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Keywords: incoronazione; Santa Sede; communicatio in sacris; Chiesa Greco-Cattolica; lesa maestà
A poco più di quattro anni dal compimento della Grande Unione ossia dall’adesione delle provincie dell’ex-Austro-Ungheria all’unione con il Vecchio Regno Romeno, il 1 dicembre 1918, la città di Alba Iulia diventò, più precisamente il 15 ottobre 1922, il testimone di un evento eccezionale per la vita del giovane stato romeno, l’incoronazione di Ferdinand e Maria come sovrani della Grande Romania. Con lo scopo di offrire l’imagine di un paese in via di consolidamento interno e di sottolineare simbolicamente il nuovo posto che voleva avere la Romania appena uscita dalla Grande Guerra nei dei rapporti internazionali, la cerimonia di cui ci stiamo occupando fu preparata attentivamente nonostante le difficoltà economiche che travagliarono quel periodo successivo alla Prima Guerra Mondiale. La cerimonia d’incoronazione è stata resa possibile nell’autunno del 1922 e l’evento stesso divisò la classe politica e la società romena dell’epoca. Quindi, da una parte le formazioni politiche di opposizione accusavano il partito liberale che era allora al potere insieme al suo leader Ion I. C. Brătianu, di voler approfitare per far aumentare il livello della propria imagine attraverso lo svolgimento della cerimonia d’incoronazione. Questi stessi eventi non portarono però controversie soltanto per i politici romeni del tempo. Le élite ecclesiastica ortodossa e cattolica del regno reagirono, esprimendo punti di vista non prive tra l’altro di alcune contradizioni, volendo alla fine ciascuno segnare l’eccezionale momento. L’episcopato della Chiesa Ortodossa, in base all’argomento di maggioranza numerica e al posto privilegiato di cui godeva questa confessione secondo la Costituzione del paese e la forza delle tradizioni nonchè dell’appoggio del fattore politico, chiedeva di avere il ruolo di prima mano durante i servizi religiosi, per i quali è stato costruita ad Alba Iulia una nuova ed imponente chiesa. Dall’altro lato, la Santa Sede seguì molto da vicino lo svolgimento del ceremoniale, dato che in centro alla festa dell’incoronazione doveva comparire un sovrano cattolico che soltanto due anni fa, dopo trattativi che durarono a lungo, riuscì finalmente a riconciliarsi con la Chiesa Cattolica. Vogliamo soffermarci attraverso la presente ricerca sull’atteggiamento dell’episcopato greco-cattolico romeno nei confronti della cerimonia d’incoronazione, prevista per il 15 ottobre 1922 ad Alba Iulia. Il monopolo che volle avere la Chiesa Ortodossa sul ceremoniale d’incoronazione pose questi vescovi uniti in una situazione profondamente imbarazzante: come vescovi di una Chiesa romena questi volessero essere presenti ad una festa nazionale di ampia portata, come quella che si stava proggetando, ma dall’altro canto la disciplina della Chiesa Cattolica alla quale appartenevano, era del tutto contraria all’ideea di concelebrare, anche di asistere alle cerimonie religiose dei acattolici.
More...Brief consideration of (1) Peirce’s ‘logic of vagueness’, (2) his categories, and (3) the concepts of overdetermination and underdetermination, vagueness and generality, and inconsistency and incompleteness, along with (4) the abrogation of classical Aristotelian principles of logic, bear out the complexity of all relatively rich sign systems. Given this complexity, there is semiotic indeterminacy, which suggests sign limitations, and at the same time it promises semiotic freedom, giving rise to sign proliferation the yield of which is pluralistic, inter-relational semiosis. This proliferation of signs owes its perpetual flowing change in time to the inapplicability of classical logical principles, namely Non-Contradiction and Excluded-Middle, with respect to elements of vagueness and generality in all signs. Hempel’s ‘Inductivity Paradox’ and Goodman’s ‘New Riddle of Induction’ bear out the limitation and freedom of sign making and sign taking. A concrete cultural example, the Spaniards’ world including the Virgin of Guadalupe and the Aztecs world including their Goddess, Tonantzín, are given a Hempel-Goodman interpretation to reveal the ambiguous, vague, and complex nature of intercultural sign systems, further suggesting pluralism. In fact, when taking the ‘limitative theorems’ of Gödel, Turing, and Chaitin into account, pluralism becomes undeniable, in view of the inconsistency-incompleteness of complex systems. A model for embracing and coping with pluralism suggests itself in the form of contextualized novelty seeking relativism. This form of pluralism takes overdetermination, largely characteristic of Peirce’s Firstness, and underdetermination largely characteristic of Peirce’s Thirdness, into its embrace to reveal a global context capable of elucidating local contexts the collection of which is considerably less than that global view. The entirety of this global context is impossible to encompass, given our inevitable finitude and fallibilism. Yet, we usually manage to cope with processual pluralism, within the play of semiosis.
