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A Field Study on the Approach of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to the Information and Communication Technologies and Its Required Skills

Küçük ve Orta Boy İşletmelerin Bilgi İşlem ve İletişim Teknolojileri ve Becerilerine Yönelik Yaklaşımları ile İlgili Bir Alan Araştırması

Author(s): Orhan Koçak / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2011

Keywords: SMEs; Information Technologies; Productivity; Industry; Flexible Working

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the main driver of a country’s economic growth. SMEs are thought to be an important source and factor in job creation and they provide flexible working opportunities for the white collar workers. The importance of the SMEs is growing since they have an important impact on the economy which is recently in crises. The rising unemployment rates of the countries cause many social and economic problems in the world. Therefore, SMEs, as an engine in economies, should be studied in terms of their adaption of new technologies which are the most important means to enter new markets and create new jobs. With the globalization, SMEs couldn’t go beyond their national borders as much as big companies did and lagged behind of the new global markets. To be able to reach new customers who are far from their countries and to compete with their rivals in both national and international arena, SMEs should adapt to the information and communication technologies. These technologies make them faster and stronger by establishing new channels, reducing time to market, providing opportunities to work more flexible and creating new jobs. In order to catch up with these new developments, which make the firms more competitive, SMEs should consider the ICTs as a strategic integral part. In this study, it is aimed to find out to what extend small and medium companies use information technologies, if they integrate these technologies into their business processes, cut their costs by using ICTs and want to invest more for information technologies.

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Challenging the Official Discourse on Return Policies: the Relevance of a Sociological Approach in Post-War Bosnia-Herzegovina

Challenging the Official Discourse on Return Policies: the Relevance of a Sociological Approach in Post-War Bosnia-Herzegovina

Author(s): Sandrine Bretonnière / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Refugees; Internally Displaced Persons; Bosnia and Herzegovina; Institutional return policy; Armed conflict; Ethnographic research methodology

Favoring the return of refugees and of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) to their pre-war homes is one of the cornerstones of the 1995 Dayton Peace Agreements which put an end to the conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The policy's objective was to reverse the ethnic cleansing perpetrated by warring parties, and to allow individuals and families to restart their lives as soon as possible (a common assumption being that refugees are in a time and psychological limbo). Based on ethnographic data collected over four years in the post-war period, I will show that return is a dynamic and multi-directional process, with complex individual and collective parameters. The decision to return is neither uniform nor universal; it is a personal response to fear, trauma, experience in exile or in displacement, and one's ability to adjust to a post-war environment with new constraints. In this perspective, my purpose in this article is to underscore how qualitative research methods allow the emergence of a social reality largely downplayed (or ignored) by political and institutional actors.

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Organizational Actively Management for Opportunity Hunting

Organizational Actively Management for Opportunity Hunting

Author(s): Naser Fegh-hi Farahmand / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Organizational Actively Management; Organizational Opportunity; Opportunity Hunting Approach; Opportunity Hunting Policy;

Organizational Actively Management (OAM) is the responsibility of every manager. Because, an approach for OAM is becoming more widely accepted is a community-based development approach. In Opportunity Hunting Approach (OHA), OAM is the responsibility of every manager for his/her actions. OAM is using from top to bottom development model. According to the survey of market and customers, after understand customers’ needs, organization then decide how the quality policy and target will develop, from there the actively management system can be developed. The aim of this study in field of organizational actively management and policy of it can provide the specific process required for setting up and monitoring the actively target. As it also is customer-oriented, it aims to improve customer satisfaction. In addition, the actively target should be set up and implemented within every organization department and at each level, in accordance with actively policy. Furthermore, organization should develop the actively management system, in order to conform to general requirements and actively target.

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The Strategic Impact of Information Technologies on Supply Chain and Business Performance

The Strategic Impact of Information Technologies on Supply Chain and Business Performance

Author(s): Hasan Kürşat Güleş,Vural Çağliyan,Mustafa Bedük / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2012

Keywords: Supply Chain Management; Information Technologies; Business Performance;

In this paper, the effect of a new supply chain design on the business performance was analyzed in the context of information technologies. For that purpose, by using case study method, a company that operates in fast-moving consumer goods industry (FMCG) in Turkey and possesses and uses a supporting tool named as SAP APO software as an information technology to perform supply chain operations was examined. Under the scope of the study, supply, production and distribution planning processes are modelled and implemented in short, medium and long terms. Implementation results demonstrate that restructuring of the supply chain by using information technologies has positive effects on business performances criterions like supply, production and distribution.

