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Keywords: pedagogy; pedagogy of culture; pedagogy of national culture; ethnicity; nation; national minority
An author presents in his study the problematique of pedagogy of national culture, based on assumptions (principles, guidelines) of pedagogy of culture. He shows issues, which are resulting (following) from prewar controversy in Polish pedagogy (Zygmunt Mysłakowski, Bogdan Suchodolski, Bogdan Nawroczyński, Kazimierz Sośnicki, Ernest Krieck, Lucjan Zarzecki and others) over it, whether education should be national (ethnical) or public (state)? The author shows possible solutions to this question with references to national minorities and with references to ethnical groups. He indicates the assimiliation, the adaptation (the adaptability) and the acceptance (the approval) in the process (course in action) of cultural integration the national (ethnical) minorities with dominant majority. He indicates „Polish civilization” (term by Feliks Karol Koneczny) as the common ground of agreement (consensus) cultures of national (ethnical) minorities in Poland. He indicates e. g. the problematique of Jewishes, Ukrainians etc. in Poland. He outlines the principles of cultural autonomy, cultural convergence, cultural tolerancy (broadmindedness) and cultural sovereignty of nations (the Europe of Homelands [Big and Little Fatherlands, Motherlands]). He indicates the Christian (Latin) civilization as the base (the basis, foundations) of national (ethnical) cultures in the West Europe. He shows the problem of national (ethnic) cultures (as the minorities) within the framework of the state coming into being (the European Union). He shows Austria-Hungarn as the historical example of the multinational (multiethnic) state. He outlines the problematique of national (ethnical) minorities based on depiction of the Second Vatican Council (the Roman- Catholic Church). The author describes the rules of non-equivalence (non-equivalency) of cultures, formulated by Polish professor Stefan Szuman (in years 1940-1943). The author describes selected comments (statements) of blessed John Paul the Second, concerning national (ethnical) minorities, formulated in The World Day of Peace Adress (1989) and e. g. conceptions of identity of national (ethnical) cultures and identity of cultural minorities in Poland in process of changes (the Pope”s comments from the book tittled The Memory and the Identity by John Paul the Second, 2005).
More...The author reviews trends in Modern Polish History among Polish and Anglo--American scholars. In the study of the 19th century and the Second Republic, he finds increasing attention to the ways that national identity is invented, and in particular to the importance of relations with other national groups shaped Poles’ conceptions of themselves. Scholarship on World War Two, as well, is now recognizing that conflict’s role as a crucible of national identity, though some historians still limit themselves to simpler stories of national unity and betrayal. The Communist period, in turn, is yielding some of the most innovative work, as scholars move from filling in the blank spots to investigating the mechanisms of accommodation and opposition. In conclusion, the author offers some thoughts on the directions that Polish history can take in the near future.
More...Keywords: monastic directories; monastic yearbooks; monastic elenchi; liturgical calendars of religious orders in Poland; lists of monks; lists of nuns; monastic ministry; divine service
The reference collection of the Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno includes 72 directories and yearbooks of various religious orders. The oldest of these printed books comes from 1767 and was made for Camaldolese monks. The most recent one is a yearbook of the Oratorian Fathers from 2008. However, these printed books are far from uniform. Of crucial importance to this state of affairs is the period in which they originated. Another factor is the specificity of the various religious orders and congregations as well as the purpose of the publications: liturgical or organisational-administrative. That is why the collection in question encompasses directories (liturgical calendars), directories combined with yearbooks and yearbooks on their own. This is a result of the evolution of these publications, similar to the one that transformed analogous publications prepared for dioceses. As they contain a lot of information on a variety of topics, they constitute a valuable historical source, testifying to the liturgical and pastoral life of religious orders and congregations. Often, owing to a lack of any other archive material, they are the only source of information about the staffing of the various monasteries, abbeys or houses. The collection kept in the Archdiocesan Archives in Gniezno contains directories and yearbooks drawn up by the following religious orders or congregations – Bernardine Sisters and Fathers (7 items), Camaldolese Monks (1), Cistercian Monks and Nuns (10), Conventual Franciscans (35), Discalced Carmelite Monks and Nuns (1), Dominican Brothers and Sisters (1), Jesuits (11), Missionaries of the Holy Family (1), Oratorian Fathers (1), Reformati (3) and Sacred Heart Fathers (1). Generally, most of the books came from the Archives and Library of the Metropolitan Chapter in Gniezno. Other donors were: the Metropolitan Curia, the Primatial Seminary and the Secretariat of the Primate of Poland. The collection also includes printed items of unknown provenance. However, all of them constitute a valuable source for the study of the history of religious orders and congregations operating not only in Poland, a source that will leave no one indifferent.
