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István Tisza and the Crisis leading to the First World War

Tisza István és az első világháborúhoz vezető válság

Author(s): Zoltán Maruzsa / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: István Tisza; 1914 july crisis; war crime; Austro-Hungarian Empire; Sarajevo; First World War;

The aim of the essay is the examination of the decisions which led to the breaking out of the WWI, and clearing of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and especially Hungary’s wartime role. The analysis amplifies the events’ background, the Hungarian projections of the geopolitical situation with the help of the Prime Minister István Tisza and his political perspective. The essay shows the wartime situation by the historical literature, the delivered speeches in the Hungarian national assembly and the obtainable correspondences. The article draws a distinction between wartime responsibility and wartime crime while holds responsible for the whole European political elite because of the breaking out of the cataclysm.

Theatres of War of the First Word War outside Europe - from the First Shot to the Last

Az első világháború Európán kívüli hadszínterei – az első lövésektől az utolsókig

Author(s): Gábor Búr / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Colonial competition; "white men's war"; sea blockade; German wireless stations overseas; "native" soldiers; Schutztruppe; askaris; stab-in-the-back myth; League of Nations mandate territories;

The First World War was a predominantly European war, military actions outside Europe played only subordinate role. However they were plans to move the war out of the deadlock in faraway places like Asia, Africa, the Pacific or the high seas. This article does not deals with the Ottoman front sin Asia but focuses on the German pocessions in the Far East and Africa. Because of geopolitical conditions Germany was cut from it’s colonies from the very moment of the outbreak of the war. This is why Germany insisted that any military conflict should be a „white men’s war”. The Entente forces were interested to cut all German military communication lines in the first days of the war, to eliminate all potential threat and to award allies and first of all themselves with newly conquered territories of Ottoman Turkey and Germany

Hungarian Jewry and the Fascism from Marcia su Roma to 1938

A magyar zsidóság és a fasizmus a marcia su Romától 1938-ig

Author(s): Gábor Andreides / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Nuclear Arms Aspirations in Pakistan and the American Foreign Policy 1979 - 1990

A pakisztáni nukleáris fegyverkezési törekvések és az amerikai külpolitika 1979-1990

Author(s): Béla Háda / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

1956 - Annus Horribilis: Decline of the Empires

1956 - annus horribilis: a birodalmak hanyatlása

Author(s): László J. Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The Developpment of the Strategical Relations between China and Pakistan during Pervez Mussaraf 's governance(1999-2008)

Pakisztán és Kína stratégiai kapcsolatainak fejlődése Pervez Musarraf kormányzása alatt (1999-2008)

Author(s): Béla Háda / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The Israeli-Palestinian Relation in the Light of the Current US (Around about the Millennium) Geostrategic Ambitions

Az izraeli–palesztin viszony az Egyesült Államok jelenlegi (az ezredforduló körüli) geostratégiai törekvései fényében

Author(s): Béla Borsi-Kálmán / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

DOCUMENTARY AND NARRATIVE IN IRANIAN FILMS

DOKUMENTUM ÉS ELBESZÉLÉS IRÁNI FILMEKBEN

Author(s): Judit Pieldner / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: documentary;narrative;Iranian film

The present paper examines some aspects of the reflexivity of the Iranian films: Mohsen Makhmalbaf's Salaam Cinema is a film about film-making, having as its theme the directing of the film, another film of the same director, entitled Gabbeh, deals with story-telling by reinterpreting the role of the frame and expanding on the metaphor of texture, whereas Jafar Panahi's The Mirror explores the possibilities of documentary by revealing the film-making apparatus and thus turning the genre of documentary into a counter-documentary. The analyzed films deal with the ambiguous relationship between documentary and fiction, between reality and representation and are characterized by an obsessive medial awareness.

Shamanic Philosophy: Soul – A Changing Concept in Tyva

Sámánfilozófia: változó lélekképzetek Tuvában

Author(s): Ulla Johansen / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Shamanism and Bear-Cult in Moldva (Romania)?