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Prominent figures and official proletariat i.e. language creation of clerical environment in Józef Korzeniowski’s novel Kinsmen

Wyższe figury i proletariat urzędowy, czyli językowa kreacja środowiska urzędniczego w powieści Krewni Józefa Korzeniowskiego

Author(s): Jowita Żurawska-Chaszczewska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: linguistics; writers' language; semantics; stylistics;

The analysis of the nineteenth century Józef Korzeniowski's novel Kinsmen shows the varied world of Warsaw clerks in which the young combated poverty and the rich got promoted quickly. The administration which was being created that time in Warsaw, which was annexed by Russia, opened itself for the becoming impoverished nobility who was looking for its place, still respected aristocracy and bourgeoisie. Creating Warsaw clerical environment Józef Korzeniowski reaches for the vocabulary mainly connected with career and work in administration, as well as for general vocabulary connected with administration, names of professions and functions, names of titles, names of clerk's family members connected with the function he performed, names of forms of employment, names of workplaces and offices, names of office furniture, names of pay, names of certificates necessary to get a job, names of office tools and materials but also – by situating clerks in created by himself novel illusion of reality – he describes it through the vocabulary connected with the realities of the nineteenth century, such as names of clothing, objects or trade vocabulary. Józef Korzeniowski valorizes clerk's work which is reflected in epithets of positive connotations. In his language creation of the clerical world he does not avoid metaphors as well as humorous modifiers and phraseological expressions. They are supplemented with pejorative expressions.

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Sales Forecast with YSA, ARIMA and ARIMAX Methods: An Application in the White Goods Sector

YSA, ARIMA ve ARIMAX Yöntemleriyle Satış Tahmini: Beyaz Eşya Sektöründe bir Uygulama

Author(s): Melih Yücesan / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Sales forecast; White Goods; ANN; ARIMA; ARIMAX;

The white goods sector is one of the locomotive sectors of the country due to the contributions of employment and exports. The technological developments and globalization experienced in recent years are among the sectors that are affected by the changing and competitive conditions. Efficient production planning; must meet the current demand in time and with minimal cost. Determining the current demand is possible with a good sales forecast. In this sense, sales forecasting plays an important role in the success of decision makers. In this study, the sales forecast model for the white goods sector was proposed. The 46 months’ sales data have been used for dishwashers, refrigerators, small house appliances and televisions. The exchange rate, holiday days, consumer confidence index, producer price index, housing sales in the region are used as explanatory variable. It can be said that the most accurate estimates are obtained by using the ANN method when mean squared error (MSE) compared which is the performance criterion.

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EU-Australia Trade Relations – Current Stage and Future Challenges

EU-Australia Trade Relations – Current Stage and Future Challenges

Author(s): Elżbieta Majchrowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2018

Keywords: Australia; EU; FTA; international trade; trade regionalism;

Faced with a visible stagnation in negotiations within the WTO, the EU prioritized bilateral trade agreements. In the EU’s newly-developed trade and investment strategy from 2015 named “Trade for All”, Australia’s significance as Europe’s close partner sharing European values and playing an important role both in the Pacific region and multilateral forums was clearly emphasized. The main assumptions of this strategy have become the starting point for taking more specific actions in the field of regulating trade relations between the EU and Australia in the form of the forthcoming “comprehensive and high-quality FTA.” Moreover, the current climate in the world trade (connected with e.g. American protectionism) is the cause of the EU’s interest in developing partnership with other, more predictable trade partners. Hence, the agreement planned by the EU would contribute to the stimulation of reciprocal exchange, which is of great importance bearing in mind Australia’s successfully signed FTAs with other countries, including those with EU’s key partners. Finally, the question of Brexit is not without significance in this context.

