We have the catalogues of collections displayed in Cracow (Stefan Skowronek, supplement by Katarzyna Lach), Łódź (Mariusz Mielczarek), Wrocław (Gabriela Sukiennik) and Toruń (Aleksandra Krzyżanowska). Intensification of the study of collections and the necessity to publish catalogues of coins found at archaeological sites are essentials; they will certainly open further research possibilities. Polish numismatists have made their contribution to popularizing knowledge of Ancient Egypt. An outline history of Alexandrian minting in the Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine periods by Janina Wiercińska is a collection of three texts, richly illustrated and adapted for a reader who does not possess arcane knowledge of numismatics. It can be said that much credit goes to Polish researchers for exploring topics related to excavations and for analyzing many specific issues. Many studies were published in congress languages and the papers in Polish are often supplemented with a summary in English or French, which makes it possible to share the results with international scientific community. The coinage of Egypt issued under Ptolemaic and Roman rule until the end of the third century, and the coins unearthed in Egypt, including these from the period after Diocletian’s reforms, when the closed currency system was not in effect, also attract active interest of numismatists from other countries, with whom Polish researchers are involved in a scientific discussion.
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Keywords: disabled persons; persons with disabilities; social inclusion; work integration; social rehabilitation; vocational rehabilitation; activation services; non-governmental organizations
The paper describes two main approaches to activation services offered to persons with disabilities: social (re)integration (rehabilitation / inclusion) and work integration (vocational rehabilitation). Work integration is characterized as an aim and result mainly of the state policies while social inclusion is characterized first of all as a phenomenon of activities undertaken by associations and foundations from the third sector. Author arguers for the complementary character of relation between social inclusion and work integration programs. Both have to produce an empowerment effect through their services. It is also stressed luck of co-ordiation of activation services offered by different institutions as state fund called PFRON, social integration centers, social welfare agencies and job centers.
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The ruling house and core tribes of the Khazar empire did not share the same tribal or, in many instances, ethnic origins as those of the Kaghanate's diverse subject population. The Khazar rulers were heirs of the Türk kaghanal charisma. Although aspects of sacral rule and dual kingship can be seen in the Türk and other Inner Asian nomad-based empires, it was only in Khazaria that the Kaghan became a sacralized, tabuized figure. This transformation occurred in the 9th century and may reflect the influence of the Ors, the Khwarazmian-Iranian guard of the Kaghan and the chief minister drawn from their ranks.
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Keywords: urbanism; map; strategy; territory; tradition
Lucrarea de faţă îşi propune să prezinte structura sistemului ierarhic de planificare spaţială în Germania, dezvoltând fiecare nivel de planificare şi anume planificarea la nivel federal, la nivel de Land, la nivel de regiune şi la nivel de comună, prezentând mai apoi şi Legislaţia specială a planificării urbane, capitol care include următoarele subteme: Măsuri de reabilitare urbană, Măsuri de dezvoltare urbană, Restructurare urbană, Oraşul social şi Ordonanţa de conservare. Următorul capitol îşi propune să încerce să răspundă la întrebarea dacă actualmente planificarea spaţială în Germania trece printr-o perioadă de criză, aducând o serie de argumente în acest sens. Astfel că acest capitol se împarte în mai multe subteme printre care se numără şi instrumente de planificare pe timp de criză şi sarcinile de viitor ale planificării spaţiale. Mai apoi lucrarea dezvoltă teoria formulată de Christensen în anul 1985 privind comportamentul în faţa nesiguranţei în procesul de planificare. Christensen, tematizează necesitatea ca planificatorul (urbanistul) să joace rolul de comunicator, mediator. El trebuie să se lupte nu numai cu o nesiguranţă analitică în procesul de planificare, dar şi cu o nesiguranţă sistematică. Planificatorii înţeleg nesiguranţa ca fiind principalul obstacol în procesul de planificare, încercând să o reducă, iar Christensen propune în primul rând o înţelegere mai bună a calcului nesiguranţei la nivel de planificare spaţială. Ultimul capitol abordează planificarea participativă, acest subiect fiind pus în discuţie pentru prima oară în Germania în anii 60, în ziua de azi discuţia participării cetăţenilor la marile decizii în ceea ce priveşte planificarea fiind un nou indicator democratic, formulând centrul noilor metode de planificare în Germania. Din păcate însă participarea este actualmente înţeleasă ca un elemnt ce deranjează, constrânge aşa zisa bună desfăşurare a proceselor de planificare, procesul de paticipare presupunând şi mai mult timp, personal şi bani.
