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RURAL AGRARIAN AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE EDIRNE REGION DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

RURAL AGRARIAN AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN THE EDIRNE REGION DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Author(s): Stefka Parveva / Language(s): English / Issue: 3/2000

Keywords: Economic structure of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century; social structure of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century; Edirne region in the 17th century

Navigating through the first wave of change. A synthesis of the action research dissertations of the PhDOD cohorts 1-5, Graduate School of Business, A

Navigating through the first wave of change. A synthesis of the action research dissertations of the PhDOD cohorts 1-5, Graduate School of Business, A

Author(s): Perla Rizalina M. Tayko,Maria Socorro Cristina L. Fernando / Language(s): English / Issue: 26/2014

Keywords: organisational development; research; knowledge; action research; multiple perspectives, PhD

The study focuses on forty three (43) dissertations done by the graduates of the Doctor of Philosophy in Organization Development (PhDOD) from the Graduate School of Business, Assumption University of Thailand, Hua Mak Campus. It is the objective of this article to present a perspective of what has been accomplished by the first five cohorts of graduates in their OD action research so that their work will serve as a reference for other MMOD/PhDOD related studies and MMOD/ PhDOD of students in the program as well as LEMS (leaders/executives/managers/ supervisors) taking initiatives in various organizations where strategic positive change is a goal. It is an orderly summary of the various studies so that “knowledge maybe extracted from the myriad and individual research “(Glass, 2002). The focus of the Content of all the applied research dissertations (ARD) are various types of “organizations” as the “organization of choice” by the students, regarded as the Context of human social systems: composed of people interacting with one another for a common purpose, vision, mission, goal and even values which somehow along the way … encounter, experience, shortfalls, disparities, dysfunctions and at the same time identified potentials. The Process utilized in all the action research work are various OD interventions , initiated by Pre-ODI work and evaluated through a Post ODI testing. Each action research is independent and so there is a wide range of heterogeneity among them. Therefore, rather than a statistical analysis of the action researches done by the graduates, this synthesis aims to present “Stories of Navigations”: journeys that have direction and which have generated a magnitude of transformation at the personal and organizational spheres. Each researcher embarked on the AR-OD journey. Now, every journey has a story to tell.

Western influences on 17th-century post-Byzantine wall paintings in the Peloponnese: Roots in the 16th century

Western influences on 17th-century post-Byzantine wall paintings in the Peloponnese: Roots in the 16th century

Author(s): Xanthi Proestaki / Language(s): English / Issue: 1-2/2010

17th-century wall painting in the Peloponnese shows the trends visible in painting in the two great currents of the 16th century, that of the Cretan school and the school of NW Greece. The influx of Western iconographic elements – whether in the overall pattern, as in the scenes of the Massacre of the Innocents, the Crucifixion and the Noli me tangere, or in details – it is done very discreetly and assimilated into the aesthetic of the Byzantine tradition. Western motifs exert no more than an indirect influence on the style of their work. Despite the teachings of the great creators of wall paintings in the 16th century, Frangos Katelanos and Theophanes, and their sensitisation to humanism and Renaissance art, the Peloponnesian artists of the 17th century, the Kakavas and Moschos families and Manuel Andronos, proved to be more conservative and remained loyal to the aesthetic of the Byzantine tradition. Western elements infiltrated their work through the innovations of 16th-century painting. In isolated cases only, such as the Philosophou Monastery, new themes and motifs were introduced that showed the influence of painters of portable icons, whose clients included both the Catholic and Greek Orthodox bourgeoisie, whose good taste and way of life were influenced to a large degree by the ideas of the Renaissance. The innovations introduced in 17th-century wall paintings in the Peloponnese through the great works of the 16th century constitute examples of an art that is trying to renew itself while remaining faithful to its roots and to its doctrinal content. In this way, the co-existence of various elements of folk origin from daily life can be explained, as artists showed particular interest in the world around them and drew many details from it, objects of daily use, clothing, etc. Despite its conservative nature, 17th-century painting in the Peloponnese succeeded in responding to its era. It is an art which, in terms of its iconographic content, belongs to its times, taking on elements even indirectly from Western art, creating eclecticist agglomerations of features of daily life, and in this way reflecting the thought processes of a subjugated people who were trying to survive by preserving their traditions.