More...Keywords: Orsha (Belarus); the history of education; the history of Jesuits; Jesuits in Russia in the 18th and 19th century; Jesuit education; music dormitory; boarding school; teacher training college;curricula;
The aim of the article, describing the functioning of Jesuit educational institutions, in the years 1773–1820, in Orsha, the poviat town located by the Dnieper, is to present the phenomenon of the survival and continuation of educational and pedagogical activities at the time of a serious institutional crisis. On the one hand, for the above-mentioned institutions, the crisis was connected with the collapse of the Polish statehood and its incorporation into the structure of a foreign state. On the other hand, it was related to the perturbations caused by a futile attempt to completely abolish the organisation responsible for its functioning until then. Taking advantage of preserved archival materials as well as of the scarce literature on the subject matter, the author reconstructs the subsequent forms of functioning of particular institutions – the Jesuit public school, music dormitory, landed gentry boarding school, teacher training college for Jesuit clerics and a year course for nunnery formation, the so-called third probationary period. Owing to the type of the available source material, the article concentrates mainly on the school ran by Jesuits since 1618, focusing among other things on its material basis, the number of students, the teaching staff, on the changes in the curricula as well as the reasons for these changes, and also on accomplished educational results. The further part of the article presents the objectives set for the remaining institutions, methods of their implementation and the scope of their functioning, as well as the people responsible for task fulfillment in particular institutions. The educational activity of Jesuits in Orsha was irreversibly terminated as a result of their expulsion in 1820 and the institutions themselves did not survive even a decade once their new administrators were in charge. However, after centuries, the memory of former institutions dedicated to education and upbringing unexpectedly returned to the public space in the form of the reconstructed trace – the adapted buildings which were erected from ruin.
More...Keywords: Józef Elsner; songs; Freemasonry; Warsaw; nineteenth-century music;
Our knowledge of Elsner’s involvement in Freemasonry can now be supplemented with data obtained by the author of the article during preliminary research conducted in the Central Archives of Historical Records (AGAD) in Warsaw. The investigated material has made it possible to reconstruct the complete texts and establish the authorship of most of the Masonic songs composed by Elsner, to examine examples of poetry dedicated to Elsner by his fellow Freemasons from Warsaw lodges and to identify another collection of his compositions (known from other sources), written for Masonic lodges, not previously mentioned in any studies, as well as an unsigned, handwritten copy of the so-called ‘apprentices’ song’ 'Bierz się śmiało do podróży' [Go boldly on your journey]. In 1810, the common practice of singing during Masonic ceremonies encouraged Józef Elsner to publish his own collection of songs to be performed by Masonic brethren, modelled on similar publications abroad. The collection, titled 'Muzyka do pieśni wolnomularskich' [Music to Masonic songs], comprised thirty compositions (apart from Elsner’s, it contained music by Mozart, Stefani and Cherubini, as well as anonymous works): twenty-four Polish,three French and three German songs.
