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Keywords: rescue excavation; Lower Mureş; Late Bronze Age; settlement; bronze artifacts
Bronze objects were only found in 13 of the 322 complexes discovered on the “A1_1” site.Th e discovery of these bronze objects raises the question of their provenance: were they produced inside thesettlement or are they the result of exchanges with other communities? No certain answer can be given in thecase of objects found in complex Cx_236, because no indication of local bronze processing can be identifi ed forthe BB2-C horizon in Şagu. Th e number of bronze objects increases and proof of metal processing can be foundduring the BD /HA1 horizon. Th us, moulds made of clay and sandstone were found in complexes Cx_25, Cx_182,Cx_194 and Cx_198, pottery fragments with bronze smelt traces on the inside were discovered in Cx_198 andcasting remains in Cx_66, Cx_182 and Cx_193. Given the above enumerated fi nds, one can assert that bronzeobjects were cast on the “A1_1” site during the BD/HA1 horizon.
More...Keywords: tomb; earring; ring; bracelet; diadem; necropolis
Th rough the present study I aimed at selecting tombs with jewelry items of Byzantine infl uencedated to the 11th–14th centuries, found on the present-day territory of Romania, except Dobrudja, since thelatter was included in the Empire during several periods. Overall, such jewels were discovered in 116 complexespublished to a larger or lesser extent. As for the number of discovery sites, to the present state of research oneknows of 54 possible necropolises (see Pl. 1).I also wanted to see if such fi nds are concentrated in certain regions and if they are connected to certainpeculiarities of funerary rite and ritual. I thus analyzed the funerary rite, the location of the necropolises,the presence or absence of religious monuments and the main aspects of the funerary rituals (single burials,orientation of funerary complexes, position of the bodies and members inside the tombs and the location ofinventory items).From the perspective of the items’ chronology and spread, one can note that the earliest items of jewelryand dress accessories are mainly located in the mountain area of Banat and in Oltenia, thus in the close proximityof the Byzantine-Hungarian border, in an area that neither of the two states clearly controlled. In Walachiaand Moldavia the earliest items are concentrated on certain sites, but theybare few in numbers and often laterthan those in Oltenia and Banat. As an exception one can note the items concentrated in the area of Dridu-Fierbinţi and some of those in the northern half of Moldavia. Considering the presence of Turkic populationsthere, I suspect that the absence of such items is due to the domination of these populations. In support of thisstatement one can mention the existence of tombs belonging to nomad populations mainly concentrated insouthern Moldavia and Walachia. Th e situation was preserved until around the fi rst third of the 13th century.After this period, the number of jewels of Byzantine infl uence drops signifi cantly in Banat. Th is does notindicate a decreased infl uence of art in the Byzantine tradition, but possibly some new legislation in the Kingdomof Hungary that forbade placing such valuable objects in tombs. Th e phenomenon can be noted in eastern Banat atthe time the Banat of Severin was founded. Isolated cases and the typology of the items prove that the productionof Balkan items of jewelry continued and even became more diverse during the 13th and 14th centuries. Outsidethe Carpathians, the number of such objects nevertheless increased signifi cantly, including those areas where theywere scarce during the previous chronological interval. Th is statement is supported by the discovery of jewelryitems in settlements and the discovery of treasures and casting molds (in Coconi for example).Another aspect worth mentioning is that in most of the necropolises that included jewelry items ofByzantine tradition, the bodies were placed with arms in position E or its sub-variants. Th is might indicate thatthere was a strong connection between population groups wearing Balkan clothes and possibly heretical beliefs.
More...Keywords: youth; music; entertainment; fashion; values; behaviour culture; consumption habits; signs; symbols; social and environmental influences;
The choice of the theme is interdisciplinary, drawing on the findings not only of ethnography and anthropology but also of sociology and musicology and offering new results for these disciplines. The researcher strives for a multidisciplinary approach and methodological diversity, focusing on questions which have not yet been studied or only to a very limited extent. The theme examined: how youth create their own culture and the micro world of their own group cultures based on music. She examines the values that prevail and the extent to which groups are distinct from each other and the previous generation. Both members of the age group and specialists dealing with youth (DJ, youth organiser) are interviewed. In contrast with the notion of “subculture” widely used in the social sciences, the author examines youth culture as group cultures equal in value, existing side by side and in the same time frame. The age group surveyed comprised 500 third- and fourth year secondary school students. Research methods: interviews, representative questionnaires; on the-spot observations. Group cultures analyzed: rocker, alternative, punk, skinhead, rapper, disco, raver, house. Structure: short outline of music and social history, presentation of the groups concerned, typological comparisons.