The Romanian Migrants in Spain. An Exceptional Migratory Flow

The Romanian Migrants in Spain. An Exceptional Migratory Flow

Author(s): Rafael Viruela Martinez / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2011

Keywords: Spain; Romanian immigration; geographical distribution; insertion on the labor market; fields of activity

The Romanian population is the most important foreign population in Spain. Romanian migrants are characterized by their large number (about 800.000 residents and 268.000 contract workers) and their rapid growth. The economic and labour motivation for migration determines their geographical distribution, with high numbers of Romanian migrants in cities and in areas of agricultural, industrial and tourist industries. However, a high proportion of Romanian migrants also live in small towns and rural areas. Most of them were already illegal migrants when Romania entered the EU and they became EU citizens. From January 1st 2009, these once illegal migrants now have full freedom of employment in Spain. They adapt to circumstances of each period of time, in order to enter or to remain in the Spanish labour market. Most work in construction and agriculture as well as domestic services, trade, tourism and industries. The current economic crisis and the resulting unemployment have raised the issue of return migration to Romania.Keywords: Spain, Romanian immigration, geographical distribution,

Construction of Communist Power and Powerlessness

Budovanie komunistickej moci a bezmocnosti

Author(s): Zdeněk Konopásek,Zuzana Kusá / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 5/1999

Keywords: Construction; communist power; sociology of science

Construction of Communist Power and Powerlessness. This paper turns attention to the period of state socialism. Its aim is to suggest and illustrate a theoretical and analytical framework for making the communists' power problematic from sociological point of view. We would like to promote such a perspective in which the power of communists is not taken - explicitly or implicitly - as something that explains the logic of life under the communist regime; rather, on the contrary, we present it as something that needs to be explained. As such, our approach is inspired by contemporary sociology of science, especially by Bruno Latour and John Law whose effort is in many respects similar to ours. After a theoretical outline of the approach, we perform its modest practical illustration. We use short extracts from two biographical narratives for an analysis of one particular situation in which the communist power played an important role: the political screenings that followed the military invasion into Czechoslovakia at the end of so called Prague Spring. The screenings are interpreted, in this analytical sketch, as "trials of strength" as well as "real transformations" both of the communist regime itself and all its actors. Above all, we focus on the moments when somebody or something was transformed into a fulcrum, an indisputable and stable entity, or, on the other hand, into a questionable, not-quite-real, because negotiable and reversible network of relations. These moments help us to show the heterogeneous and often surprisingly subtle sources of the political power that constituted state socialism and made it durable.

A Glimpse of the Ideas of Scottish Enlightenment Architecture, Their Reception at the Tsar's Court and in the Baltic German Cultural Area

18. sajandi teise poole Šoti valgustusliku arhitektuuri ideedest, nende retseptsioonist Vene keisrikojas ning baltisaksa kultuuriruumis

Author(s): Epi Tohvri / Language(s): Estonian / Issue: 03/2006

Keywords: Scottish architecture; architecture of the Enlightenment; Russian architecture; Baltic architecture; Robert Adam; Charles Cameron; William Hastie

The article concentrates on the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment architecture and their reception at the Russian Tsar's court during the second half of the 18th century. It also tries to trace the ideas of the Scottish Englihtenment architecture in the Baltic German cultural area.

Textile and Apparel Firms in Turkey and Bulgaria: Exports, Local Upgrading and Dependency

Textile and Apparel Firms in Turkey and Bulgaria: Exports, Local Upgrading and Dependency

