Search results for: keleti nyitas in All Content

The Timetable collapsed ... Hungarian Railways in the First Year of the Great War

Összedőlt a menetrend…. Magyar vasutak a Nagy Háború első évében

Author(s): János Majdán / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: military train; of military importance; Galicia; Serbia; frontiers;

In Europe and Hungary the soldiers first got on the trains during the revolutionary waves of 1848-1849. The military headquarters deliberately put up the railway-systems in service of moving the military corps from the second half of the 19th century. The Austrian-Hungarian military commanders prepared for a war against Russia and Serbia, but separately. Railways transported soldiers both to southern and eastern directions when the Great War broke out on the summer of 1914. The civilian schedule of railways collapsed, the military trains were treated first everywhere. Enormous amounts of munitions, thousands of soldiers and horses were transported to the frontiers by the MÁV (Hungarian National Railways) in the first year of the Great War. On the north-eastern and southern parts – as signed on the map – meagre civilian traffic was conducted for six months.Keywords: military train, of military importance, Galicia, Serbia, frontiers.

German Offensive Naval Strategy from the Beginnings of 1920s in the Oeuvre of Erich Reader and Wolfgang Wegener Admirals and the Pocket Battleship Program

A német offenzív haditengerészeti stratégia kiformálódása az 1920-as évek elejétől Erich Raeder és Wolfgang Wegener tengernagyok munkásságában és a zsebcsatahajó program

Author(s): Ferenc Fischer / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Enemy became Friend. Changes and Characteristics of the Relations between Hungary and France (1985-1992)

Ellenségből barátok. A magyar-francia kapcsolatok változásai és jellegzetességei (1985-1992)

Author(s): Zoltán Garadnai / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Firstly at the Head of the Union

Először az EU élén

Author(s): Ferenc Gazdag / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Some Theoretical Questions of the Russian Colonisation and the Early Period of the Russian Colonisation

Az orosz gyarmatosítás néhány elméleti kérdéséhez, és az orosz kolonizáció korai szakasza

Author(s): György Bebesi / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

East or West? War Plans and Goals of Lloyd George during the First World War

Kelet vagy Nyugat? David Lloyd George haditervei és hadicéljai az I. világháború idején

Author(s): Péter András Tóth / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Summary and outlook

Összegzés és kitekintés

Author(s): Béla Borsi-Kálmán / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

From the Limited Sovereignty to the Shared Sovereignty

A korlátozott szuverenitástól a megosztott szuverenitásig

Author(s): András Balogh / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and the Kingdom of Naples in the Russian Diplomacy (1801-1815)

A Szárd-Piemonti és a Nápolyi Királyság az orosz diplomáciában (1801-1815)

Author(s): Erzsébet Bodnár / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

THE PLAINS OF THE PSYCHE IN MOVING IMAGES

A PSZICHÉ SÍKJAI A FILMKÉPEN

Author(s): Erika Kapronczai / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: psyche;moving image

The flatness of moving images break the illusion of reality of the spectator and it is usually considered to be a self-reflexive device. However a special phenomenon, a frequent use of flat surfaces within the filmic image can be observed in cases of some Eastern Asian films. The author argues that this phenomenon is not merely a stylistic device but a reflection of a special way of thinking. The study tries to determine the cardinal reason of the phenomenon of constructions of flat quality in moving images and present the specificities of its appearances in this perspective. Parallels are drawn with the Bizantian icon representations and the aspects of the introvert personality in Jung’s definition. Specific scenes from the films of Kim Ki Duk, Wong Kar Wai, Hsiao-Hsien Hou, Tran Anh Hung, Koreeda Hirokazu are analysed.