More...Keywords: Afghanistan; president; Constitution
The institution of the president exists in the majority of the countries of the western world. Depending on the prerogatives granted by the constitution, the president may perform either a representative function or have the real power. No matter what the role of the president is, the position is deeply embedded in the political system, and the constitutional law as well as political practice specify its scope of competencies and capabilities. When we go beyond the Euro-Atlantic area, we can also find the states where an office of president is run. While its formation, Asian, African and South American societies, consciously or not, usually emulated the Euro-Atlantic experiences. In general, historical background of the non-European states, however, makes the history of the presidential office shorter, and the introduction of this position was often a result of violent sociopolitical changes. What often distinguishes the presidencies of the African and Asian countries from the Euro-Atlantic ones is their instability - in running this office a lot depends on the personality traits of the person holding it as well as on the tradition (or lack thereof) of strong central governance. On that premise, the presidency history of a non-European state, i.e. Afghanistan can be presented. This is an interesting case since the above mentioned factors are clearly visible in here, and the state's internal political situation is unstable. In addition, as the international forces are supposed to be withdrawn from the country until the end of 2014, the president may then become the main body formulating public policy and, thus, shaping the future of Afghanistan.
More...Keywords: Bukowina;secondary education;Romanian books;cultural policy;habsburg empire;interwar;communist;
This paper aims at presenting the acts of book and document censorship within the library of «Griechisch-orientalische kaiserlich-königliche Obergymnasium in Suczawa», the first high school from southern Bukowina, founded by imperial decree on the 30th of June 1860, in which German was the tuition language, today known as Colegiul Național “Ștefan cel Mare” from Suceava. This study is based on original archive documents, previous studies on the topic and documents from the school library. Relying on historical research approaches, the phenomenon of book censorship is analysed during all polical regimes that succeeded in the nearly 160 years of existance of the school library. The paper points to the restrictions imposed during the Austrian rule (1860-1918), the cleansing and even total distruction of the most valuable books belonging to the Romanian heritage during the totalitarian regimes after the Great Union of 1918, the reorganisation of the special collections, the restriction of the public accessibility to certain titles. This paper, alongside previous ones on the same topic, is meant to contribute to the understanding of the complex phenomenon of censorship in Romanian libraries.
More...Keywords: Roman Imperial Coins; Roman Coin Hoards; Bârgăuani;
Articolul prezintă două tezaure romane descoperite la Bârgăuani (Neamț).
More...Keywords: Buddhist temple; datsan Gunzechoinei; imperialism; Rozen School; Russian orientalism; Saint Petersburg; urban landscape
This article intends to examine the founding and functioning of the Buddhist temple in Saint Petersburg at the turn of the 20th century presented within the context of a cosmopolitan urban landscape. Moreover, it demonstrates the forms and aims of the sociopolitical activity of scholars originating from the Rozen School, which contributed to the emergence of the temple. As an example of specifically Russian orientalism, this scholarly activity enabled thinking in the categories of ethnic pluralism and principles of multiculturalism in the national policy of the Russian Empire in the discussed period, thus constituting one of the key elements which enabled the foundation of the temple.
More...Keywords: MureșTurda;Romanians;officers;soldiers;NCOs (noncommissioned officers);farmers;officials;craftsmen;intellectuals;
The First World War also marked the lives of the Romanian inhabitants and the communities in which they lived that were part of the former county MureșTurda. In the actions imposed by the war were involved 13,588 persons from the 206 localities reviewed. Between 1914 and 1918, from the localities of the county, 13,568 Romanian inhabitants were concentrated. Among those called to arms, 12,784 were employed in the active part, as soldiers on the frontline, and 784 in the sedentary part for auxiliary activities or mobilized on the spot. 13 other Romanian inhabitants were detained to be incarcerated or imprisoned in camp most likely because of their involvement in the national fight and 7 of them chose the path of refuge. During the war, among the Romanians mobilized, 1,315 died on the front, 219 died in detention, in exile, due to the diseases they caught or from the injuries and 866 went missing. At the end of the war, the number of survivors was 11,188. 9,624 of them returned home fully healthy, 794 ill or injured which afterwards would make a full recovery and 770 of them disabled. 1,024 medals were received. Those that were dead or had disappeared left behind 1,108 widows and 2,410 orphans. The communities of the county had their own contribution in sustaining the war. The donation and voluntary contributions made by the inhabitants of those communities reached a total value of 381,550 lei during the entire war. At the same time, they suffered damages that reached a total value of 41,089,500 lei.
More...Keywords: warfare; hybrid; Russian Federation; Moldova; paramilitary;
In this article i’ll try to make you understand the phases of the war started by the Russian Federation in Moldova. This warfare caused more than 500 dead people, disappeared, tortured or fallen on the battlefields;about 4.000 injured people in fights and sick people, many of the died after the war. Consequences of this war are severe: the economic and social crisis in bassarabian society persists even today and it will not be over until all the politicians from Moldova will be changed with others which will have different perspectives and political affiliations.