Author(s): Gary Gereffi,Evgeni Evgeniev / Language(s): Bulgarian / Issue: 3/2008

Keywords: L67

How should we study and how should we explain industrial and firm upgrading in the host economy? This article builds on these questions by focusing on the textile and apparel industry and firms in Turkey and Bulgaria between 1991 and 2005, and it relies on interviews; quantitative analysis of value added of exports; and results from a survey of 106 firms, complemented by Global Value Chain (GVC) analysis, and secondary research. The authors find that Turkey retains higher value added for the local economy compared to Bulgaria at the end period, although the exports of these two neighboring economies were predominantly concentrated in down-market niches at the beginning of the research period. The firm-level analysis, which is based on evaluation of a set of dependency and upgrading indicators, demonstrates that firms in Turkey are in a better position compared to firms in Bulgaria. The results show higher upgrading of the former compared to the latter at the product, process, functional and organizational level. Moreover, firms in Bulgaria are far more dependent on foreign buyers, concentration in the top export market, foreign supplies and trade agents, than firms in Turkey. The authors conclude that internationalization affects negatively firms in Turkey and Bulgaria, which are in a position of lock-in into low-value added segments of the GVC, and lock-out is difficult unless state and business actors have a shared interest in helping the local firms. Further research is recommended on the institutional component of the GVC’s analytical framework that could be employed in other countries, sectors and market regions, using a complementary methodology – application of quantitative and qualitative tools to study local upgrading.

State Regulations of the Housing Rental Markets in Europe, 1914–1938

Нормативно регулисање стамбеног закупа у Европи, 1914–1938.

Author(s): Aleksandar R. Miletić / Language(s): Serbian / Issue: 3/2013

Keywords: state intervention; rent control system; requisitioning; tenant protection; Southeast Europe; East Central Europe; Scandinavia; Western Europe

This article provides a meticulous analysis of institutional framework behind the state intervention in the domain of housing tenancy relations in Europe during the period under review. Based on relevant sources and a systematic comparative approach the article sheds light on dynamics of development of the phenomenon compared between different countries and regions. A broader European viewpoint and the applied comparative perspectives help in identifying different patterns of institutional frameworks. Based on the nation-state data and analysis, it presents a typology of six consecutive developmental stages of state involvement in housing problems. Comparative perspectives on these policies will be facilitated by means of that typology.

Vieux-Colombier in America (1917-1919)

Starý holubník v Amerike (1917-1919)

Author(s): Miloš Mistrík / Language(s): Slovak / Issue: 03/2006

A prominent Slovak theatrical theoretist and critic is publishing a chapter from the prepared monography on the French director Jacques COPEAU. The theatre Old Dovecot (Vieux-Colombier) led by Jacques COPEAU had a very successful season in 1913/1914. It brought a new approach to the historionic art and a new conception of scenography, a new way of directing, and caused that France was linked with similar movements related to theatre renewal that had been originating in that period mainly in Germany, Russia, but also in other European countries. Shortly before summer 1914 Jacques COPEAU parted with his audience promising to open the theatre again in autumn, with a further development with regard to the programme renewal. But the World War I started. Jacques COPEAU and other actors were recruited and the theatre VIEUX-COLOMBIER Dovecot was closed. The then Prime Minister of the French Government Georges CLEMENCEAU personally suggested to COPEAU to make a tour to the United States of America. From the abroad cultures in the USA of that time, was fully dominating German culture. The permanent German theatre that had been performing in New York, was considered the best in the city, Max REINHARDT got a lot of finance resources to export his stagings into American cities. CLEMENCEAU was fully aware of the art power and besides that, he was a frequent visitor of the VIEUX-COLOMBIER, and moreover, he himself was a man of letters. Jacques COPEAU accepted his offer. He le for America in January 1917. He took with him lectures on his theatrical intentions, which he had planned to offer overseas. An important lecture was organized for him at the Harvard University, where he had a an admirer in the person of a professor Georg Pierce BAKER, whose courses were attended besides others also by Eugene O’Neill. Further lectures were held in New York. The main success was achieved by persuading the maecenas Otto H. KAHN a Francophile who supported the modern art. By the end of 1917 he suggested to COPEAU the same thing what had done before him Georges CLEMENCEAU– to tranfer the whole VIEUX-COLOMBIER to the USA. The introductory performance of the American era of the VIEUX-COLOMBIER theatre took place on 27th November 1917.