More...Keywords: sauceboat; Coțofeni culture; Baden culture; Eneolithic; Early Bronze Age; Early Helladic II
One type of the more “renowned” Balkan-Aegean objects is the so-called “sauceboat”. Current studies on this subject have produced an incomplete repertoire or have only focused on certain aspects of this problematic topic. However, this type of ceramic vessel raises a series of issues that have been approached in the present study, in which a number of unique discoveries have been taken into consideration - a series of items that are absolutely fundamental in this endeavour. This study revolves around the vessels discovered in the Baden and Coţofeni regions, discussing their history, context, typology and chronology. In order to understand their functionality, I considered them within in the Carpathian-Balkan-Aegean context, where the presence of such items has already been established. Sauceboat-type vessels can be found across a large geographical area, and the majority of specialists consider the centre of their propagation to be the Aegean world, where such vessels, in varying forms typical of their place of origin, are known from the Early Helladic II, the Early Cycladic culture and the Early Minoic II. The outskirts of this area include Troy I in the east and the Carpathian Basin in the north. Although the area under scrutiny is on the outlines of the “civilised” Aegean-Anatolian world, Central European archaeological discoveries play a key role in the study of the evolution of the sauceboats along a north-south axis. The analysis of these discoveries showed that some items from the Carpathian Basin region were older than those from the Aegean-Anatolian world, beginning with the Cernavodă III/Coţofeni I horizon. Regarding their functionality, we do not yet have any undisputable evidence of what the contents of the so-called sauceboats were. They undoubtedly contained liquids which varied depending on the period, owner and context. Alcohol consumption, which is considered to be directly connected to the sauceboats of the Aegean-Anatolian world, need not have been a practice in the Carpathian-Balkan communities.
More...Keywords: Personality hesychastic; Saint Nicholas Kabasilas; synthesis; humanist theologian; Church Fathers;
In the Orthodox Church, the beginning of the 14th century depicts one of the most representative faces of Byzantine writers during the rebirth of the Palaeologus emperors, place occupied by the one who had neither model nor imitators, Saint Nicholas Kabasilas, outstanding personality of the Byzantium Orthodox spirituality of the hesychastic period. Unique by his power of synthesis, the author of several theological writings of great resonance in Orthodoxy, Nicholas Kabasilas impresses by absorbing most of the currents of the existing Eastern Christian Tradition, being the humanist theologian who knew very well how to assimilate and embody, in a bunch of high theological approaches, most of the Church Fathers of the past, offering a monumental work to the Eastern Orthodoxy. We highlight in this study his high spiritual personality, humanistic and hesychastic at the same time.
More...Keywords: onomastics
Onomastic news and comments
More...Keywords: onomastics; conference
Report about the conference
More...Keywords: onomastics; conference; ICOS
Report about the conference
More...Keywords: onomastics
Report about the conference
More...Keywords: onomastics; conference
Report about the conference
More...Keywords: onomastics; conference
Report about the conference
More...Keywords: onomastics; anthroponyms
Report about expert opinions issued by the Department of Onomastics, Czech Language Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, in 2021
More...Keywords: Bessarabia; Baptists; World War II; Greater Romania; Orthodox Church;
This paper highlights the situation of the Bessarabian Baptist community in Greater Romania. Officially recognized by the Russian authorities before 1918, the Baptists of Bessarabia had to face the hostility of the Romanian authorities, who did not recognize the legality of this denomination. In the late 1930s, Baptists throughout Romania received freedom and rights from the state, but these rights were soon repealed by the government of Ion Antonescu, who ordered the mass conversion of "sectarians." At the same time, the attitude of the Bessarabian Orthodox Church towards the Baptists and the way in which the Orthodox bishops related to the issue of "sects" during the Second World War are followed.