Samanizmus és medvekultusz Moldvában?

Author(s): Ferenc Pozsony / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Moldavian Hungarians in Csíksomlyó (Romania) at Pentecost

Moldvai magyarok pünkösdkor Csíksomlyón

Author(s): Tamás Mohay / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

The Scythian Wonder Deer : What Were These Golden Ornaments Really Used For?

Mire szolgáltak a szkíta aranyszarvasok?

Author(s): István Fodor / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

In 19th-century southern Russia, extraordinarily rich early Scythian tombs (6th-7th c. B.C.) were discovered containing large golden deer. In one burial mound in the village of Kostromskaya, a figure of a deer supposedly lay on an iron shield. Researchers therefore drew the conclusion that the deer were shield ornaments, a view that was generally accepted up until only recently. Not long ago, however, Alekseev (1996), having analyzed the history and documentation of the earlier digs, made it clear that neither the deer, nor a golden panther that had also been found there were shield ornaments. He concluded that they are far more likely to have been decorations for the gorytos (bow and arrow case). It must be noted here, however, that the possibility that the Scythian golden deer were also gorytos ornaments was mentioned as early as 1934 in a book by Nándor Fettich, a noted Hungarian archeologist and goldsmith.

Milan Kundera about the Tragedy of Central Europe

Milan Kundera Közép–Európa tragédiájáról

Author(s): Agnieszka Janiec-Nyitrai / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Milan Kundera; Central Europe; Central European identity; Russian culture; Czech culture; Czech literature; essay;

The aim of the article is to depict the context of the origin of Kundera's essay „The Tragedy of Central Europe” (1984) and to summarize and characterize its key points. The author of the text also tries to answer the question why this essay has become a turning point in the debate on Cen-tral Europe's position between East and West. Then the author summa-rizes the most important voices of the debate, to which the essay has giv-en rise among emigrant circles. Not only did Kundera’s concept of Cen-tral Europe resonate among Central European intellectuals and emi-grants, but it also spoke to the West European and American public and helped popularize his literary work. „The Tragedy of Central Europe” es-tablishes Kundera’s attitude to the question of Central Europe. Here he lays the foundations of his thinking about the region, which he seems to have applied in his novelistic work as well. This essay had an enormous impact on discussions of Central Europe, and it has been analyzed in de-tail. Kundera’s controversial issues, especially those regarding his attitude to Russia and Russian culture, or the neglect of the Slovak context, as well as the abolition of the Slavic myth of Central Europe and his emphasis on the Hungarian literary and cultural contribution in formation of Central Europe are also discussed in the paper. There is no doubt that Kundera’s essay has begun the process of re-discovering Central Europe and has become an impetus for the rehabilitation of the region in the West and al-so has played an important role in formatting the Central European iden-tity.

A Central European Fate

Egy közép–európai sors

Author(s): Károly Szerencsés / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: United States of Europe; neutrality; national democracy; christian ethics; social justice; political emigration; sovereignty;

A Hungarian fate, a life path, in which dwell almost all the Hungarian polit-ical, social and public impasses of the larger part of the 20th century. Dezső Sulyok’s (1897–1965) life well represents the path of the genera-tion, which had to fight through both of the world wars, experiencing the defeat and dissection of its homeland, along with the humiliation of its na-tion. Sulyok had to fight for democracy, freedom, Christian ethics, social justice in not only one, but two historical eras, only to find himself fail in both of these struggles. Not because of the lack of his abilities or respon-siveness of the Hungarian nation, but primarily because of the interna-tional circumstances. In the middle of the century, between the crushing wills of National socialism and Bolshevik communism, under the pressure of 2 superpowers – the Third (German) Reich’s and the Soviet Union – the struggle for national independence and freedom failed in Hungary. Dezső Sulyok still in time – meaning early – suggested the necessity of Hungary’s neutrality, and the idea of a United States of Europe, which would have been based on the cooperation of nations, and he could even imagine the creation of a World state. At the same time Sulyok was strongly committed to the cooperation of central-European nations, but not on the false grounds of Versailles. In the end, fate had a long emigra-tion in mind for Sulyok, just like for many other democrats and patriots in Central-Europe. Even though he could never return to his – sovietised – homeland, his idea of national democracy did not fade away.