Exiled Hungarians in Argentina 1948-1968: The Formation of a Community

Exiled Hungarians in Argentina 1948-1968: The Formation of a Community

Author(s): Judith Kesserű Némethy / Language(s): English / Issue: 05/2012

Keywords: Hungarian exiles; Hungarian diaspora; Cultural history; Twentieth century migrations; Argentine immigration; Cultural identity; Ethnic identity; Dual identity;

This paper presents the cultural activism of a group of Hungarian émigrés who fled their homeland following Soviet occupation at the end of World War II and arrived in Argentina around 1948. It deals with the intellectual activity of these exiles, especially through their cultural and educational institutions. Within five years of their arrival as dispossessed “D.P.’s,” they founded a Hungarian Center (“Centro Húngaro”) that housed, among others, a theater group, a free university, a cultural and scientific academy, a weekend school, and scout troops. At the same time, new periodicals appeared, and a substantive number of books banned in Hungary were published. I argue that it is due to the work of these institutions that the community flourished and is vital to date, in spite of its isolation and lack of reinforcement through new emigrant waves, and in spite of its hostile relationship with the government of the People’s Republic of Hungary and of a series of Argentine economic crises that forced many of its members to re-emigrate. I also discuss the impact the exiles had on their descendants, contending that as a result of the strong cultural foundations laid by them during their first twenty years of emigration, third- and fourth-generation Hungarian-Argentines have maintained to this day a strong cultural and ethnic identity, while fully integrating into Argentine society at large.

Heroes or Thieves? Nepotism, Clientage and Paramilitary Violence in Hungary, 1919–1921

Heroes or Thieves? Nepotism, Clientage and Paramilitary Violence in Hungary, 1919–1921

Author(s): Béla Bodó / Language(s): / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: political violence; anti-Semitism; Hungary; Pál Prónay; Iván Héjjas; clients; mafi a; paramilitary groups; civil war; retreat of the state

This article examines the social context of paramilitary violence and scrutinizes the motives of the perpetrators in Hungary between 1919 and 1921 in a social context. The atrocities committed against middle-class Jews, the article argues, was primarily motivated by greed rather than ethnic and religious hatred; they were favored by the “retreat of the state,” its loss of monopoly on the means of violence and a collusion between the political and social elites and middle-class organizations, on the one hand, and the paramilitary groups, on the other. The article attributes the defeat of the militia movement in Hungary to its leaders’ lack of political talent and the slow restoration of law and order under the conservative government of István Bethlen in the early 1920s.

Bulgaria in the Global Value Chains

Bulgaria in the Global Value Chains

Author(s): Teodora Georgieva,Todor Galev,Todor Yalamov,Fani Koleva,Roumyana Georgieva / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2017

Keywords: innovation; ICT; technological interdependence; R&D

Innovation.bg 2017 observes the technological interdependence of the national economy on a European and global scale. A special focus is placed on the automotive and related industries in respect of which Bulgaria is a magnet for foreign investors not only as a systems integrator but also as an R&D centre and a source of new technological solutions. Innvation.bg provides a reliable annual assessment of the innovation performance of the Bulgarian economy and of the current conditions and development opportunities of the Bulgarian innovation system. The report provides recommendations on the improvement of the public policy on innovation, building on the latest international theoretical and empirical studies and taking into account the specific economic, political, cultural and institutional framework of the innovation system in Bulgaria. The report targets leaders and decision-makers in the public and private sector of the country and abroad.

CORIOLAN PETRANU – REFEREE OF THE HISTORICAL MONUMENTS COMMISSION AND HIS EXPERT ART REPORTS WRITTEN IN ROMANIA DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD. SCATTERED LETTERS

CORIOLAN PETRANU – REFERENT AL COMISIEI MONUMENTELOR ISTORICE ȘI EXPERTIZELE SALE ARTISTICE DIN ROMÂNIA INTERBELICĂ. SCRISORI RISIPITE

Author(s): Nicolae Sabău / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 1/2018

Keywords: Transylvania; correspondence; Historical Monuments Commission; museums; vernacular architecture; art expertise; book donations;