Southern Efforts of Russia and the Problems of the Black Sea Straits (1700-1774)

Oroszország déli törekvései és a fekete-tengeri szorosok problémája (1700-1774)

Author(s): Erzsébet Bodnár / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

A Conquest -Era Grave in Gnadendorf, Lower Austria

Honfoglalás kori sír az alsó-ausztriai Gnadendorfban

Author(s): László Révész / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Sacrality and Power among the Türks

Szakralitás és hatalom a türköknél

Author(s): Alfréd Márton / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The literature on the subject still accepts Károly Czeglédy's view that the institution of sacral dual kingship, going back to Khazar and Türk historical origins, existed in Hungarian society prior to the Conquest (895 A.D.). Czeglédy reconstructed the sacral dual kingship among Hungarians on the basis of Khazar data. In the dual authority of the Khazars the sacral sphere was separated from actual political power. This was the result of an inherent Khazar development, which might have been influenced by the region and environment of the Caucasus. Exploring Czeglédy's claim that the Türks had the institution of sacral dual kingship and that it was adopted by the Khazars, the paper attempts to ascertain whether this can be justified. A division of powers can be observed with the Türks but that was based on the division of the nomadic empire according to military wings, and no sign of sacrality can be discerned in that. The leaders of wings were not separated according to sacrality, and they conducted relatively independent military, foreign, and other policies as long as there was comparative stability within the empire. Sacral and political power was in the hands of the supreme ruler, the Kaghan. It can be established that the Türks did not have the institution of sacral dual kingship. Türk rulers had actual power, which was legitimized by sacrality. In order to hold power the ruler had to have both dynastic (strips regia) and individual (qut) charisma, as well as the political wisdom and military skill necessary for leadership.

The Madijar: A Hungarian Tribe among the Kazakhs?

Madijar: magyar eredetű néptöredék a kazakoknál?

Author(s): Imre Baski / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

This study by Turkologist Imre Baski first summarizes the evidence in the domestic literature for a supposed link between Madiyar, the name of a Kazakh clan living in Northwestern Kazahkstan, and the ethnonym Magyar. In addition to both lessons learned from Madiyar origin legends and findings from DNA tests that bear out a blood relationship, the apparent identification of the Kazakh Madiyar clan name with the Magyar ethnonym features prominently among the evidence. The author demonstrates that there is no basis for identifying the Madiyar as a tribe instead of a clan and thus the expression kurultay, or meeting of tribes, is anachronistic from a Hungarian point of view and from a Kazakh perspective it simply does not square with reality. Nor do Persian, Mongol and Turkic historical sources bear out the Madiyar-Magyar identification. At the same time, the Kazakh origin legends and genealogical tables contain references to the interrelated Madiyar, Aldiyar and Hudiyar clans, the names of which derive from Arabic or Persian personal names in the Turkic languages and are all tied to Islam. Such names are categorized as rhyming or relational names, whose continued use even today can be demonstrated in Turkic languages, including Kazakh. Numerous examples in Kazakh and related languages confirm that the name Madiyar developed from the name Muhammad-i-yar, meaning "friend or follower of Muhammad," as an outcome of a succession of abbreviations. It therefore cannot possibly be linked to the Magyar ethnonym and thus cannot serve as proof for a relationship between Madiyar and Magyar.

The Eighth-Century Migration of the Pechenegs and the Oghuz

A besenyők és az oguzok vándorlása a VIII. században

Author(s): Attila Katona-Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Authors in this volume

Szerzőink

Author(s): / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Mitterand’s European Confederate Plan

Mitterrand Európai Konföderációs terve

Author(s): Zoltán Garadnai / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: François Mitterrand; József Antall; Jean Musitelli; Vaclav Havel; Prague Conference; European Confederation; France; Hungary; Poland; Czech-oslovakia; USSR; United States;