More...Keywords: sport; media; media coverage; gender; Olympics; femininity; masculinity
This study concerns the online sports media coverage,a topic that has not been previously analyzed in Poland.In recent decades many studies (in Anglo–Saxon countriesin particular) indicated the major underrepresentation ofwomen’s sport and different framing of sportswomen andsportsmen. Those studies showed that the media playsimportant role in upholding gender stereotypes in sportand hindering empowerment of sportswomen. This studyanalyzes media coverage of three sports disciplines (gymnastics,swimming and weightlifting) during Rio Olympicson five websites. Findings revealed underrepresentationof women’s sport and setting the trend to write aboutwomen’s sport in disciplines consider as appropriated forwomen. The qualitative analysis did not indicate gender–specific descriptors in materials about sportspeople.
More...Keywords: Syria; Iran; Turkey; Israel; Arab Spring; terrorism; regional geopolitics; Kurdish problem; refugees; superpower confrontation
The negative impact of globalization is readily observed in today’s Syria. Ravished by seven years of internal conflict stimulated initially by Tunisia’s Arab awakening, this once proud state has become a magnet for religious fanatics and their wealthy sponsors in conservative Saudi Arabia and other countries far and near seeking geopolitical advantage. Not least Syria has experienced the seemingly futile endeavors by those in the United Nations and elsewhere seeking a solution to this country’s enduring turmoil. Military intervention by Iran and Russia has changed the configuration of the conflict at the critical point in time when Israeli and American intervention provides a dangerous environment for superpower conflict. All the while, Syrians remaining in the country suffer, and those seeking safety elsewhere are threatening to destabilize Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan and, farther afield, the cohesion of the European Community.
More...Keywords: World War II; Dachau; Jesuits; Lusaka; Northern Rodesia; Zambia;
Cardinal Adam Kozłowiecki died in 2007 and was buried in Lusaka. He was a prominent figure in the history of the African Church, especially in Zambia. He lived to the age of 96, having spent more than 60 years working for the Jesuit missions in Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia. This paper will discuss the various stages of the cardinal’s life: his origins, childhood, early upbringing at home under the supervision of his parents. Then we will look at his education in the renowned schools of the Second Republic, his joining the Society of Jesus and his desire to become a Jesuit educator of youth; next, World War II, his arrest and five-year ordeal as a prisoner in German concentration camps; and after that, his trip to Africa where his work with the local people was apparently extremely difficult, but fruitful. We will then examine the gradual development of the mission and the formation of the church administration that took place in Zambia. All these efforts resulted in Kozłowiecki’s appointment as apostolic administrator and apostolic vicar. Later, the Holy See created a new metropolitan see in Lusaka and Adam Kozłowiecki was appointed the first metropolitan archbishop of that city. We will review his participation in the Second Vatican Council, his becoming the first president of the Episcopal Conference of Zambia, his activity as a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples and as director of the Pontifical Mission Societies in Zambia. In 1998, he was the first Polish Jesuit to receive a cardinal’s hat.
More...Keywords: meritocracy; higher education policy; Romania; neoliberalism;
The paper follows the institutionalization of meritocracy in the Romanian higher education. Using the Romanian experience, the study explores the setting of meritocracy, highlights the revised institutional genesis that led to the adoption of a so-called post-traditional approach, and it reviews the deployment of practices that steered higher education in Romania. In support to these, a reflective stance is employed alongside secondary sources to scrutinize the techniques of control and practices which inform institutional evolution. The research attempts to shed light on the increase of doctrinal entrenchment through which meritocracy justifies academic stratification in a pauper system aspiring to world-class recognition.
More...Keywords: biopolitics; community of life; master-slave dialectics; body; subject;
Montažstroj’s Who is? Woyzeck is a performative history about individuals’ open wounds that will probably never heal, especially in the context of technodemocracy and liberal deprivation processes. Woyzeck is a Georg Büchner hero whose voice is not able to be heard. He is deprived, deprivileged, and his behavior/labor is socially unacceptable. He is devoid of humanity, turned into an animal, pure zoe, and thus treated like one by the system. Montažstroj’s project was, therefore, eager to explore the politics of power where the individual is subdued to numerous forms of violence and the way these violent acts resonate on the surface of human intimacy. The rhythmic changing of scenes depicted social coercion and private agony; the play questioned the world of isolated and lonely individuals. Woyzeck was presented as a pure phenomenon, as an in-dividual trapped in a Hegelian master-slave relation, thus as a non-person whose body is being occupied and used in a specific situation of violence, love, betrayal, jealousy and murder, with no way out. The performance of two men and a woman on a stage, which is supposed to function as a specific community of life, bombarded with techno and rave music, together with pure channels of associations derived from various sources, primarily from Büchner's text, which was written in 1836, is thus analyzed as a deconstructive and multi-layered re-inscription of political and discursive regimes subdued by frenetic music samples.