Coriolan Petranu – Referee of the Historical Monuments Commission and His Expert Art Reports Written in Romania during the Interwar Period. Scattered Letters. The present study is a welcome and useful completion of the chapter published by the author in the volume entitled Istoria Artei la Universitatea din Cluj [Art History at the University in Cluj] (Nicolae Sabău, Corina Simion, Vlad Țoca. Coordinator Nicolae Sabău). The article focuses on previously unpublished letters on the topic. The teaching activity of Professor Coriolan Petranu, founder of the Art History Department at the University in Cluj, was beneficially completed after 1920 by his contributions in the field of historical monuments protection in Inter-War Romania and his expert reports in the field of fine arts and of the restructuring of the museums in Transylvania according to the modern principles of European museums. Among his numerous expert reports, the documents/letters under analysis record his observations, actual art historical studies, on projects related to town planning, architecture, public monuments, street furniture and technical works, urban systematization plans etc. (the building sites, liturgical furniture and wall paintings of the Orthodox church in Târgu Mureș and of the Orthodox cathedral in Cluj, the fresco of the festive hall of the Academic College in Cluj painted by master Costin Petrescu, 1938-39), the analysis of certain folk art objects from museums and collections in Transylvania, public and institutional monuments (Avram Iancu’s statue in Cluj, the Union Monument in Arad, Pârvan’s bust from the University in Cluj etc.), expert reports on Romanian vernacular monuments, wooden churches (Poiana, Tălgi, Honțișor, Bocșa Română, Roșiori etc.) and masonry churches (Criscior), his correspondence with artists of the Inter-War Period and the exhibitions he organized (Catul Bogdan, Emil Cornea, Atanase Damian, Aurel Ciupe, Aurel Papp etc., the exhibition Collegium Artisticum Transylvanicorum, Cluj, 1921), his expert reports on works of painting, sculpture, graphic arts and European bookmaking. The correspondence of the art historian from Cluj with intellectuals, professors, art historians, museum directors and library directors of upper and general education institutions from Great Romania, from Bessarabia and Bucovina, was impressive (Petre Constantinescu, Oreste Tafrali, Vasile Ciurea, Al. P. Arbore). He also made generous donations of books and photographic materials to these institutions.

On Ruins and the Place of Memory. A Bosnian Post-Script to Communism

On Ruins and the Place of Memory. A Bosnian Post-Script to Communism

Author(s): Rusmir Mahmutćehajić / Language(s): English / Issue: 01/2011

Keywords: tradition; modernity; cultural heritage; destruction;

In this article, the author explores the nature of traditional wisdom and the ways it came under attack in the most terrible century of human history. The Bosnian town of Stolac suffered the violent depredations of fascists, Communists, and extreme nationalists, culminating in a veritable orgy of destruction, murder, and expulsion during the 1992 to 1995 war, with the systematic “liberation” of the town of every and any trace of the historical existence of difference or the other. The author sees this situation as arising out of the very nature of modernity, the age of alienation and human arrogance. We have become the slaves of our fantasies of mastery and domination, seeking justification not in the transcendental or the divine, but in the works of our own hands, in utopian dreams of this-worldly perfection, and in group identities in which we hope to hide the smallness of our souls. This work of disconnection, deracination, and ideological deformation has found its most terrible expression in great historical projects of destruction and slaughter in the name of Man, Society, and other false gods. This modern folly has turned us against our own cultures, our common spiritual heritage, and all forms of traditional intellectuality and wisdom. It has stripped us of compassion and respect for the other and of understanding for the different. It has made us deny our most crucial debts to the vulnerable and to the dead.

Early 20th Century Miracula Related to St. Anthony’s Wondrous Painting from Sądowa Wisznia in the Light of Archival Sources from the Collection of the Krakow Archive of Our Lady of the Angels’ Province of the Reformed Franciscans

Early 20th Century Miracula Related to St. Anthony’s Wondrous Painting from Sądowa Wisznia in the Light of Archival Sources from the Collection of the Krakow Archive of Our Lady of the Angels’ Province of the Reformed Franciscans

Author(s): Joanna Małocha / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2020

Keywords: St. Anthony of Padua; miracles; venerated painting; Sądowa Wisznia; Reformed Franciscan monastery; Brodnica on Drwęca;