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The Transformation Process in Preschool Education in Łódź after 1918 in the Light of Archive Materials

Proces przemian w wychowaniu przedszkolnym w Łodzi po 1918 roku w świetle źródeł archiwalnych

Author(s): Joanna Sosnowska / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 3 (53)/2019

Keywords: preschool education in Łódź; preschool institutions of various denominations; archive research; education in Łódź after 1918; Board of the city of Łódź

The purpose of the research described in this work was to attempt to show transformations of pre-school education in Łódź after Poland had regained independence in 1918. The research was focused on the issue of organising pre-school education by Łódź local government, when the only institutions for pre-school children in Łódź included social shelters run by charitable organizations, parishes, communities of various denominations, and private individuals. Others issues included the stimuli and circumstances which decided about the organization of the first and the subsequent twelve municipal kindergartens in Łódź. The research was based on source materials kept in the National Archive in Łódź; the analysis included documents collected there (mainly documents of the Department of Education and Culture of the Municipal Board of Łódź). As a result, it was concluded that in 1922 the Board started pedagogical supervision of app. 15 community kindergartens and the inspection of their operation revealed many oversights. That issue became the main reason for action taken by the Łódź local government aimed at opening municipal pre-school institutions. The research has led to the conclusion that the transformations which could be observed in pre-school education after 1918 include, most of all, an attempt to standardize the pedagogical aspects of the operation of community shelters with a various status and to increase the level of education through regular supervision and methodological improvement, as well as starting a network of kindergartens in the city by opening the first municipal kindergarten in 1924.

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“N”AND “D” NOMINALIZATIONS

“N”AND “D” NOMINALIZATIONS

Author(s): Elena Soare / Language(s): English,French / Issue: 23/2019

Keywords: nominalizations; mixed projections; categorization; aspect; plurality;

This paper addresses deverbal nominals denoting events (Complex Event Nominals or AS-Ns, Grimshaw 1990 and Borer 1999 respectively), that have been argued to convey aspectual information. I put a particular emphasis on French -age and -ée nominals, which have been argued to encode grammatical (im)perfective Aspect (Ferret et al. 2010, Knittel 2011). The aim is to contribute to a general syntactic theory of nominalizations involving aspectual projections, and to investigate their interaction with other, in particular categorizing, layers of structure. The analysis distinguishes between n-Nominalizations which involve derivational affixes introducing categorial information, and default D-Nominalizations in which the Determiner embeds aspectual (im)perfective morphology. I demonstrate that outer Aspect (an inflectional layer selecting verbalized structure) is only expected in the latter type of nominalizations, and that in the other cases, a relevant analysis should derive effects on the aspectual calculus by entailments at the level of a Classifier projection, specified in terms of +/−bounded, +/−count.

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Developing STEM Skills in Kindergarten: Opportunities and Challenges from the Perspective of Future Teachers

Developing STEM Skills in Kindergarten: Opportunities and Challenges from the Perspective of Future Teachers

Author(s): Dorota Zdybel,Irena Pulak,Yvonne Crotty,María Teresa Fuertes,Maria Cinque / Language(s): English,Polish / Issue: 4 (54)/2019

Keywords: STEM education; core STEM competencies; scientific thinking in children; preschool teachers; 21st century competencies

The article has been written as a part of Erasmus+ Project KLab4Kids[1]. Its main aim is to present the idea of STEM education to readers, to explain the interdisciplinary nature of STEM education as a “meta-discipline,” and to show the possibilities of implementing this type of curriculum/material in a preschool environment. The article consists of three parts. The theoretical part which aims to turn the readers’ attention to the interdisciplinary characteristics of STEM skills. It also analyses different theoretical frameworks and classifications of such skills, and offers a list of core STEM skills which can and should be developed at an early age. The second part is empirical and compares the theoretical assumptions with survey results – the opinions of students of early childhood education – future preschool teachers. In this part we present our initial teacher educators concerns about the essence and objectives of STEM education. In summary, the authors look at some challenges which have to be addressed in order to prepare teachers for a more modern well rounded education which is capable of shaping young children XXI century skills. Article prepared within the frame of Erasmus+ Project “Kitchen Lab for Kids,” grant number 2018-1-PL01-KA201-050857.The article prepared with financial support of EU Erasmus+ programme. The European Commission’s support for the production of this publication does not constitute an endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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Developing Creativity: American Experience based on Interview with Jennifer Lehe, the Manager of Strategic Partnerships, the Centerfor Creativity at the Columbus Museum of Art

Developing Creativity: American Experience based on Interview with Jennifer Lehe, the Manager of Strategic Partnerships, the Centerfor Creativity at the Columbus Museum of Art