More...Keywords: Cold War; Poland; scientific espionage; counterintelligence;
is paper examines how the Polish communist intelligence service attempted to recruit professor Stefan Węgrzyn, who was a prominent specialist on automatic control and computer science in post-war Poland. Eventually, Węgrzyn’s refusal to cooperate with the Polish spy agency, together with his profound relationship with French scientist and servomechanism expert Jean Charles Gille, made them both targets of surveillance orchestrated by the communist security apparatus. In the broader context of human-intelligence studies, this case study involves the problem of moral ambiguity. We experience informative examples of sci- entists, who often – not only during the Cold War – have had to choose be- tween commitment to the rules of the academic world, along with its open- ness and transparency on the one hand, and patriotism including an ethos of secrecy for the sake of the homeland’s prosperity, on the other hand.
More...Keywords: political ritual; ideology; social memory; social process; symbols; Slovenia;
Political division, which re-emerged after Slovenian independence and parliamentary democracy in 1991, has strongly influenced Slovenian social life. The article focuses on official and parallel celebrations of statehood day as a political tool in political arena. The author analyses those manipulative and discursive techniques used by opposition leader Janez Janša that were the most evident in the critique of the official celebrations of statehood and the construction of parallel ones. Presented taxonomy of his interventions is based on extensive ethnographic work and offers a summarised review of some basic ideological disputes during the Slovenian post-socialist transition.
More...Keywords: Chernivtsi; memory; cultural diversity; Ukraine; Meridian Czernowitz;
Drawing on tropes, stories, and symbols emanating from lost layers of urban cultural diversity has been an important resource in post-socialist city branding in many cities in Eastern and Central Europe that saw significant ethno-demographic changes in connection with World War II. In Chernivtsi, this is usually framed by narratives emphasizing tolerance, cultural diversity, and Europeanness, notions that are prominent in myths about the city in German-speaking Central Europe. A common strategy here, found in municipal city branding and in commercial efforts to draw on the multiethnic past in restaurants and cafés, is to deemphasize difficult questions about what actually happened to the celebrated cultural diversity and soften or ignore the temporal break. The article analyses how the International Poetry Festival Meridian Czernowitz, that has taken place in Chernivtsi since 2010, works with the city’s culturally diverse past and its literary dimensions, drawing on tropes from both local multiculturalist narratives and on the Bukowina-Mythos popularised by intellectuals from German-speaking countries. Although the festival is not a venue for working through traumas, locating events in symbolically charged places such as the Jewish cemetery and highlighting Holocaust themes in poetry readings opens up for difficult questions where the lost cultural diversity might become something more than only a resource.
More...Keywords: Italy; Yugoslavia; Trieste; borderland; memory, memorials; partisans; World War II;
This article discusses local cultures of remembrance of Yugoslav partisans fallen during World War II in Trieste, now part of Italy, and investigates the role of memory activists in managing vernacular memory over time. The author analyses the interplay between memory and the production of space, something which has been neglected in other studies of memory formation. On the basis of local newspaper articles, archival material, and oral interviews, the essay examines the ideological imprint on the local cultural landscape, contributing to a more complex understanding of memory engagement. The focus is on grassroots initiatives rather than state-sponsored heritage projects. This article argues that memory initiatives are not solely the outcome of national narratives and top–down ideological impositions. It shows that official narratives have to negotiate with vernacular forms of memory engagement in the production of a local mnemonic landscape.
More...Keywords: Transylvania;World War (September 1914 - June 1918);Szolnok;mobilization;
The First World War also marked the lives of the Romanian inhabitants and the Solnoc-Dobâca in which they lived that were part of the former-county Solnoc-Dobâca. In the actions imposed by the war were involved 32,923 persons from the 313 localities reviewed. Between 1914 and 1918 from the localities of the county were concentrated 32,880 Romanian inhabitants. Among those called to arms, 31,198 were employed in the active part, as soldiers on the frontline, and 1,682 in the sedentary part for auxiliary activities or mobilized on the spot. 23 other Romanian inhabitants were detained to be incarcerated or imprisoned in camp most likely because of their involvement in the national fight and 20 of them chose the path of refuge. During the war, among the Romanians mobilized, 2, 476 died on the front, 835 died in detention, in exile, due to the diseases they caught or from the injuries and 3,125 went missing. At the end of the war the number of survivors was 26,487. 22,754 of them returned home fully healthy, 2,051 ill or injured which afterwards would make a full recovery and 1,682 of them disabled. 2,752 medals were received. Those that were dead or had disappeared left behind 2,684 widows and 5,846 orphans. The communities of the county had their own contribution in sustaining the war. The donation and voluntary contributions made by the inhabitants of those communities reached a total value of 407,120 lei during the entire war. At the same time, they suffered damages that reached a total value of 329,345 lei.
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