After the fall of the Berlin Wall François Mitterrand launched his Europe-an Confederation project on December 31, 1989. His project aimed to of-fer to the countries of Eastern Europe with the USSR a large European framework of political cooperation following the idea of Charles de Gaulle’s „Europe from Atlantic to Urals” and „European Europe”, without the United States. The idea of the European Confederation could not be realized by several reasons. According to Mr. Jean Musitelli, responsible for the organisation of the Assises of Prague, François Mitterrand was real-ly afraid of the rebirth of nationalisms before the First World War, and the year of 1919, but his idea of the European Confederation, before it had even some chance to be delivered, was not supported by the Ameri-cans, who could not leave Europe after the Cold War and George Bush wanted to affirm the American leadership in Europe. Mitterrand’s project was not supported also by the 12 European partners of France because, they wanted the integration of unified Germany into the European Union, which could not help to turn European Countries towards the East in the frame of the Confederation. Finally, the new leaders of the ex-satellites of Moscow were afraid of the resettlement of the Communist regimes, and wanted to integrate into the Euro-Atlantic institutions and to get rid rap-idly of the Soviet influence.

Neighborhood policy and/or memory policy

SZOMSZÉDSÁGPOLITIKA ÉS/VAGY EMLÉKEZETPOLITIKA

Author(s): Barna Bodó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: neighborhood policy; memory policy; change of regime; nation-state;

The change of regime and the creation of new neighboring states after 1990 marked the end of a long period. The questions of the (re)definition of "national states" and the problems related to the deep transformations in society came to the fore. Changes are also taking place in neighborhood policy. How is the relationship between Hungary and Romania, and what can the Hungarian community of almost 1.3 million people in Romania/Transylvania expect? How can citizens of Central and Eastern Europe live together in peace at the beginning of the 21st century; What are the chances of establishing normal neighborly relations? Among the many components of these relations, in the present study we deal with only one topic, the politics of memory. We bring arguments regarding our thesis: the last decades have not brought any changes regarding the memory policy in Romania. The so-called common space, the united Europe, exists only on a theoretical level, Romania's memory policy as an EU member state has remained as it was before accession.

REORIENTATION OF THE TRANSBORDER COOPERATIONS IN EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE

A HATÁROK ÉS A HATÁRON ÁTNYÚLÓ KAPCSOLATOK ÁTÉRTÉKELŐDÉSE KELET-KÖZÉP-EURÓPÁBAN

Author(s): István Süli-Zakar / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: transborder cooperations; East-Central Europe; eurometropolis; eroregion; academic and social climate;

On the basis of an empirical research carried out in the border regions, euro regions and euro metropolises, elaboration of innovation-oriented, cross-border economic development, human resource development and partnership programs can be a general aim. Supporting these aims was the ultimate goal of creating euro regions and euro metropolises in Western-Europe. The system of euro regions and euro metropolises has been spreading from Western-Europe to the Eastern territories in order that border regions can exploit the comparative advantages being present in border regions even better. The most important aim in border regions, euro regions and euro metropolises is to create an advantageous economic, innovative, academic and social climate by introducing various institutions that can widen the space of successful economy and human resource development, and together with this, they can improve the success of regional development planning and human resource development in the border regions of neighbouring countries.

THE ADMONITIONS OF ST. STEPHEN AND THE HOSPITES

A SZENT ISTVÁN-I INTELMEK ÉS A HOSPITES

Author(s): László Havas / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Admonitions of St. Stephen; hospites; multiethnic country; Charlemagne;

The Admonitions of St. Stephen puts special emphasis on the hospites whose influx helps to avoid building a frail monolingual country. For a long time the text had been interpreted as expressing St. Stephen's ideas of a multiethnic country. The word regnum interpreted as 'country' in the text, however, in the 11th century meant not country but rather 'royal power', as well as 'royal court'. Following Charlemagne and the German Emperors St. Stephen's ideal was an open, multilingual royal court creating an erudite high culture. The bearers of this culture were the well-trained foreigners, priests, monks and knights. They brought with themselves the documenta, the written works that helped to elevate the Hungarian court to the standards of Europe. St. Stephen's aim, therefore, was not the building of a multiethnic state but of creating a learned political and cultural centre.