Keywords: Juliusz Słowacki; Anhelli; “the Christ of Nation” idea
Just like Mickiewicz's “Books of the Polish Nation and its Pilgrimage”, Słowacki's poem was usually interpreted as the one describing Great Emigration and addressed to Polish emigrants. These two works however present two different images of Polish emigration and two different political and historical diagnoses. First of all Słowacki rejects in “Anhelli” the possibility to interpret Polish fate and future in the context of „the Christ of Nations” idea, which is suggested in Mickiewicz's work. “Anhelli” was one of a very few pieces from Słowacki's earlier works that the poet approved in his mystic period. In the context of his mystic philosophy such clearly pessimistic vision of emigration as the one presented in “Anhelli”, becomes a necessary element in a chain of transformations that lead to the perfect future.
More...Keywords: language game; word formation game; word formation; comicality; Kabaret Moralnego Niepokoju [A Moral Anxiety Cabaret]
This paper attempts to explore word formation games in a cabaret text. The material under analysis was extracted from the sketches developed by Kabaret Moralnego Niepokoju [A Moral Anxiety Cabaret]. The article presents a classification of these word formation mechanisms that can be used to produce a comic effect. The main emphasis is put on these mechanisms that are relatively rare in other analyses in the literature of the subject. These mechanisms include the following: grouping and accumulating of structures representing the same word formation pattern or lexemes belonging to one word formation family, emphatic use of a word formation structure, etymological reinterpretation, word play with the use of abbreviations and meta-word formation techniques. Neologisms and contaminations were excluded from the scope of the analysis. The analysis of the data at hand revealed the richness of word formation strategies that the cabaret group members employ in their texts and the diversity of functions these strategies can realize. The major function used by the cabaret members is comical, yet they also reach for stylization and enhanced expressiveness of their texts.
More...Author of this article reflects on the relationships among two countries: Poland and Russia. He named it „difficult neighborhood”, indicating historical – religious-cultural determinants of today`s situation. In fact the stereotypes and mutual „prejudices” in ours societies are still at work. To illustrate this he recalls what was said or done by some great personalities (Dostoyevsky, Berdyaev to Milosz, Solzenicyn and president Putin). Out of this analysis some negative perspectives for the future, to the Author`s mind, arise because these stereotypes are bound to be unsurmontable. On the other hand, however, sociological researches seems to be undoubtedly more optimistic. According to the studies done in 2001 by the Polish Press Agency (PAP) and the Russian Informations Agency („Novosti”): Poles and Russians are no more „opponents”, nor „allies” but – simply „partners”. There are only 18% of Russians and 11% of Poles who claim: we are „opponents”. And there are only 3% and 2% (respectively) of those who view our relationships as „hostile” The relationship among Roman – Catholic Church and the Moscow Orthodox Patriarchate is also a very important aspect of our neighborhood. (nb. there are no serious conflicts among Roman Catholic Church and Orthodox Church in Poland) We need much time to heal ourselves from the mutual „prejudices” and stereotypes (shaped through centuries). But we should see ourselves in the perspective of the once called „Churches–Sisters”, not in opposition to each other but friendly-oriented cultures. This groving mutual understanding is evidently seen nowodays in Poland through such frequent events as: concerts, festivals of orthodox music, exhibitions of icons. This article points to mental and cultural deep-set differences and throws light on the mutual values of the two neighbouring nations
More...Keywords: administration; history of administration; police; police studies; internal state management; 17th-century political literature;
The term “police” is derived from the Greek term “politei” which denotes an initial system of state. Since the 16th century, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, it has functioned as the synonym of the term “administration”. In Poland, since the 18 th century, despite the lack of the reception of the assumptions of the West-European police studies, the term started to be used in that sense. Polish political writers, starting with Stanisław Leszczyński and ending with the authors of the reform of the state’s political system presented at the Four-Year Sejm, made an attempt at defining the term “police”. The term was understood in a variety of ways, for most writers it meant state’s internal order but it also denoted service administration such as fire, construction, medical or traffic police, that is all services whose aim was to secure social prosperity and well-being. The scope of police tasks often included the judiciary system. The police issue was in the scope of interest of the writers supporting the reforms as well as of their opponents, of those who admired the republican system as well as of the advocates of the concept of a strong state following the example of absolute monarchies. However, a vast majority of Polish authors did not understand the term “police” as a means of strengthening the power of the state but as a means of reassuring good order, that is social security, peace and quiet.
More...Keywords: occupation; social status; place of residence; marital status; religious denomination
The aim of this paper is to investigate the criteria of the selection of marriage partners in 19th- and early 20th-century Polish lands, focusing on the example of the Poznań province. Individual information about partners was derived from parish and civil marriage registers for 1840-1919 (8,780 couples). In the Poznań province the criteria of partner selection were age, religious denomination, occupational status of spouses and the size of their place of residence. Men with a higher social position married relatively young women. The social and economic position of women were less important in partner selection than those of men. Factors of socio-economic nature influenced the age of spouses entering into matrimony for the first time.
More...Keywords: independence; niepodległość
Until the end of the 18th century, the word niepodległy (independent) was rarely used in Polish and had a slightly different meaning than it has today. The semantic change occurs after the loss of independence, which is also the period when the noun niepodległość (independence), which refers to the political independence of a state, comes into use. Old and new semantic elements are present in both words over successive decades of the 19th century as the development process of a new meaning is quick: it takes one generation. Axiological phenomena are equally dynamic; in the romanticists’ world of values independence is ranked very high. Its devaluation, which can be noticed in some utterances and statements from the past three decades, is a slow process and it does not seen to influence the semantics of the word or its functioning in the language.