More...Keywords: Republic of Poland;Soviet Union;Policy;security;diplomacy;The Second Department of Polish General Staff;
Regaining independence in 1918, Poland contended with many problems. Most important was to establish and then maintain boarders, as well asto create security system. Proper political, mili-tary and diplomatic activities were to lead to achievement of the mentioned objectives. Both Wei-mar Germany, later Nazi Germany, and Bolshevik Russia, next Soviet Union, did not accept pro-visions of the Treaty of Versailles and during whole interwar period aimed at its revision. Thus, military reconnaissance was essential. Information obtained by the 2nd General Staff of the Polish Armed Forces were usually consistent with the actual situation. Development of military potential of the Soviet Union, which during whole interwar period was viewed as country that especially threatens Poland, was recognized very precisely. Relations of the Republic of Poland with the eastern neighbour were correct. Peace and stabilityin relations of this countries found to be how-ever illusory. Appearances presented by Kremlin were to throw Polish government off guard, and to enable Hitler to attack Poland.
More...Keywords: History;Wilson;dyplomacja
A leading Polish scholar offers a new look at the legendary U.S. President Woodrow Wilson and his more than realistic vision of the future of Europe.
More...Keywords: Kamieński; Rosja; historiozofia; filozofia dziejów; filozofia społeczna;
The aim of this article is to present the thought of Henry Kamieński (1813-1865), the author of „Russia and Europe. Poland. The Introduction to the Research into Russia and Russians”; the work is regarded as the most important and original analysis of Russian Empire, that was written in the 19th century by a Pole. Kamieński, the philosopher, the sociologist and economist tried to inform compatriots and international opinion about the complexity of Polish-Russian relationship, described in the wide social, economic and geopolitical background. As a participant of November Uprising (1830), the theorist of democratic movement and the Siberian exile, he regarded Russian issues as important not only from Polish point of view but also the European one. He pointed to civilization thre¬ats, that could result from the lack of understanding of Empire of Tsars. Russian Empi¬re, the state without history, institutions, law and without freedom, that indicated the co¬urse of history of Western Europe, can become the reason of the decline of civilization. What is more, the submission of West Europe to Moscow, an underestimating of its po¬wer and the lack of cultural initiative and ethic elements in international politics result in the fact that Europe continuously loses its significance with Moscow profiting from it. Therefore, if Poland does not find support in the West, it can be forced to make an allian¬ce with Russia, thus marking the beginning of the Slavic Empire, the seed of new Euro¬pe.
More...Keywords: Russian Empire; Orthodoxy; Catholic Church; Congregation of the Sisters of the Missionary of the Holy Family;
This article is dedicated to the Catholic Church and its mission in the Russian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, taking into account the historical background and the events of the First and Second World Wars. Boleslawa Lament, the founder of the Congregation of the Missionaries of the Holy Family, came to life at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The guiding charism of the congregation was profound concern for the Catholic education of the young.
More...Keywords: lectures of comparative literature;lyrical poetry;classicism of the period after the reign of Stanisław August;Ludwik Osiński;Warsaw University;attitude towards the antique tradition;valuing of
The article is an attempt to give a broad outline of the profile of Ludwik Osiński as a literature lecturer at the Warsaw University. Over the centuries, the author of Zbiór zabawek wierszem has been accused of: lack of originality in concluding, imitativeness, deficiency of qualifications characteristic for a university lecturer, and finally, disapproval for transformations taking place in literature.The purpose of the article is to answer the question about the Osiński’s position among the scientists of the Congress Kingdom. Moreover, this paper is also an attempt to verify the slightly understated, still taken over and reproduced judgements about unilateral and definitely negative attitude of scientists towards the critical legacy of the author of Zbiór zabawek wierszem.When assessing the aesthetic and literary achievements of Ludwik Osiński, two points of reference were determined; the first one is the heritage of Antique, and the other one – the European literary doctrines developing in the 2nd half of 18th and the beginning of 19th century. In the exemplification, the author of the article subjects a fragment of the Osiński’s course (Wykład literatury porównawczej, czytanej w Uniwersytecie Warszawskim, [The lecture of comparative literature, read at the Warsaw University]) devoted to lyrical poetry to research review. A detailed presentation concerns a few issues, mainly the attitude to the antique tradition and the European literary doctrines, as well as understanding of the rules of evaluating and valuing of literary works.