Litigate or Not to Litigate? Similarities between Visegrad Countries

Litigate or Not to Litigate? Similarities between Visegrad Countries

Author(s): Csilla Kohlhoffer-Mizser / Language(s): English / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Alternative dispute resolution; mediation; litigation

Purpose: This study is focused on the actual status of the Hungarian society in connection withtrials and conflict management. The paper aims to show the possible directions persons candecide in case of conflict. This article aims to summarize the position of mediation, providedthe question litigate or not to litigate? Design/methodology/approach: The approach to the topic is on the basis of statistical datacollected from national statistical office of Hungary, from Ministry of Justice Hungary aboutdisputes and resolutions, the subject scope of the paper is litigation and mediation. Findings: The increase or stagnation of court cases shows a clear representation of society'sattitude to conflict. Results in different contexts do not represent significant differences in theselection of alternative dispute resolution or litigation as conflict management strategies. Thefindings point to a general increase in alternative dispute resolution, while litigation seems tobe on the rise as well at a slower pace. Research/practical implications: It is implicated to have a progressive thinking about conflictresolution. It can be a change in societies to look at conflicts with another aspect. Persons canpractice the “win-win situation” from the beginning of life, it can be implied in education. Forfuture research there is an aim to show every possible level where alternative dispute resolutionis able to effect, practicing nonviolent communication for the success of conflict management.Scholars and entrepreneurs can make use of this research to apply, use and train mediation toolswhen conflicts arise. Originality/value: It is supported by literature that leadership styles are in relationship withconflict management styles. In trust based relationships liability has a significant role, to beliable for our decisions we may recognized as a profit in society, and look at alternative disputeresolution approach as a progress. Conflict can be found in human interactions as well asbusiness interactions. Companies involved in formal conflict, search for lawyers and leadersthat resolve conflict in an efficient way.

In the Intermediary Spaces of Preserving and Oppressing Heritages

Megtartó és nyomasztó örökségek térközében

Author(s): Beáta Thomka / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Nobel Prize; in-between-ness; space of world literature; the duality of the home and the outside world;

To interpret one of the conference’s discussion points, I based my paper on the essays of internationally renowned writers of the 20th-21st centuries. One of the theoretical basis is given by Pascale Casanova’s study entitled Literature as a World. The writers often make references to the differences and disadvantages of civilization that influence the development of national literature. The gap between the Western cultures of a rich literary tradition and the literature of colonized regions is always noticed by writers. In the evaluation of the ars poetica poems and the writing careers, the different nuances of the intermediary appear as a basic form of culture. Its variants may include dualities defined by the family’s linguistic, religious, and cultural aspects. Inherited and acquired languages also influence the coagulation of identity. Historical and political phenomena play an equally important role in the fate of individuals, generations, and communities. The situations caused by these factors, the crisis, and the ordeals will influence the self-perceptions and the artistic orientations either directly or indirectly. Adherence to the various national or spiritual communities, groups, and artistic trends takes place through the acquisition of identity models. Casanova’s conception of space of universal literature comes to reform the 19th-century idea of universal literature based on translations: “The mechanisms through which this literary universe functions are the exact opposite of what is ordinarily understood by ‘literary globalization’.” The authors of intercultural openness are searching for answers to the universal questions of human existence in their languages, based on their own artistic and historical experiences.

