Guerrilla Strategy Of The Yugoslav Army In The Homeland During The Second World War
Gerilska strategija Jugoslovenske vojske u otadžbini tokom drugog svetskog rata
Keywords: Yugoslav Army In The Homeland; World War II; Guerilla; Strategy
More...Keywords: Yugoslav Army In The Homeland; World War II; Guerilla; Strategy
More...Rey’s project of rescuing conceptual analysis within a naturalistic computationalist framework, equipped with a Putnamian account of reference, is an interesting and valuable project. However, his extreme pessimism about fundamental philosophical concepts, according to which they mostly tended to be empty, amounts to sacrificing philosophical analysis after having it rescued from the Quineans. An alternative is proposed, which accepts most of the naturalistic computationalist Putnamian framework, rejects the traditional view of analyticity, but secures more space for a constructive, as opposed to merely destructive, philosophical analysis.
More...Keywords: Post-Soviet Foreign Policy Challenges; Eurasia; East-West Dialogue; Regional Organizations; Soft Power
In 1991, when Kazakhstan gained its independence, it had virtually no direct links with the world beyond the Soviet frontier. The basic physical infrastructure for such contacts had to be set in place at the same time that the new state was developing the human resources to conduct foreign relations. Kazakhstan made rapid progress in both areas and by the mid-1990s, had established reciprocal trade and diplomatic ties with over one hundred foreign countries. It also acceded to a wide range of regional and international organizations. Today, Kazakhstan has a highly nuanced foreign policy, based on strong bilateral relations as well as active participation in multilateral structures. Conceptually, its approach is characterised by three salient features. Firstly, it espouses a broad and balanced range of relationships, eschewing exclusive ideological constraints; this gives it flexibility and increases its outreach. Secondly, it follows a policy of constructive engagement, making effective use of bilateral and multilateral instruments; as a respected partner in different regional organizations, it is able to act as a channel of communication between bodies that otherwise have scarce contact. Thirdly, it promotes a complex, integral approach to global issues, cutting across political, economic, military and cultural divisions.
More...Keywords: cultural heritage; Finn Forest; border; festival; everyday life
The Finn Forest Republic is a three-day celebration of cultural heritage and local identity among the Finn Forest population, a people living in small rural communities on both sides of the border between Sweden and Norway. This festival has been celebrated since 1970, and has been an important element in the revitalisation and constitution of a Finn Forest identity. The article investigates how elements of the cultural heritage of the area have been used during the days of the Republic to constitute the idea of a common ethnic identity and a shared past, through a wide range of public displays and performances. The Finn Forest Museum plays an important role in the festival, both with collections manifesting a genuine material culture, as an arena for the performance of intangible heritages, and as a venue for telling narratives about the historic background of this culture. The character of the festival and the cultural heritage it celebrates implies historical references to the immigrant border culture, as well as to conflicts with the other dominant national majority cultures of the area. These cultural relations are presented in sincere as well as humorous ways, and allows for a wide range of identifications with the project of building a Finn Forest cultural heritage.
More...Keywords: subsidiarity; European integration; administrative structures.
The post-communist Romania will confront many changes, both in ideologic as in functional fields. If ideologic changes were sawn as normal by a very large part of the population, the organisational changes would be often more difficult to realise. It is the case of adopting and application of the subsidiarity, although the modifications turn out to be more and more visible, and the process of the European integration should be considered as a catalyst of the administrative structures evolution in the direction of decentralisation and a stimulus for the people to assume more civical responsibilities.
More...Keywords: Corporate social responsibility.(CRS); Drivers for CRS; Criticism of CRS; CSR in Serbia
The authors of this paper point out that the implementation of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) allows companies to position their brands stronger, to strengthen their image, increase market share and increase their ability to attract and retain employees. An important argument for increased social responsibility of Serbian companies is that they can thus achieve the benefits of globalization, privatization and deregulation, as well as to relieve the negative impact of international trade flows and international investment. In general, the paper consists of three parts. First, the authors are going to examine the drivers for complex CSR phenomenon. Further, in the second part, they will take an in-depth look at some global companies, which have been under fire for some of their corporate, social, and environmental practices. Finally, the authors will provide an overview of CSR's impact on social development with special emphasis on Serbia.