More...Keywords: history of historiography of the PRL period; methodology of history; Celina Bobińska;
The article presents an analysis of the fall of the First Polish Republic in selected works of the PRL historian Celina Bobińska. The issue scope follows the field of the history of historiography which in a narrow sense is the history of historical science. Such research is part of using the words of Andrzej Feliks Grabski, so-called “The subjective history of historiography”. In addition to the intellectual biography of the historian, his work is analysed in the context of changes taking place in the paradigms of practicing historical research. I focus on the theoretical and methodological assumptions and the assessments resulting from the adoption of a specific, historically and culturally oriented axiology. The main research questions I ask myself are: What theoretical and methodological assumptions accompanied Celina Bobińska during the examination of the question of the collapse of the Polish state and how the axiology accepted by it conditioned the assessment of this event. The source database – selected monographs by Bobińska from 1949–1956 as the most representative of her work during this period.
More...Keywords: late Baroque period; religious poetry; humanism vs. Christianity;
Religious poetry of the Saxon times has often in the past prompted quite radical, and at the same time emotional, valuations coming from scholars. Its distinctness from the literature of the preceding periods was also frequently underscored. The present article attempts to expand upon the issue of novelty and unique features of the works by late Baroque religious poets (Stanisław Brzeżański, Franciszek Gniewisz, Karol Mikołaj Juniewicz, Hieronin Falęcki, and Józef Baka). What is assumed to have been characteristic of the said literature is the endeavour at maximal persuasive efficacy and presence of deep internal tensions between christianitas and humanitas.
More...Keywords: austriacki kodeks cywilny; Galicja; prawo cywilne; pactum advitalitium; Ernest Till; Austrian Civil Code; Galicia; civil law
The current Austrian Civil Code goes back to 1811, after more than 200 years it still is in force in Austria –though with many amendments. Its origin and development is connected to the political history of the Austrian Empire, later the Dual Monarchy and its successor states in the 20th century. The paper analyses the significance of the Austrian Civil Code on the development of civil law in Central Europe on the verge of the collapse of the old empires and the emergence of the new political systems. Especially the question of the influence of the Austrian Civil Code on Polish law and inversely the influence of Polish lawyers on the development of the Austrian Civil Code is addressed. Due to the character of the inclusion of the Polish parts into the Austrian Empire in the 18th century the paper raises the question of the role of civil law in forced unions.
More...Keywords: Polish historiography; Szymon Askenazy; Poland and Europe; the partitions of Poland; insurrectionary movement; the genesis of the Second Republic of Poland;
This article aims to show that the historical thought of Szymon Askenazy, a distinguished representative of the neo-romantic school of Polish historiography of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, was most distinctive not in his greatest works or editorial accomplishments, but in the smaller forms to which he referred, probably as one of the first historians, as ‘historical holidays’. The most interesting strands of his interpretation of Polish and European history in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are often to be found in these ‘leisure’ forms of writing.
More...Keywords: Monika Grzeszczak; Democracy; Poland and Germany; 1989-2009; public discourse;
Review of: Aleksandr Pshenichnyi - Monika Grzeszczak: Pojęcie demokracji i jego profilowanie w polskim i niemieckim dyskursie publicznym (1989–2009), Towarzystwo Naukowe Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła II, Lublin 2015, s. 344.
More...Keywords: Polish historiography; Kirył Koczegarow; Military and political history; Polish diplomacy;
Ad 1. Zanim przedstawię moje spostrzeżenia na temat polskiej historiografii w ostatnich 30 latach, chciałbym zrobić dwie uwagi, które, jak sądzę, będą wyróżniały moją opinię z szeregu innych. Po pierwsze, patrzę na wskazany temat nieco z boku, jako obcy uczony, chociaż mający do czynienia z polskim procesem historiograficznym, w miarę swoich skromnych możliwości.
More...Keywords: Artur Daniel Liskowacki; prose; novel
This article is a review of the book Murzynek B. Arthur Daniel Liskowacki wrote his novel in a very characteristic way. Short, jagged sentences huddle in one long text. It looks like a train of thoughts, discussions and descriptions of events. The reader must pick up, guess, analyze and read very carefully to not get lost in this fight between good and evil, between black and white.
More...Keywords: Andrzej Bieniek; bookkeeping; calculation; cost systematics; interwar period; Poland
Purpose: The article is related to the scientific edition of Andrzej Bieniek’s monograph Systematyka kosztów własnych (Systematics of own costs), which was published originally in 1938. The reprint of this book was published in 2022 as part of the Golden Series of Polish Accounting, promoted by the Main Board of the Accountants Association in Poland. The article describes Biernek’s achievements in educating accountants and trade workers, and it examines his contribution to the development of knowledge on cost accounting in Poland in the interwar period. Methodology/approach: The method of historical analysis of Bieńek’s biographical sources and publications identified during the library query was used, including the author’s works available in the POLONA digital library. Findings: Bieniek (1895-1944), a soldier of the Polish Legions and then the Polish Army, and an activist of the Home Army during World War II, tied his professional life with teaching and developing accounting in theory and practice. In the interwar period, he worked as an accounting teacher at commercial schools in Łódź and Warsaw, and then as an academic teacher at the Warsaw School of Economics. He was the author of about 40 publications of various kinds. In books and articles on accounting in manufacturing companies and in his published doctoral dissertation, he presented and explained the issues of classifying, recording and calculating costs, and cost analysis. In these publications, he built the foundations for the development of cost accounting in Poland for enterprise management. Originality/value: The article broadens the knowledge of the history of accounting in interwar Poland by presenting the didactic and scientific achievements of a researcher and author forgotten after World War II.
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