The article is an edition of the archival source containing a list of miracles which took place from ca. 1900 to 1913 through the intercession of St. Anthony of Padua in a painting from the Reformed Franciscan monastery in Sądowa Wisznia. The analyzed text is currently kept in the resources of the Archive of Our Lady of the Angels’ Province of the Reformed Franciscans in Krakow. Note that it does not constitute an independent archive unit, but has been instead incorporated in the hand-written Chronicle of the Monastery in Sądowa Wisznia of 1888–1945. The actual source edition – prepared in accordance with the principles set by I. Ihnatowicz, i.e. a complex, double note system – is preceded by a multi-section introduction. It starts with a brief outline of the unique characteristics of the cult of St. Anthony among the Polish Reformed Franciscans, followed by a short history of the monastery in Sądowa Wisznia and the gracious painting, and closes with an analysis of the miracles. The author did not hesitate to point out analogies with the miracles described in the article and to include reflections on the fragmentary picture of the early 20th-century society of the Eastern Borderlands of Poland based on the sources, in terms of their religiousness and a tendency to put faith in a miraculous power of objects of worship. She also used other sources from the archives (e.g. the mass intention book, the chronicle and the documents of St. Anthony’s Society).

The business of art. The art market in Great Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries

AFACEREA ARTEI. PIAŢA DE ARTĂ IN MAREA BRITANIE ÎN SECOLELE XVII-XVIII

Author(s): Silvia Suciu / Language(s): Romanian / Issue: 11/2021

Keywords: collection; Great Britain; Royal Painter; portrait; art power;

While the royal houses and the aristocracy of Italy, Low Countries, France and Spain had already an history in collecting pieces of art, Great Britain adopted this “fashion” only under Charles the 1st reign, in 17th century. Charles the 1st understood that his painted portraits, sculpted busts and a royal collection of art could bring a higher value to his royal status and this practice was representing the power, the authority and the virtues of a king. He was a prodigious collector and made numerous acquisitions of paintings and statues. He collected the artworks of more than 1750 artists; that formed the basis of Royal Collection, the greatest private collection nowadays. The reign of Charles the 1st was highly significant for the appearance of “Court Painters”, who also had the quality of diplomats at various European courts. Peter Paul Rubens and Antoon Van Dyck have been highly appreciated at the court of Charles the 1st. In his artworks Van Dyck captured the “flamboyant” spirit of the time; he gave brilliance to his characters and transformed significantly the image of the King, providing him a special refinement, as it can be seen in the portraits he painted to Charles the 1st. The next century was marked by painters such as William Hogarth, Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Gainsborough. Hogarth was considered „the most famous painter in London”, and he brought his important contribution to the establishment of a copyright law. His printed graphic series and satirical paintings have been inspired from the social and political reality of his time. Aristocracy’s and bourgeoisie’s emancipation in the 18th century led to the flourishing of the portraiture. Reynolds and Gainsborough were the most desired painters when it came about making portraits and their fame transcended their time.

How funding matters: Reinitiating of New Product Development and the moderating effect of extramural R&D

How funding matters: Reinitiating of New Product Development and the moderating effect of extramural R&D

Author(s): Safi Ullah Khan / Language(s): English / Issue: 4/2022

Keywords: New Product Development; financial constraints; extramural R&D; inter-organizational R&D collaborations; external knowledge acquisition