Between Reality and Propaganda. Poland in the Eyes of Hungarian Writers and Journalists (1945–1960)

A valóság és a propaganda között. Lengyelország képe Ruffy Péternek a „Varsói hajnal” című útleírásában

Author(s): Marcin Grad / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Poland; travel literature; restoration of Poland; communism; propaganda; Péter Ruffy; György Somlyó; Tibor Pethő;

The basis of my article is made up of three travel memoirs on Poland written by Hungarian authors: Visztula sellője [The Mermaid of the Vistula] (György Somlyó, 1954), A Kárpátoktól a Balti-tengerig [From the Carpathians to the Baltic Sea] (Tibor Pethő, 1956), and Varsói hajnal. Lengyelországi útiélmények [Dawn in Warsaw. Travel Experiences in Poland] (Péter Ruffy, 1961). The aim of my article is to show how these three Hungarian authors saw Poland, the domestic situation in our country, its restoration after the Second World War, its history and culture. I would also like to answer the question as to how strong the communism, the communist propaganda affected the structure and language of these books.

The Echo of a Border Revision. From Illegal Pasture to International Conflict. Pledging the Sólyomtár Mountains

Egy határrendezés visszhangja: zuglegeltetésből nemzetközi botrány. Bezálogolás Solyomtáron

Author(s): Csaba Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: history; Austria-Hungary; Romania; 19th century; Csík County;

I have found new records in the local archives to reconstruct the evolution of a Szekler private property to becoming an intermediate space at the end of the 19th century. This is the Sólyomtár Mountains, whose troubled history reflected the life of its Szekler inhabitants. In 1886, there was a borderline revision between Austria-Hungary and Romania to solve the former conflicts regarding the ownership of the nearby mountains. The commission decided that Sólyomtár [in Romanian: Solintaru] should belong to Romania. This decision led to a new legal and economic conflict between the neighbours. The mountain has become an intermedial space as it formerly belonged to the so-called Szekler Private Properties and not directly to the Hungarian state. The Hungarian leaders confirmed that it still should belong to the Szekler Private Properties. In the vision of the Romanian leaders, it had to belong to Romania. The clarification of this situation was becoming more important for the local leaders of Csík County for it caused an international diplomatic incident, too. They decided to pledge the cattle of Romanian farmers who refused to pay rent for the pasture. This incident finally elucidated the chaotic situation, and so the intermediate space disappeared.

Double Nationality – Hybrid Identity in Nina Yargekov’s Novel Double Nationalité

Kettős állampolgárság – hibrid identitás Nina Yargekov Double nationalité című regényében

Author(s): Krisztina Horváth / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: bilingualism; hybridization; translingualism; heterotopia

Although not yet available in Hungarian translation, Hungarian criticism has already discovered Nina Yargekov’s Prix de Flore award-winning novel: Double Nationalité. Nina Yargekov is not really a translingual author: she was born in France as the daughter of Hungarian “dissidents”, as according to contemporary terminology (or “political refugees”, as according to the host country), university teachers who came to France in the 1970s with a tourist visa. Just like her heroine and quasi alter ego, Yargekov is a “double A” category interpreter and translator. Written in a special language, this novel – that according to a critic has a “French structure” – merges fictive elements with a number of historical and cultural references to hold up a mirror to the perceived anomalies during the identification process. The book was a success in Hungary already before its publication among readers of French literature; some excerpts are already available in translation, and Nina Yargekov was a guest of honour at last year’s Margó Festival. When making her diagnosis about the precarity of the intelligentsia of the two Europes, the vulnerability of certain social groups – freelancers or single women –, the trampling of patients’ rights in the labyrinth of the crumbling social security systems, the unresolved historical past, and other topics, Nina Yargekov’s sharpest weapon is her humour and linguistic ingenuity. Bilingualism is a source of numerous misunderstandings and even more revelations, and double identity provides opportunities for presenting multiple viewpoints.

Romania and the Image of Romanians in German Literature. A Survey of Imagological Researches

ROMÁNIA ÉS A ROMÁNOK KÉPE A NÉMET NYELVŰ IRODALOMBAN. AZ IMAGOLÓGIAI KUTATÁSOK ÁTTEKINTÉSE

Author(s): Axel Barner / Language(s): Hungarian / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: image of Romanians; German literature; Ottoman Empire;