More...Keywords: education; regional language; cultural heritage; modernity
The article is devoted to the issue of what role in the educational process should the teaching of local dialect languages play and in what capacity of childrens' overall educational development. In the first part of this presentation, an analysis is presented as to how local regional dialects were attacked and attempted to render obsolete through the Polish school system. In the second part of the article and utilizing the largest assumed definition of the area known as Podhale, the article presents the present day situation with its clearly defined objective of preserving local dialect as a distinct attribute of the region's cultural identity and the identified need to transmit the language as a cultural icon to the succeeding generations. The third part of the article discusses how properly prepared pedagogical guides to regional dialects should be utilized in the present day teaching programs of schools. This author utilizes experiences gained while preparing for school children elementary readers in local dialect languages and from practical experience gained while preparing course work on regional literature as part of students' curriculum . A unique part of this identified process is the establishment of local competitions in public speaking utilizing the regional dialect of the Podhale area of Poland. These competitions have been placed into practice for over four years already and are ever expanding into the various subregions of the Podhale area.
More...Keywords: American press on Poland 1918–1939; May Coup; Poland 1900–1945
The article analyses five opinion-forming American prestige papers: The New York Times, The Chicago Daily Tribune, The Washington Post, The Los Angeles Times and The Atlanta Constitution. First information on the 1926 May Coup d’État by Józef Piłsudski was printed on front pages of these papers already on 13 May, the next day after it had started. Most of the articles published every day until 21 May were attempts to describe fights that broke out in the streets of Warsaw between Piłsudski’s troops and forces loyal to the constitutional authorities of Poland.
More...Keywords: Reviews; Economic history; Social history;
Reviews: Jak nie należy chwalić oświeceniowych Prus. Uwagi na marginesie książki Dariusza Łukasiewicza. Reviewed by Radosław Ponia; Ewa Horyń, Słownictwo z zakresu górnictwa solnego XVI–XVIII wieku na tle polszczyzny ogólnej, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, Kraków 2018, ss. 242. Reviewed by Jakub Pieczara; Bartosz Ogórek, Niezatarte piętno? Wpływ I wojny światowej na ludność miasta Krakowa, Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawnictw Prac Naukowych „Universitas”, Kraków 2018, ss. 623, 171 wykresów, 59 tabel. Reviewed by Cezary Kuklo; Zofia Trębacz, Nie tylko Palestyna. Polskie plany emigracyjne wobec Żydów 1935–1939, Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma, Warszawa 2018, ss. 385, il. Reviewed by Anna Landau; Paweł Grata, Czas przełomu. Polska polityka społeczna w latach 1944–1950, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, Rzeszów 2018, ss. 507. Reviewed by Janusz Żarnowski.
More...Keywords: Sovietization;nationalization;revolutionary committees;Polish Office
The planned Sovietization of Poland was supposed to be executed by a Polish office of the Central Committee (CC) of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) [CK RCP(b)] created on 19 July 1920 in Moscow. According to the decision of the Political Office of the CC of the RCP(b) from the 23th of July, the “Polish Bureau” was named the Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (Tymczasowy Komitet Rewolucyjny Polski, PPRC). The PPRC, which operated from its headquarters in Białystok, considered itself a temporary revolutionary authority in Poland. It issued decrees to the effect of nationalizing industrial enterprises, banks and landed estates. The PPRC refused to divide the land among peasants however, and the authority of its local revolutionary committees remained insignificant among the Polish population. In addition, the attempt to assemble a Polish Red Army was not successful. Nor was the PPRC able to establish contact with leaders of the Communist Workers’ Party of Poland (Komunistyczna Partia Robotnicza Polski) or with the Tarnopol-based Galician Revolutionary Committee (Galrewkom). Both the PPRC and Galrewkom retreated along with the Red Army and ceased their activities.