PURPOSE: We examine whether financial obstacles affect the probability of a firm undertaking previously suspended (or abandoned) innovation projects for new product development (NPD), and whether extramural R&D, as well as the breadth of the types of R&D collaboration (i.e., knowledge sources), moderate the relationship between financing constraints and the probability of restarting previously suspended NPD from selected South Asian economies. METHODOLOGY: This study controls for potential endogeneity in innovation propensity and finance access by employing a recursive bivariate probit model. We also adopt an instrumental variable approach by employing a probit model with continuous endogenous regressor to account for the potential endogeneity between the breadth of collaboration partners and innovation propensity. FINDINGS: Financial obstacles significantly impact previously suspended NPD. Furthermore, extramural R&D positively affects the probability of a firm undertaking NPD projects and attenuates the relationship between financing constraints and the likelihood of restarting abandoned/suspended NPD projects, suggesting that extramural R&D alleviates financing constraints, which increases the likelihood of NPD restarts. However, the breadth of collaborating partners is not positively associated with the probability of a firm restarting NPD. This is consistent with the view that extramural R&D with diverse sets of partners is exposed to the risks of the “two worlds paradox” arising from a firm’s collaboration with universities, research institutions, and consulting firms. IMPLICATIONS: The findings corroborate the view that firms must maintain a balance between their internal knowledge base and extramural R&D to optimize innovation outcomes. Nevertheless, extramural R&D reduces the reliance of financially constrained firms on resource requirements, improves access to financing, and enhances R&D productivity in NPD. ORIGINALITY AND VALUE: We provide the first firm-level and multi-country evidence of the importance of financial obstacles in the probability of reinitiating previously suspended NPD at the execution phase. Second, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between inter-organizational R&D collaboration diversity and the probability of a firm reinitiating previously abandoned (or suspended) NPD.

Critical complaints about Law no. 140/2022 on certain protection measures for persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities and amending and supplementing certain normative acts

Obsevații critice referitoare la Legea nr. 140/2022 privind unele măsuri de ocrotire pentru persoanele cu dizabilități intelectuale și psihosociale și modificarea și completarea unor acte normative

Author(s): Ioan Ciochina-Barbu / Language(s): English,Romanian / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: intellectual and psychosocial disabilities; unconstitutionality; assistance in closing legal acts; notarial procedure;

Unquestionably, the adoption of this normative act was an essential one and of particular importance in the context of aligning our legislation with the requirements established by the Convention on the Protection of Persons with Disabilities, but also in order to follow the considerations of the Decision no. 601/2020 of the Constitutional Court, which found the unconstitutionality of art. 164 paragraph (1) Civil Code, regarding the protection of the natural person with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities through the institution of judicial prohibition. The main objective of this normative act was represented by the creation, in the common law legislation, but also the special one, of legal instruments of support and protection adequate for these categories of persons, which would ensure the respect of their dignity, rights and freedoms, but also of their will, needs and preferences, as well as the safeguarding of their autonomy, there is a need for a paradigm shift in the field, in order to align the national legislation with the requirements imposed by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The sustained efforts of the team in charge with drafting the legal text, to correlate the amendments with the other normative acts, which refer to the complex problems of persons with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, should not be minimized. Following the analysis of the texts of the law, I have also formulated some criticisms regarding the fact that the recitals of the Decisions of the Constitutional Court and of the norms of legislative technique regarding the principle of stability/security of legal relations according to which normative acts must be drafted in a concise, sober, clear, precise specific normative language and legal style, which excludes all equivocation, in strict compliance with the rules of grammar and spelling have not been fully taken into account. Some provisions of Law No. 140/2022 do not fall within the decisions taken by the European Court of Human Rights that have held that the law must be accessible to the litigant and predictable in terms of its effects. When drafting the text of the law, which was in the draft phase subject to public debate, it was not taken into account, in large part, the recommendations of the Legislative Council, the opinions formulated by the 285 organizations of parents with children / adults with disabilities and NGOs in the field of disability, grouped in eight federations, among which the National Council of Disabilities in Romania creating the impression that this normative act was made “on the knees” in order to avoid possible sanctions from the competent fora for not implementing the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

Competences of primary education teachers for monitoring the postural status of the students

Kompetencije učitelja primarnog obrazovanja za praćenje posturalnog statusa učenika

Author(s): Elvira Nikšić / Language(s): Bosnian,English / Issue: 1/2023

Keywords: body posture; posture; competencies; teachers; class teaching;