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Keywords: Economic Policy; Telecom Sector;
Një pamje influencuese në shkrimet bashkëkohore akademike, është pamja se transformimi radikal i sistemeve ekonomike të EQL dhe integrimi i ardhshëm i këtyre vendeve në sistemin me bazë tregu, si në BE, jep dëshmi në mbështetje të teorive të globalizimit që theksojnë se si vendet e modernizuara konfirmojnë tendencat e ekonomisë globale. Për më tepër, përvoja e EQL, është marrë si bazë për të treguar se në sistemin e botës moderne ekonomike, shteti modern është relativisht i dobët përball tendencave të globalizimit. Eshtë aktual një debat i gjerë rreth këtij problemi të përgjithshëm, brenda të cilit mund të identifikohen të paktën tre argumente të ndryshme.
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Keywords: sacred text; slavonic language; manuscript; Holy Bible
The translation of sacred text into Romanian is the greatest achievement in Bible studies in St. Antim’s time. Although very expensive, the books that were out of print were now much closer to believers than before they were translated, first because the doctrinal barriers within the Synodal framework that allowed the authorization of these Church translations were overcome. At the isagogic level, introductory texts point springs, translators, or recensors, and general data about inspirational authors, place and time of writing.
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Keywords: Yugoslavia; Italy; Tito; Pertini; 1979; bilateral cooperation; territorial dispute;
The resolution of the territorial dispute between Italy and Tito’s Yugoslavia, as a result of the London and Osimo agreements in 1954 and 1975 respectively, paved the way for improving the Yugoslav-Italian relations. The process of normalization encouraged close political and economic cooperation between the two countries as well as considerable Italian cultural influence in Yugoslavia. Besides, the Yugoslav-Italian rapprochement was reflected in frequent high-level contacts between the political elites of Yugoslavia and Italy during the 1960s and 1970s. During his visit to Yugoslavia, in October 1979, the Italian president Sandro Pertini discussed with the Yugoslav party and state leader, Josip Broz Tito, the most important aspects of the Yugoslav-Italian relations as well as the burning global issues, such as the situation in the Middle East and Indochina, the détente, the non-alignment as well as the Italian role in the European Economic Community. The transcripts of the conversations between the two veteran politicians and their teams, which took place on 11 and 12 October 1979, indicate the highest level of mutual cooperation as well as their similar attitudes towards a broad spectrum of global topics, such as the détente, the Non-Aligned Movement, the situation in the Middle East and Indochina. The two presidents signaled their readiness to sett le the remaining disputes between the two countries, in particular concerning the rights of the Italian minority in Yugoslavia as well as the Croatian and Slovenian communities in Italy. Pertini and Tito expressed satisfaction with the improvement of the relations between Yugoslavia and Italy despite their opposite ideological preferences and their participation in the different global coalitions – the North Atlantic Alliance and the Non-Aligned Movement respectively.
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Keywords: Second World War; Comintern; Yugoslavia; USSR; Soviet-Yugoslav relations; Partisan war; uprising in 1941;
У раду је на основу адекватне архивске грађе урађен покушај реконструкције улоге ИК КИ и совјетских обавештајних служби у избијању устанка у Србији 1941.
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Keywords: modernism; avant-garde; censorship; art in the SFRY; Yugoslavia; Tito; 1960s;
Avant-gard on exhibitions, on theatrical stages, on cinema screens and in concert halls was one of the specific features of the art scene in socialist Yugoslavia. The cream of the world avant-gard started arriving in Yugoslavia already in the 1950s and Yugoslav artists started creating works in the spirit of modernism and avant-garde. The presence of avant-garde sent into the world an image of an extremely modern, liberal and free country in which the avantgarde became the mainstream, in a way. However, the presence of the avantgarde in Yugoslavia doesn't present the true picture of artistic life. Exactly the time when avant-garde was on the ascent in Yugoslavia, was the time of court bans and pressure on artists. Films were banned, criticized or disappeared from cinema repertoirs (The Town, The Return, The Trap, A Man from the Oak Forest, Morning...), and consorship hit theater too, where only in 1968/69 plays Hats Down, As Pumpkins Bloomed and The Second Door to the Left were taken off the repertoir. Similar pressure was visible in the case of the journals Književne novine or Student who suffered governemnt blows in the late 1960s. Openness for fredom of the form, but not openness for critical examination of reality were characteristics of artistic life in SFRY.