More...September 11 and the rise of global anti-Americanism since the Iraq War have raised concerns in American society about the US’s image in the world and led to the contestation of the concept of the enemy as had been elaborated by the Bush administration. This concern has had a profound impact in American cultural production, and particularly on American cinema, and has shaped the demand for a change of policy that would restore the moral status of the US. Barack Obama, using various elements, managed to incorporate this demand in his electoral campaign and raised the issue of anti-Americanism as a means of criticism of the Bush administration. The discourse on anti-Americanism contested the national narration formed during the Bush presidency and functioned as an asset in the Obama campaign. Barack Obama, with his charismatic political personality, the symbolic power of his personal story and through a personalized presidential campaign, tried to combine the revival of American idealism with moderate conservatism.
More...Keywords: Italy; ACCADEMIA DI COMMERCIO E DI NAUTICA; Trieste; Bulgarian cadets; period 1892–1942; educational systems.
Based on archive sources, the article analyses the education and training of Bulgarian cadets at (IMPERIO REGIA) ACCADEMIA DI COMMERCIO E DI NAUTICA (Trieste) in the period 1892–1942. The article proves the time frame of this education. It also points out the reasons for its recurrence in the stated period and the contribution of the officers, graduates from the Trieste Academy, for the establishment of the Bulgarian naval educational system and shipping.
More...Keywords: Citizenship; Croatia-Slavonia; Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; First World War; naturalization; dismissal; absence; passport; migration; loyalty;
The paper deals with the concept of national citizenship in Croatia-Slavonia, a land within the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, during the First World War. Citizenship is analysed as multidimensional concept that includes status, rights and identity. The research question concerns influence of war on each dimension of citizenship. Therefore, in the status dimension, analysed are practices of acquisition of citizenship by naturalizations, and practices of loss of citizenship by dismissals and absence. In the dimension of rights analysed are passports and changes in migration regime. In the dimension of identity analysed is the issue of loyalty of citizens. The paper shows that the war significantly influenced all three dimensions of citizenship. The research bases on relevant literature, legislation and in great part on archival sources available in the Croatian State Archive.
More...Keywords: Decorations; World War II; The Order of the Cross of Mother of the Jugović Brothers; Government-in-exile; General Dragoljub Mihailović; Partisan movement; Yugoslavia
The paper has explored the decorations of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia awarded by King Peter II and the Yugoslav royal government, living in exile in London and Cairo. It is the prerogative of a sovereign and his government to award decorations, and in an extremely complicated and difficult period we have observed, it had a profound symbolic meaning, too. Not only did they continue to award the decorations, but had the existing medals recoined, while in the fragmented archives contain even a proposal of then army minister, General Dragoljub Mihailović, that a new decoration be produced. During the war, the number of awarded decorations dwindled, especially to the ministers and prominent figures in exile, and the Yugoslav Army in the Middle East, but those issued for protocolar purposes and to reward the bravery of soldiers in the occupied Yugoslavia did not subside in numbers. A decision to decorate a foreign citizen is always a diplomatic move, either civilian or military. In the given period, high-ranking decorations were awarded to the foreigners who helped promote a state propaganda campaign. In a time of war, the army minister was entitled to use his own discretion to nominate for decorations the members of the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland for extreme bravery in combat, those killed in action in the first place. When after 1944 political circumstances changed in the country, as well as globally, the Partisan movement awarded their own decorations, with the assistance of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, having made a clear break with the Kingdom’s decorations. As the war drew to an end, the King in exile instituted the Royal War Cross to be awarded to the exiled members of the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland.
More...Keywords: tradition; innovation; urban history; diversified presentations; cooperation with university; living history; modernization and contemporary history;
Den Gamle By (The Old Town) was founded in 1909 as the world’s first open-air museum dedicated to urban history and culture. With buildings, workshops and homes from almost every town and city in Denmark it now is the national open-air museum of urbanity. In the mid-20th century Den Gamle By also built up comprehensive collections of objects and artefacts, but after having been run as a traditional object-oriented museum for decades, Den Gamle By in the 1990s began to redefine itself as an open-air museum and develop new ways of presentation. Living history was initiated, new school-programmes were developed as well as special arrangements for elderly people suffering from senile dementia. And a formal cooperation with the university was initiated. In 2007 Den Gamle By launched a huge, new project aiming to update the museum. The project is about to create two town-districts, one with townscapes from the 1920s and one with townscapes from the 1970s. The first part of this updating will be finished in 2012.