More...Keywords: Ľudovít Štúr; Slovak; Slovak literary language; romanticism;
This paper is focused on Ľudovít Štúr (28. 10. 1815 Uhrovec – 12. 1. 1856 Modra), emblematic personality of Slovaks. His prodigious activity in the field of linguistics, literature, politics, organizing the struggle for the emancipation of the people, education etc. is presented in its important points. It emphasized the role of literary language encoder (Slovak language Science, 1846) and the literary theorist (About songs and stories of Slavic nations), without being neglected his poetic creations (Songs and Singing, 1853).
More...Keywords: Orghidan Collection; Archaeological Revival; Giacinto Melillo; Eros; jewellery; gold;
The subject of the article is a pair of earrings from the Orghidan Collection. Although considered until now of ancient origin, they were proven, in fact, as made in the last third of the 19th century in the style of the “Archaeological Revival”. The earrings were crafted in Naples in the workshops of Giacinto Melillo, one of Alessandro Castellani’s apprentice and close collaborator. The attempt to capture and understand as well as possible the particularities of these ornaments inspired a review of the formal diversity of ancient and modern jewellery. The cultural context in which they were created was strongly influenced by the educational and leisure travels fashionable at the time and known as the Grand Tour. Many of those who dared to travel went to Italy, returning from this adventure with all sorts of souvenirs. During the same period, the number of “archaeological investigations” in the peninsula was on the increase, and they more often focused on the discovery of the most beautiful and impressive works of art, as objects to be sold later as profitable as possible. The increasing number of ancient jewellery pieces thus recovered generated, in turn, both an increase in the demand of the collectors, museums or various fine ladies, but also led to a better knowledge of their shapes, structure and specificity. Etruscan, Greek or Roman antiquities have thus become not only valuable sources of inspiration for the modern jewellery, but also prototypes for an important industry in which the boundaries between imitation, fake, pastiche or restoration were not yet very well established. The earrings in the Orghidan Collection are not fakes since they originated in a workshop that recognized and acknowledged its sources of inspiration, with the specificity of these jewellery stemming exactly from the artistry stimulated by the ancient artefacts. On the other hand, despite the fact inspiration from the Antiquity was an acknowledged reality, the resulted ornaments might have fused elements from different traditions, offering in the end only a reinterpretation. As collectible small artefacts, the story of the earrings was short-circuited somewhere along the way and, resembling so close to the acknowledged image of the ancient ornaments, they were included in this category, although they clearly have no analogies among the earrings of Hellenistic or Roman tradition, and despite the fact some of their structural or formal features are far from suggesting it.
More...Keywords: Habsburg Empire; Bukovina; Russian Empire; Bessarabia; Bugeac; county; Galicia; Moldova; migration; transdanubian immigrants; Ruthenians;
At the beginning of the foreign rule, Bukovina had a population of approx. 67–73 thousand people, and Bessarabia – at least 300 thousand inhabitants. Most of the inhabitants were Romanians (Moldovans), both in Bukovina (about 59–60% in 1774) and in Bessarabia (about 75–76% in 1812). In both provinces, the most massive migration processes took place in the first decades of the foreign administration (in Bukovina – until the 1920s and 1930s, in Bessarabia – until the middle of the 19th century). In 12 years, the number of inhabitants almost doubled in Bukovina (from 67–73 thousand people in 1774, to about 135 thousand people in 1786) and Bessarabia (from at least 300 thousand in 1812, to approximately 583 thousand in 1824). Subsequently, the migration processes decreased in intensity, and the number of inhabitants increased due to the natural growth.In the first years of the Russian rule, simultaneously with the relocation of the wandering peasants from across the Dniester to Bessarabia, there was a reverse process of refuge of Moldovan peasants in Moldova west of the Prut. Similar processes took place in the first years of Austrian rule also in Bukovina, when many Romanian peasants fled to Moldova. In the first decades of foreign rule, most foreign immigrants arrived in both Bukovina and Bessarabia, mainly Ukrainians from the north and east of the Dniester. As a result, it was during this period that the ethnic structure of the population in both provinces changed radically, to the detriment of the local Romanian population. Towards the middle of the 19th century, Bukovina was populated by approximately 380 thousand inhabitants, including 48.5% Romanians, and in Bessarabia, the proportion of Moldovans was reduced to approx. 52–56% (in the years 1850–1862).