Author(s): Małgorzata Muszyńska / Language(s): English / Issue: 12/2019

Keywords: creativity;ecosystem;development;transdisciplinary teaching

In February 2016, I met at the Columbus Museum of Art (Columbus, Ohio, USA) with Jennifer Lehe, the Manager of Strategic Partnerships, Learning Department of the Columbus Museum of Art who gave me an interview on the implementation of projects related to creative thinking and activities of children and young people attending museum extra-curricular programs. The main goals of the Center for Creativity at CMA are the design of the “ecosystem”; (the term used by Jennifer Lehe), such as tasks, which correspond to the complex creative process of the artist. The Creativity Center builds its projects on the basis of scientific concepts. Diversity and creativity form the basis for better understanding of multicultural world, its similarities and differences. The Center provides also the basis for building the predisposition of the discoverer – scientist, who strives to describe new components of creativity, while investigating this process. It creates the ecosystem with community consisting of children, young people, immigrants, scientists representing various disciplines, artists, animators as well as creative but unrelated to art people. Connected elements of this ecosystem form a complementary whole, which is launched towards development of creativity.

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Prospects for Free Trade Between the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union After the Sanctions

Prospects for Free Trade Between the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union After the Sanctions

Author(s): Paskal Zhelev,Anna GARASHCHUK / Language(s): English / Issue: 3-4/2019

Keywords: free trade agreements; Eurasian Economic Union; EU; trade indicators; Sussex Framework;

With growing US protectionism and uncertainties in the transatlantic relationship it is time for the EU to consider diversifying its external ties and look for other allies that support the idea of free trade gains and have a common interest in maintaining the international rules-based trading system. The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) which shares a common neighbourhood and is a crucial supplier of raw materials interested in getting technology transfer represents a natural trading partner of the EU. While there are currently no political (sanctions against Russia) and legal (Belarus is not yet a WTO member) preconditions for starting free trade negotiations, given the high economic significance and positive security implications such a possibility should be considered. This paper undertakes a comprehensive assessment of the potential welfare effects of a possible future EU-EEU FTA based on the Sussex Framework. Such an analysis provides important information on bilateral trade patterns and insights on the economic implications that would be useful once sanctions are removed and bilateral trade relations normalized. The results show that in the long term the aim should be a deep and comprehensive free trade agreement that goes beyond mere removal of trade barriers which could however be a feasible first step.

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Causation and dispositions: Towards a semantic characterization of the French causative verb laisser

Causation and dispositions: Towards a semantic characterization of the French causative verb laisser

Author(s): Marta Donazzan,Clémentine Raffy,Klaus Von Heusinger / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2020

Keywords: causation; syntactic causatives; force dynamics; dispositions;

The French causative verb laisser can enter two different constructions: a monoclausal one resembling the faire-infinitive construction (Kayne 1975, Alsina 1992, Guasti 1996, Folli & Harley 2007) and a biclausal one. While differences in interpretation between these two constructions have been pointed out (Kayne 1975, Enghels & Roegiest 2012), the link between structure and conceptual representation has not been clearly defined yet. In this paper, we tackle the syntax and semantics of causative laisser adopting as a background Talmy’s (1988) force dynamics model of causation. We further show that the link to the selectional restrictions of the causative verb can be made by considering forces as dispositional causal properties (Fara 2001), that is, properties that become relevant with respect to the role of an entity in a causal chain.

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The Contributions of Max Hermann Maxy and Hans Mattis-Teutsch to Der sturm, Ma and Integral. Constructivist Affinities between the Historical Avant-gardes

Le collaborazioni di Max Hermann Maxy e di Hans Mattis-Teutsch con Der Sturm, Ma e Integral. Affinita costruttiviste nelle avanguardie storiche

Author(s): Emilia David / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 66/2017

Keywords: Romanian Avant-garde; Constructivism; Expressionism; Futurism; Dadaism;

This paper examines the cultural exchanges that took place between the directors andseveral leading contributors of a few literary journals that were active within three innovativeEuropean art movements in the early decades of the twentieth century: the Constructivist and “Integralist” circle founded in Bucharest around the literary reviews The Contemporary, 75 HP, Point and Integral, the Expressionists supported in Berlin by the magazine Der Sturm and the Hungarian movement, represented by Ma. Before a distinctly avant-garde group was formally constituted in Romania, the artists Max Hermann Maxy and Hans Mattis-Teutsch had managed to establish close relations with Der Sturm circle, while the latter had also joined the group Ma. The first two parts of this paper will shed light on the most important aspects of the initial phase of this triple collaboration. The birth proper of the Romanian avant-garde, in 1924, announced by the publication of the “Activist Manifesto for Youth” in Contimporanul, occasioned subsequent cultural exchanges between the editors and the representatives of the movements mentioned above. It is particularly interesting that these cultural connections were possible thanks to the fact that all the three artistic circles included in their own aesthetic program Constructivist affinities, which they adapted according to their own ideological needs, combining it with other more or less iconoclastic elements and trends. Therefore, the third part of the paper will analyse several occasions on which these artistic groups communicated successfully between 1924 and 1927, in order to cultivate the belief of a new art.