More...Keywords: treasures;Romania;19th century; 20th century; archival documents;
Treasures hunters, antiques or ancient monuments, during the studied period are the subject of many files from the archives of the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction, the prefect’s offices, city halls, The National Museum of Antiquities, etc. The analysis of the content of those documents has not been the subject of much research in Romanian historiography, an interpretive void which the present study seeks to fill. Firstly, I will analyse the types of discoveries invoked in the petitions addressed to the legally competent authorities to issue research authorisations, and secondly, I will analyse the discourse used in the discoverers’applications including all the sensational elements that made a discovery spark the interest of the authorities. These initiatives underlie the development of the archaeological field in Romania, one of the author’s main research topic in the last years trying to decipher the conceptions, methods of archaeological research in Romania, and the development of the museum network, as well as the capitalization of these discoveries.
More...Keywords: Celebrity culture; Social media; Big data; Web 2.0; Network analyses
Big Data presents the social sciences with an overarching challenge. Following many theoretical manifestos, we here present an empirical case study to demonstrate the new approaches that have become possible by using social media data in a specific field of cultural analysis. This paper reflects on changes in celebrity/fandom culture (Jenkins, 2006; Jenkins, Ito and boyd, 2015). The trend towards democratization was hastened by the spread of the internet, while the demotization of the process of celebrity creation became even more pronounced through web 2.0. Our study examines the relationship between the Hungarian celebrity sphere and social media fandom using quantitative research, including cross-sectional, network and correlation analyses. To illustrate the differences among the categories of celebrities and their fandom, we introduce two values—environmentalism and consumerism—which help to highlight existing patterns. Analysis of these dimensions can provide benchmarks for interpreting the thus-created proxies, and help us to reflect on the social roles of celebrities and their followers.
More...Keywords: Kosovo; trade deficit; export marketing;
This paper investigates the state, barriers, challenges and perspective of implementing the export marketing in Kosovo through a number of case studies by using the methodology of target sample survey, which to some extent can make generalizations. Like many developing countries, Kosovo faces a huge trade deficit. While researchers in generally tend to focus on macroeconomic policies to find the causes of deficit in foreign trade and the government undertakes reforms to improve the balance by boosting export, the largest part of the game often has to be played by the companies themselves under whatever macroeconomic actual policies at home and abroad. This is what the findings from this paper suggest when exploring the level and forms of export marketing in the surveyed companies. Although the companies engage in different export marketing activities,none of them reported any prepared marketing strategy in this respect. Instead, they still consider export marketing, which they use as synonymous with international marketing, to be part of their overall marketing strategy and export within department for export. What appears that they need more, is a merger or specialization of these two (export and marketing) into one separate department or the export marketing.
More...Keywords: censorship; freedom of the press; the 1849 Croatian Press Act; press legislation in European countries; 1848-1849.
Using a comparative perspective, this paper analyses radical changes in conditions under which the press functioned in Croatia in the revolutionary years 1848-1849. In a time span of more than a year, a rigid system of preventive censorship in Croatia was briefly replaced by unlimited freedom of the press (proclaimed in mid-March 1848), which was restricted by a very stringent Press Act in early May 1849. The paper analyses circumstances under which “The Provisional Press Act” (1849) was adopted. The Act's provisions are considered in the context of press regulations in effect in other European countries of the time, especially in the German speaking area. It has been established that the first Croatian Press Act applied solutions from press regulations of other European countries, although they were modified and adapted to Croatian political and economic circumstances, mainly through the mediation of the Austrian Press Act.