Among the many competencies that a modern teacher must possess, the competency to monitor postural status is extremely important for children's proper growth and development and the prevention of physical deformities. This research aims to examine and determine the competence of primary education teachers in monitoring the postural status of students. The research was conducted on a sample of N=148 teachers/professors of classroom teaching and N=1105 students of classroom teaching. To obtain reliable (relevant) data, the sample of respondents was taken from the population of 15 different schools in Sarajevo Canton. For the research, a survey questionnaire was constructed for examining teachers. The survey questionnaire was anonymous and contained 10 questions or items. A 5-point Likert rating scale was used. Diagnosing the state of body posture in primary school students was carried out according to the criteria of Napoleon Wolanski (1975), which are based on the determination of segmental dimensions in mutual relations, as follows: D1 - head posture (ODG), D2 - shoulder posture (ODR), D3 - chest posture (ODGR), D4 - shoulder blade posture (ODL), D5 - spine posture (ODK), D6 - abdominal posture (ODTR), D7 - leg posture (ODN), D8 - foot posture (ODS). Deviations are classified according to their size, and they are evaluated with so-called negative points, whereby: 0 points - indicate no deviation, 1 point - indicates a slight deviation, and 2 points - indicate a significant deviation. The number of points for the assessment of body 568posture ranged from 0 points as a minimum to 16 points as a maximum. Excellent posture (0 points), very good (from 1 to 4 points), good (from 5 to 8 points), poor (from 9 to 12 points), and very bad (from 13 to 16 points). All data collected through the research were processed using descriptive statistics procedures. Frequencies and percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Chi-squares were calculated from the space of descriptive statistics. The statistical program for personal computers SPSS for Windows version 20.0 was used for data processing. The obtained results indicate that teachers are not sufficiently educated about posture and its monitoring in classroom students. They do not have a real picture of the improper posture of their students and do not use most of the props in physical and health education classes to prevent and correct improper posture and body deformities. They do not have enough knowledge about postural muscles either, which indicates the need for additional education on the mentioned topic, so that teachers can work on strengthening weakened musculature and postural muscles, and therefore also on the prevention and correction of postural disorders. A large number of teachers stated that there are no children with improper posture and physical deformities, which is contrary to the results obtained from testing and measuring students. Based on the measurements carried out among the pupils of the class with whom the above-mentioned interviewed teachers work, it can be concluded that improper posture and physical deformities are present in every school, class, and department. Each deformity is present in a certain percentage when it comes to students from I to V grades of elementary school. The most common deformities are foot and spine deformities, which are a consequence of today's sedentary lifestyle and improper posture. Most teachers believe that they are not sufficiently educated and capable of working on the prevention and correction of improper posture and physical deformities with students in class. The obtained results indicate that teachers are not competent enough to monitor the postural status of primary school students, which necessitates the need for additional education, seminars, conferences, and workshops for more serious dealing with the posture of primary school students.

“The Sisters of the Redeemer in the Trauma of Dispersion”. • The Sisters of the Divine Redeemer in the 1950s and 1960s in the Light of Recollections and State Security Reports

“The Sisters of the Redeemer in the Trauma of Dispersion”. • The Sisters of the Divine Redeemer in the 1950s and 1960s in the Light of Recollections and State Security Reports

Author(s): Katalin Paréj-Farkas / Language(s): English / Issue: 2/2022

Keywords: Sisters of the Divine Redeemer; advancing battlefront; internment; dispersion; underground existence; trauma

While researching the history of the Sisters of the Divine Redeemer, also referred to as the Sisters of the Redeemer, it became clear that the ordeals of the Second World War and the Communist dictatorship had a profound impact on the congregation, which was engaged in nursing and teaching. The sources allow us to reconstruct the horrors of the advancing battlefront and the sisters' flight, along with their determination to provide social assistance and their role in saving Jews. The Communist regime that emerged after the war forced the congregation into an increasingly impossible situation, depriving them of their teaching positions and nursing vocation. Their internment in 1950 and the revocation of the congregation's operating license seemed to have eliminated the community entirely. However, recollections of the events of the 1950s and 1960s, together with state security reports, attest that the congregation survived in the form of a “subterranean stream,” and that tiny communities of sisters continued to pursue their monastic vocation, often in a single apartment that functioned as a mini convent. The traumas they had experienced rarely crushed the sisters' inner sense of peace, and they strove to cope with the harassments inflicted by the party-state by adapting to the new situation.