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Keywords: communism; modernization; Polish People’s Republic; canteen; culinary culture
The pattern of home kitchen to which the first French restaurants turned out became anachronic in the face of the increase of catering properties in 19th century and the need to prepare meals on a massive scale. Return to systems similar to home kitchen but used in catering was implemented during First World War canteen projects. A similar one was realized in the 1920s in Soviet Union but in this case the development of collective kitchens had to implement the ideological plan of home kitchen degradation. Discrediting homemade food for meals in canteens was to attempt and abandonment of time consuming cook of small portions prepared at home according to traditional recipes. The project of canteens development on massive scale took place in Poland since the beginning of 1950’s. Referring to the Soviet patterns mechanized kitchens, using semi-prepared meals and producing standardized dishes reasonably turned out to be in practice an unfulfilled utopia. Slogans of kitchen modernization in Poland during the first two decades of communist regime should be considered as ideological postulate that greatly remained in the sphere of unrealized project actually suited “higher” meaning the practices of institutionalization – through attempts of rationalization and control of everyday life practices.
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Keywords: textile industry workers from Łódź; practices of living; kitchen; house; space
The lack of a room in the architectural block of a house that would serve the function of a kitchen – a feature of unicameral housing built for workers before World War II. Only the collected and spaced out equipment and objects established the landscape of the kitchen (people and objects), in which the residents cooperated and which “evoked” certain interactive responses from the human side. In the article, from the perspective of residential habitation, I look at objects and their structuring within a fragment of the space of a flat called a kitchen. I rely on the material collected during many years of research on the interior of housing for workers’ families, which I conducted with students of ethnology at the turn of the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century in Lodz, among residents of tenement houses and family homes built by manufacturers for “their” workers. Among the collected accounts, I choose the ones that the workers who deal with the families lived in the same apartments before and after the war, because I want to look at living as a practice that connects with generational staying in a certain space and passing patterns of her domestication.
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Keywords: Golden Horde; khan; successor; legitimacy; reign; annals; Arab sources
The question of Tinibek’s regiment is ambiguously considered in historiography. Russian, Western European and Arab sources, which cover the problem of devolution after Uzbek khan’s death, have been analyzed in this research. These documents let us think that Tinibek wasn’t a khan of Sarai. That point is also confirmed by the absence of silver coins minted on behalf of Tinibek. Benedict Pope’s letters represent some interesting information, according to which Janibek could become a heir in the lifetime of his father. However, Tinibek’s actions after Uzbek’s death show that he wished for occupying Sarai’s throne and did not intend to stay as a regent in Sygnak.
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Keywords: Seversky Donets Basin; Late Bronze Age; settlement of Mechetne-2; stone buildings; Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture
In 2013, the expedition of Luhansk National University conducted rescue archaeological research at the Late Bronze Age settlement Mechetne-2 near Kamenka village in the Lugansk region, Ukraine. The remains of two stone buildings exposed to the intensive devastation were studied. The house-building traditions and ceramic assemblages belong to the Srubnaya (Timber-grave) cultural and historical community. The material found in the filling and on the floor of the buildings belongs to the early stage of Berezhnovka-Maevka Srubnaya culture.