More...Keywords: deregulation; development; development management; globality; integration; rules of universal operation;
Addressing the subject of the paper is justified by views on negating the need for theory and the globalist paradigm of deregulation. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate: – that integration and globality can be deregulated; – that it generates negative consequences for sustainable development management; – how to define theoretical and institutional foundations for these categories. The hypothesis is: Integration and globality require clearly defined criteria for their understanding and functioning. The components of the Constitution of the World rather than the paradigm of deregulation (YES = NO = CAN BE) are the basis for such criteria. The theoretical and institutional foundations of the understanding and functioning of integration and globality were defined. A synthetic conclusion is U. Beck’s reflection on “the formula (...) of the transnational economy: (...) deliberately not conquering. It is deprived of violence, implicit, deliberate abandonment, it neither requires consent nor it can count on it” (Beck, 2005: 88).
More...Keywords: National history; Narration of Lithuanian history; History textbooks; A lived-through history; Conceptual history; Politics of memory;
The public figures who proclaimed Lithuanian independence at the end of the First World War treated their move as a restoration of the state, thereby presenting modern Lithuania as a continuation of the Medieval grand duchy. Previous research has already discussed an important prerequisite to further strengthen that continuity: in the interwar period, historians contributed significantly to the understanding that the grand duchy continued to exist after the Union of Lublin, as part of the Commonwealth of the Two Nations. However, less is known about how the period between the third partition of the Commonwealth and the proclamation of the modern Lithuanian state was approached. This article analyses how history textbooks published before 1940 represented the milestones of national oppression and revival during that period. Based on an analysis of several dozen history textbooks, the article aims to show how their authors contributed to the homogenisation of attitudes towards the period 1795 to 1918 in Lithuanian history, and addresses the question of how those who had ‘lived through the history’ tried to present it to the younger generation.
More...Keywords: Duchy of Warsaw; peasants; social system; historical and legal sciences; courts of peace;
Studies on the history of political systems and law involve a necessity to present historic law institutions with a modern view. This requires from the researcher a good command of legal language and scientific terminology. This article is an attempt to analyze the characteristics of studies dealing with the history of law against the background of Tomasz Opaliński’s thoughts included in the monograph “State of peasantry in the Duchy of Warsaw in the light of court records”. The Author described the situation of peasants in the years 1808–1815 in the light of the judicial documents of courts of peace. This issue is important because the Constitution of the Duchy of Warsaw, abolishing „slavery”, introduced the equality of all citizens in terms of the law, which enabled the establishment of common courts. The historical and legal method was applied in this research. The book consists of four chapters, numerous appendices and its contents were organized according to subject-chronology. The Author discussed general issues (including the organization of the judiciary in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and in the Duchy of Warsaw), court records, major social and economic problems of peasants, as well as interstate relations (between peasants, peasants and nobles, peasants and burghers, peasants and Jews, peasants and clergy).
More...Keywords: Sejmiks; parliamentarism; Polotsk voivodship; Grand Duchy of Lithuania; sejmik geography; editions of sejmik records; Small Sejm of the Duchy of Polotsk; Polotsk voivods;
The article presents the initial assumptions of the project to publish the sejmik records of the Polotsk voivodeship. The conception of the work, the source basis and the activities of the assemblies of the Polotsk nobility are presented. The territory of the Polotsk voivodeship in the 16th-18th centuries has been approximated and the political features of the Polotsk voivodeship in the 16th–18th centuries have been indicated, emphasising its significance in comparison with other territorial units of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. To this end, existing knowledge about the province was gathered to show the specifics of the region. In particular, the origins of the modern sejmiks in the Polotczyzna region are presented, including the existence of the „small sejm” before the reforms of 1565–1566. The consequences of the peripheral sejmik, which covered lands long threatened by military aggression, are indicated. Finally, the characteristics of sejmik life in the Polotsk region are highlighted. For these issues, in addition to the analysis of legal acts and sources of sejmic practice, a quantitative analysis was used (Charts 1 and 2) and methods appropriate to historical geography were applied (Maps 1 and 2). The collected data shows the peripherality of Polotsk and, in particular, of the local noble assembly. Firstly, this was due to its low importance in the context of the functioning of the General Sejm or the Lithuanian Tribunal. Secondly, it was an area constantly threatened by military conflicts. This is externalized by the great variability of the places of sejmiks sessions. We can distinguish as many as nine sejmik capitals, besides which at least six other locations are known. This is a record in the recognised areas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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