More...Keywords: communist sport; folk sport; modern sport; physical culture; Soviet sport; Uzbekistan;
Soviet physical culture was a soft power tool used to create healthy and patriotic citizen-soldiers and help modernise the urban Soviet Union: one key strand of this was modern sports. Josef Stalin (Communist Party leader from 1925 to 1953) imposed the physical culture and sports culture on society and had it institutionalised. Moreover, except for policy revisions, the institutions of his sports model continued until the mid-1980s. This paper will investigate the impact of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (established 1925, hereafter Communist Party) through sport in Uzbekistan Soviet Socialist Republic (hereafter Uzbekistan). Critically reading selected Cold War and contemporary studies, we explore the acculturation and integration role of the Soviet sports culture in multicultural Uzbekistan from 1925 to 1952. In this interdisciplinary paper, we ask: What was the impact of Soviet sports in Uzbekistan? How and why did Lenin and Stalin reposition folk sports in society? The themes examined include the concept of Soviet sports, folk sports, and the development and impact of modern sports culture.
More...Keywords: air quality; health; pollution; good practices; multivariate analysis
The EU's environmental policies and strategies have been developed since the 1970s and underline that the sustainable economic development and well-being of the European Union countries are based on their natural environment. They are aimed at national and global air quality regulations that support the improvement of the air quality and the health of the population.The principal objective of this paper is to highlight the importance of the varied and complex action of the polluting environment on the organism. A convergent objective is the development of pollution management solutions and highlighting good practices for combating and reducing pollution and improving air quality.In this regard, the results of the analysis presented in the paper indicate that a healthier environment can prevent diseases caused by polluted air and decrease the number of deaths caused by respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. This statement represents the main result obtained by applying the methods of multidimensional data analysis (factorial analysis, principal component analysis, cluster analysis) to evaluate the complexity of contemporary environmental and health challenges. On the other hand, the use of tools and examples of the good practices for implementing strategies to improve environmental factors, especially air quality, are particularly useful in creating specific policies that lead to improving the quality of the environment and, implicitly, the health of the population.
More...Keywords: Ukraine; Russia; domestic and foreign policy; 2013-2015;
The goal of this chapter is to give an overview of Ukraine’s domestic and foreign policy, Russia’s foreign policy, and the EU’s policy from 2013–2015.
More...Keywords: Simon Wiesenthal; archives; Polish Jewish survivors; Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies;
In 2015, I discovered a previously unknown letter from Simon Wiesenthal, sent to his wife Cyla upon learning she was alive in 1945, in the Wiesenthal archive in Vienna. This essay is an ‘archive story’ about this serendipitous discovery and my time spent in Wiesenthal’s former office in Vienna’s Salztorgasse, just before it was dissolved and the collection was moved to its new home at the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute. Focusing on the materiality of the archive and its traces of a ‘Polish’ Wiesenthal, embedded in a network of Polish Jewish survivor-documentarians, it asks which biographical narratives were made visible or invisible by the old archive. Grappling with the nostalgia many historians feel for the materiality of traditional archives, moreover, it considers how the move to digitally based research might enable some forms of serendipity yet foreclose others.
More...This article traces the evolution of Russian propaganda and its role in active measures. Active measures were originally conceived during the Soviet era but still remain operative as they were recently deployed during the Russian occupation of Crimea and the war against Ukraine in Donbas. During these events active measures underwent something of a renaissance as there was the dramatic upsurge in propaganda usage and media manipulation. Fake media stories and forgeries have long played an integral part in the active measures that have been conducted by the Kremlin, which then amends its military capacity and diplomacy efforts to cover up the deceit. The manufacture and dissemination of fake news stories is carried out in a centralized and systematic fashion as the fabrications must be coherent and maintain alignment with the Kremlin’s policies and talking points. It will be shown that the use of media-related active measures is not a new phenomenon and was widely utilized by the former Soviet Union as a way of actualizing its foreign policy by clandestine means. When examining more than 500 Russian propaganda pieces, which were debunked by the StopFake.org verification project, it becomes evident that the same of falsification and deception patterns that were common to the USSR already in the 1950’s, are still present today. The only difference is the parasitic way in which the current Kremlin propaganda has seized on core liberal Western concepts, such as the promotion of freedom of speech, and then used this as a screen to allow it to deliver ‘the other point of view’. Whereas before the Kremlin historically relied on traditional media, such as printed news to distribute its fake news stories, it now makes use of a much wider array of mediums such as the internet and social media.
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