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Keywords: Eastern Europe; Old Rus; jewelry decoration; Volhynian type earrings; embossing; granules
The “Volhynian type earrings” are typical for the full jewelry dress of the population of Eastern Europe in the 10th — the beginning of the 11th century. We put the attention for the decorations with a hollow pendant, welded from two halves, which we selected in type “A” of “Volhynian earrings”. Their production on the territory of Old Rus’ is confirmed by finds of dies from the burial of a jeweler in the Peresopnytsky cemetery in Volhynian and at the Gnezdovo settlement in the upper reaches of the Dnieper River. Outside Eastern Europe, such decorations are known from the territory of Poland, Hungary and Sweden.The studied items vary by overall dimensions, design of the rings and suspension. The rings are especially different in size and set the decorating parameters, whereas the suspension, for all its morphological differences, does not differ much in length. There are two variants for rings. The first is a smooth ring. The second one is a smooth ring, unchained in the lower part; one more element is attached to it, creating the effect of “lunula”. Rings with lunula are very characteristic for this type of jewelry. Variants with simple rings are less common, but they bring these products closer to other varieties of “Volhynian earrings”. Pendants are significantly different in proportion (there are more elongated, there are broad, squat) and decor characteristics. Judging by the sufficient variability of the pendants, there were quite a few masters with dies and skills for making these complex elitist ornaments.
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Keywords: microzone; Trinca; Neolithic; houses; manufacturing complexes
The article represents information about the archaeological situations in the microzone of Trinca, Edineţ district, Republic of Moldova, where there have been discovered five sites with different materials, characteristic of the Middle and Late Eneolithic. Excavations were conducted on two settlements (Izvorul lui Luca and La Şanţ), and resulted in unearthing dwelling, manufacturing and utility complexes as well as some pottery. The other three were recorded during some saving excavations. All sites rank high on both sides of the gorge formed by the river Draghişte.
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Keywords: Chuy Valley; early 13th century; Krasnaya Rechka hillfort; glazed pottery; porcelain; Mongol Conquest; fire layer
The Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site, the largest medieval site in Semirechye and the Tien Shan region, was investigated in 2008—2011. In general, the studied complexes are dated back to the second half of the 11th and the 12th centuries. In the upper construction horizon, traces of a strong fire have been recorded. This layer is dated to the early 13th century on the basis of the finds of imported glazed ceramics and Chinese porcelain of the Late Song period. The written accounts make it possible to identify the Krasnaya Rechka hillfort site with Nevaket city and link its collapse to either the destruction by the Kara-Kitai army of Balasagun city (together with its surroundings, to which Krasnaya Rechka hillfort probably belonged) in 1210, or with Genghis Khan’s 1218 campaign.
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Keywords: Middle Volga region; Golden Horde; administrative division; urban centers; climatic zones
The author discusses features of the Middle Volga region historical development in the second half of the 14th to first half of 15th c., in the Golden Horde decline period. The specificity of the three climatic zones of the Middle Volga region, which determined the economic structure and the originality of the population’s material culture, is taken into account. Following the economic boom and the growing number of urban and rural settlements in the first half of the 14th century, a decline and urban life degradation are traced later, as well as the population migration to the north due to military conflicts and climatic changes. On the other hand, new settlements, cities included, emerged in the Middle Volga in the late 14th to first half of the 15th century as a result of the influx of the Golden Horde servicemen, the Volga Finns and the Russians. In the first half of the 15th century, independent Tatar fiefdoms, or beilyaks are established here, and simultaneously prerequisites for the emergence of independent states — Kasimov and Kazan Khanates — are formed.
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Keywords: Ulus Jochi; Khwarezm; Urgendzh; Uichik; Qutlughkend; Saraijuk; Saray; Golden Horde numismatiсs
Based on the comparison of recently discovered numismatic facts with the Arabic manuscript text of al-’Umari and Kazakh legends recorded in the 19th century, the names of two towns have been established — Uichik and Qutlughkent, which were located on the caravan route from Urgenj to Saray. Uichik is localized in the vicinity of modern Atyrau (Republic of Kazakhstan). “Qutlughkent” could possibly be the early name of the city of Saraijuk. A misinterpretation by V.G. Tiesenhausen in the Russian translation of al-’Umari’s text has been corrected.
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Keywords: Crimea; Genoese Gazaria; Caffa; Campagna of Caffa; Soldaia; Cembalo; Vosporo; Consulate;historical geography;
In the second half of the 14th century, the property of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea covered the whole of the Crimean coastal line and was named the Genoese Gazaria. The historical geography of the various administrative units of the Genoese Gazaria is considered: rural district of Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo Consulates, domains on the Southern Coast of Crimea, and on Kerch and Tarkhankut Peninsulas. Results of historical topography studies of four fortified Genoese cities — Caffa, Soldaia, Cembalo and Vosporo — are provided.
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