More...Keywords: transfer of real-estate ownership; the effects of court ruling; moment; pre-sale agreement;
The substantive law regulating the possibility for the courts to render decisions enforcing pre-sales agreements regarding real-estate have no stipulations as to the actual moment when the decision becomes effective by transferring the property from the transmitter to the acquirer. Identifying the moment of the transfer of property has as a premise that the legal institution of court decisions enacting sales agreements has a multi-disciplinary nature, and only the integrated research of both the effects from the point of view of civil law (including specific regulations for land books) and of judicial decisions, as regulated by Romanian civil procedure, may deliver a valid conclusion. Observing this institution in the aforementioned legal context, we conclude that from the very origins of this institution created by the legal doctrine and case-law development, the moment when the transfer of property takes place by means of a court decision can only be the moment when the first ruling on the merits has been issued (be it a first court decision, a decision of the court of appeals, or of the recourse court). This solution should be considered as a traditional and continuous one in the Romanian legal system, and will be revised only when the constitutive effect of land books registrations will enter into force.
More...Keywords: rural; tourism; accommodation; drivers; Romania.
The current paper continues the work of Pop et al. (2019) and Pop & Georgescu (2020) concerning the drivers (factors) that might influence the rural accommodation development in Romania. The present study introduced 13 new factors/drivers. The research question remains the same as formulated in the previous study: which are the drivers of the accommodation development in rural areas in Romania? The findings of the present analysis are in line with the findings of Pop & Georgescu (2020), which show that lodging development in rural areas is related to a certain extent to tourist attractions, while the 2008 rank and 2012 rank have a rather mediating influence. The newly added endogenous factors/drivers Romanian rural localities add relative little to the explanatory power of models used to assess the rural lodgings development. While in some cases (see Table 1) R squared doubles its value compared with the findings of Pop & Georgescu (2020), the relationship among the dependent variable and the selected factors, though significant, remains weak.
More...Keywords: Late Antique street; Histria; Early and Late Roman pottery; local and regional economy;
This paper discusses the ceramic assemblage discovered during the 2007 and 2018 campaigns in the on the route of street A, north of the Crypt Basilica, one of the few urban arteries revealed from the road network of late Roman Histria. The analyzed ceramic inventory, which is in a very advanced state of fragmentation, covers the period of the 1st – 6th centuries AD and includes almost all ceramic categories: transport, storage, table ware and cooking vessels. The statistical analysis shows the dominance of table wares, followed by transport vessels and cooking wares. In the case of the latter, this category includes both wheel or the handmade fragments. Each category is analyzed based on morphological and functional criteria, and the discussion extends to the issue of production centers. Considering the rich ceramic variety, especially the transport vessels and fine pottery, shows the commercial connections of Histria with large manufacturing centers, especially in the Aegean, Pontic and Micro-Asian, both during the early Roman period and in the Late Antiquity. During the 2nd and 3rd centuries the transport vessels arrived carrying wine and oil mainly from south Pontic and Aegean centers, while and the finer pottery has a Pontic and local origin, with few imports. By contrast, during Late Antiquity, Aegean amphorae dominate as the main imports in this category, represented especially by the well known types LRA 1 and LRA 2, in close connection with the annona militaris. There are still Pontic containers, such as the Kuzmanov XVI type of amphorae and a single Levantineamphora. Starting from the chronological and typological distribution of the ceramic material, the paper aims to answer questions related to the economic relations of History in the Roman era, the issues regarding a local and regional production and the changes that can be observed in the transition from the Principality to the Late Antiquity.
More...Keywords: deceased; burial; funerals; canonic legislation; orthodox;
Inspired by the description of the burial of our Lord in the Gospels, Christians from the very beginning buried their dead with proper care and ceremonies. They believed that the body of every Christian was indeed “a temple of God“ and, as such, it also was holy (1 Co 3, 16-17). In expectation of the “resurrection of the dead“, Christians believe that their bodies will once again be united with their souls and live forever. The Christian belief in the resurrection of the body was then the main reason why, since ancient times, the „funerals were arranged, the obsequies celebrated and the tombs prepared with a reverent piety“ among the Christians (St. Augustine, The City of God I, 13). The burial of the Christian has a deep religious meaning that sums up certain gestures, ceremonies and religious customs, codified in the tradition and canonical legislation of the Orthodox Church that will be the subject of this study.
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