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THE ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLS FROM A COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

THE ADOPTION OF MANAGEMENT CONTROLS FROM A COMPLEX ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Joshua Mandre,James Kagaari,Levi B. Kabagambe,Joseph M. Ntayi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2021

Keywords: Management control; Adoption; complex adaptive systems;

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether self-organisation predicts of adoption of management controls in manufacturing firms. The study employed the lens of complex adaptive systems theory to investigate the research question. The study used a cross-sectional survey to collect data from 202 manufacturing firms with the use of a multi-dimensional self-administered questionnaire Data were analyzed quantitatively using PLS-SEM. The findings indicate a positive relationship between innovativeness, emergence and adoption of management controls. The hypothesis for networks of interaction was not supported.

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Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction and Its Contribution on Customer Loyalty: Case of Restaurant Industry in Turkish Republic of North Cyprus

Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction and Its Contribution on Customer Loyalty: Case of Restaurant Industry in Turkish Republic of North Cyprus

Author(s): Ercem RUHLUEL,Pelin Bayram / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2021

Keywords: Customer Satisfaction; Customer Loyalty; Service Quality; Mobile Application; Restaurant Industry;

Purpose – The purpose of our study is to analyze the customer satisfaction and loyalty in restaurant industry in Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Considering the restaurant industry, the literature reveals that food quality, service quality, price, location and restaurant atmosphere are the key determinants of customer satisfaction. Although positive relationships were reported in many studies between the traditional determinants and customer satisfaction, it is important to investigate these factors in TRNC since the dynamics and culture of each country can be different. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, 7-point Likert scale survey instrument was constructed and online questionnaire distributed to survey 356 customers through convenience sampling method. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) Analysis was used to test the hypotheses. Findings – Our findings indicate that service quality and food quality make significant contribution on customer satisfaction and there is a positive relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. In addition, food quality is the most important factor influencing the customer satisfaction in restaurant industry. Discussion – In addition to traditional determinants, usage of mobile application and presentation shows in restaurants were incorporated into the proposed research model to examine the relationship with customer satisfaction. Mobile application and presentation shows were rarely investigated in restaurant industry and since there is a hyper-competition in restaurant industry, it is important to find new ways that can promote to customer satisfaction. Furthermore, the relationships between customer satisfaction and loyalty is investigated.

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Analysis of E-Complaint Management in Glamping Businesses within the Scope of a Case Study

Analysis of E-Complaint Management in Glamping Businesses within the Scope of a Case Study

Author(s): Fatmanur Kübra Aylan,Güney ÇETİN GÜRKAN / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2021

Keywords: Glamping; E-Complaint; E-Complaint Management;

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to create a foresight about what kind of method is followed by glamping businesses in e-complaint management and to develop various recommendations along with the results obtained. Design / Methodology/ Approach – “Case study” was chosen as the qualitative research design of the study and the research data were collected with multiple data sources through document review, participant observation and unstructured interview. The data obtained by in-depth, unstructured, face-to-face interview method with the owner/manager of the glamping business on the management of complaints within the scope of the research and 115 comments for the glamping business in the Google Maps application between November 2020 and April 2021 were subjected to content analysis. The obtained data was analyzed by using the previously licensed MAXQDA© 2018 package program. Results – The data analyzed in the research were evaluated under two categories: “e-complaint” and “ecomplaint management”. There are 5 themes under the e-complaint category and 11 themes under the e-complaint management category. The research results have shown that the business responded to positive posts more than negative posts. The business often stated in their responses to the complaints that they were trying to improve themselves, they thanked the guests for their constructive feedback and sharing their experiences and they were sorry for the bad experience. Some complaints were responded only with general statements without any explanatory information, while other complaints were explained not to be true. Discussion – In line with the results of this research, recommendations were made to the glamping business and future academic studies on this subject.

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Denominal verbs and creativity in child Romanian

Denominal verbs and creativity in child Romanian

Author(s): Adina Camelia Bleotu / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2021

Keywords: denominal verbs; L1 acquisition; Romanian; literal interpretation; figurative interpretation;

The current paper looks at the meaning of denominal verbs, i.e. verbs derived from nominal roots, through an experiment testing how Romanian children (Mean age: 4, Age range: 3-5) and adults understand nonce (non-existent) denominal verbs created from existing nouns such as a cireşi ‘to cherry’ or a vulpi ‘to fox’. We show that children tend to be more “literal” in their interpretation, understanding such novel denominal verbs as actions/processes involving the actual entity denoted by the nominal root. In contrast, adults prefer ‘figurative’ interpretations in certain contexts, for instance, when the nominal root refers to an animal (a vulpi ‘to behave like a fox’). The results can be explained either cognitively, through children’s preference for literal interpretations at this stage in language acquisition, or structurally, through a preference for a structure which is simpler from a lexico-syntactic point of view, combining mostly action “light” verbs (rather than a whole range of light verbs) with nouns (rather than roots or OBJECT like N entities). In addition, we notice that both children and adults show an animacy bias, mostly producing sentences referring to animate entities, as well as an intransitivity bias, using intransitive verbs more than transitive ones.

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The Mediating Role of The Psychological Contract in the Effect of Job Demands and Job Resources on in Role and Extra Role Performance

Rol İçi ve Rol Dışı Performansta İş Taleplerinin ve İş Kaynaklarının Etkisinde Psikolojik Sözleşmenin Aracı Rolü

Author(s): Selen DOĞAN,Mehtap Şeker Kayar / Language(s): Turkish / Issue: 1/2022

Keywords: Job Demands; Resources; job Performance; Psychological Contract;

Purpose – The aim of this study is to reveal whether the psychological contract has a mediating role in the effects of job demands and job resources on in-role and extra-role performance. Design/methodology/approach – The universe of the research consists of employees in businesses operating in the furniture and informatics sector in Kayseri. In order to save time and economy in order to obtain the research data, a questionnaire was applied to the employees by using the simple random sampling method and 528 participants formed the sample of the research. The data obtained in the survey study were evaluated and interpreted by performing validity, reliability, correlation analysis and mediator effect analyzes with a statistical analysis program. Findings – In the research, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between transactional and relational psychological contract and job demands and job resources. In addition, it is seen that the relationship between transactional contract and contextual performance is positive, but the relationship between relational contract and task performance is negative. According to the results of the mediation effect analysis in the research, the transactional and relational psychological contract have a mediating role in the relationship between emotional demands and contextual performance, which is one of the sub-dimensions of job demands. It has been revealed that the transactional contract has a mediating role in the relationship between workload and contextual performance, which is one of the job demands, and in the relationship between autonomous working and professional development opportunities and contextual performance from the sub-dimensions of work resources.

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The onset of criminal careers of organized crime offenders in Poland: the relationship between age and crime

The onset of criminal careers of organized crime offenders in Poland: the relationship between age and crime

Author(s): Edyta Sokalska,Monika Kotowska / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: criminal career; organized crime; high-volume crime; criminal behavior; criminal activity

Objectives:The article analyses the influence of the age of organized crime offenders on the committed crimes. The members of organized criminal groups in Poland are taken into closer consideration. The central research questions are: Which crimes are typical for the onset of the members of organized criminal groups in Poland? How old are the Polish members of organized criminal groups at the time of the onset of their criminal careers? Does the age of a person at the beginning of a criminal career influence the type of the first committed offence? Which circumstances in the respondents’ opinion had an impact on the onset of a criminal career at the particular stage of their life?Material and methods:In this particular study statistical analysis and legal methods (including formal legal method) were applied to approach the raised questions and to formulate conclusions. The study is based on the own research, where the research sample was to allow both qualitative and quantitative research.Results:The own research confirmed that in Poland the onset of a criminal career of organized crime offenders is different from the onset of a criminal career of high-volume crime offenders. The motivation, circumstances of the onset of criminal activities, and the profile of criminal actions change and develop in accordance with the age. Findings suggest that the older was a criminal who was breaking the law for the first time, the more thoughtful and rational - at a given stage of life - was the choice.Conclusions:From the perspective of developmental criminology, the influence of the life-course on crime is one of the most important issues. The research results concerning the organized criminal offenders indicate that the analyses of criminal careers not only young but also experienced older offenders are very beneficial.

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