Keywords: political career;Orbán;Church – state relations;Hungary;
In December 2005, Viktor Orbán participated in an Advent conversation with Béla Balás, bishop of Kaposvár and Zoltán Balog, a Calvinist pastor (today Minister of Human Resources), where he talked about his own faith, his commitment to Christianity, his political mission, and also touched on topics like the fear of God, religious life, the relationship between government and Church, and the Church as an absolute standard of values, revealing to the audience his ars poetica as a politician and a leader.
More...Keywords: European Integration; Western Europe; stateless nations; Second World War; European Economic Community; European Union
Representatives of stateless nations in Western Europe have usually (but not always) taken positive views on European Integration but defend different standpoints on the role of their nations in this process. My paper describes the history of conceptualising the relation between the stateless nations and the process of European integration in Western Europe since the Second World War, looking for continuities and discontinuities. The starting point is the West European Europeanist movement. Under the influence of Proudhonian federalism, the “personalist” movement provided a first understanding of a “Europe of the regions”. The second chapter deals with the development of a “Europe of a hundred flags” (Yann Fouéré), that is the development of an alternative to the European Economic Community from the standpoint of stateless nations, different from the regions and substituting the old states. During the sixties and seventies, the “revolt of the province” brought a new understanding of this relation: In the framework of a protest movement against capitalist and state-controlled European integration, the fight against “internal colonialism” provided leftist nationalist groups in some stateless nations with a (partially) new ideological framework, defending alternative concepts of European integration. These ideas afterwards linked with green “small is beautiful” ideas (Leopold Kohr) of a bottom-up process of European Integration that would be based on the regions. However, the governments of the European Regions took up a very different approach in order to achieve regional inclusion in the institutional framework of the newly founded EU. This movement in favour of a “Europe of the regions” was partially successful. However, the Maastricht and post-Maastricht institutional structure and political practice can be probably better described as a “Europe with the regions”, where stateless nations do not find the asymmetrical recognition they claim. As a reaction, concepts of a “Europe of” (autochthonous) “ethnic groups” were developed at the far right of the party system (Vlaams Blok), while some of the nationalist movements of stateless nations formulated “independence in Europe” as their new goal, and thereby returned to the idea of the nation-state, albeit in the inclusive framework of a new European Union.
More...Keywords: national minorities;Romania;ethnic landscape; ethnogeography
The article is a general overview of the Romanian situation of national minorities and and a brief analysis of the post 1990 shaped minority protection system in Romania. The first two parts are analysing the Romanian ethnic landscape with a special focus on the margins of the panorama: ethnographic groups striving for official recognition as national minorities and the (still marginal) presence of the new, immigrant minorities. Figures and demographic dynamics of the recognized national minorities are presented followed by indicators on the ethno-linguistic vitality of these groups. Also a typology of Romanian minority ethnogeography is outlined too. Analysing the Romanian minority protection system the article first offers a historical overview of the last two decades ethno-political debates and trends, and in the last part of the article the major institutions of the present day Romanian minority protections system are inventoried.
More...Keywords: chivalry; Il Cortegiano; The Book of the Courtier; courtliness; Genji monogatari; comparative study
Japanese courtly culture reached its pinnacle during the Heian period (between the9th and 12th centuries), which was characterized by the pursuit of ideal beauty and refinedelegance (miyabi). The achievements of the court in Heian in literature, art and aestheticsthoroughly assimilated themselves into the Japanese national heritage; until this day they reflect the mentality and values of the élites of that time. Genji monogatari is an 11th-centurynovel, which recorded the picture of the aristocracy expressing their version of the Europeanconcept courtoisie (Heian model of courtly ethos). Even when cursorily compared with theRenaissaince work Il Cortegiano by Baldassare de Castiglione, Genji monogatari shows a good deal of analogies with the courtly and chivalric ethos cultivated by an ideal Italian courtier. In the following article, the author proposes a comparative analysis of the two masterpieces of Old Japanaese and Italian literature, in the context of world literature and comparative studies of classical world literatures, with the aim of indicating some universal qualities and conduct that characterized a courtier, also from the perspective of chivalric ethos.
More...Keywords: Russia; media; television; humour; Perviy kanal; politics; Kremlin; communication; audience;
This case study looks at how Russian television uses humour as a support mechanism for strategic communications with its audience, specifically on the issue of Western leaders, and endeavours to determine the essence of the core message. To do this, various Russian Perviy Kanal (Первый Канал/ Channel One) entertainment broadcasts specializing in comedy will be analysed.
More...Keywords: patriarchy; First-wave Feminism; Korea under Japanese rule; new woman; gender
Throughout traditional Korean literature that developed over centuries, feminine motifs were manifested, and female authors created various poetical and prose works, but it was only in the twentieth century that women’s fiction could take the form of an ideological and artistic feminist trend. The feminine voice in Korean literature was influenced by Western ideas, and the young writer Kim Myŏng-sun, who published her works from the 1920s marked by the temperament of a moral and emotional emancipationist, became a forerunner of Korean feminism. The article explores her pioneering attempts to speak about the conditions, social barriers and perspectives of women’s liberation in the dramatic reality of the conquered country. Her works often become an artistic confrontation of her own biography filled with difficult experiences on the path of gaining personal freedom, education and the unhampered shaping of emotional relationships, which, with all the artistic constraints of the pioneer, strengthens the honesty and authenticity of her own vision of the fate of women. A special theme in her works has become the ideal of the “new woman” introduced by the literature and the women’s press published in Japan under the influence of Western culture. Kim Myŏng-sun appeared in the Japanese academic and literary environment, where she gained education and watched a society on the path of a more advanced industrial modernization. Regardless of the fact that the works of Kim Myŏng-sun gradually fell into oblivion after her death, her literary output and her role as the first feminist writer in modern Korean literature deserve to be better known.
More...Keywords: Dositej Obradović; Vuk Karadžić; Ljudevit Gaj; Strossmayer;
Yugoslavia, like Czechoslovakia and Rumania, was one of the pioneers in building the Little Entente. Moreover, like Greece, Turkey, and Rumania, Yugoslavia played a significant role in constituting the Balkan Pact of February, 1934, and in developing the Balkan Entente, which was constructed on the foundations of the Balkan Pact. Yugoslav statesmen and the people whom they served must be accredited with vision and wisdom in anticipating those institutions on which Danubian and Balkan unity were to be built. To the peoples of Yugoslavia, the dream of some sort of union was not new, though it took many forms as it moved along the paths of historical evolution. One might turn to the era of Tsar Stephen Dušan the Mighty, in the mid-fourteenth century, or move rapidly into the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and not mistake the dream. Along with Rhigas Pheraios, one remembers Dositej Obradović and Vuk Karadžić, all of whom thought in terms of a union of the South Slavs of the Balkan Peninsula, as did the Croatian, Ljudevit Gaj, the leader of the Illyrian movement and the editor of the Ilirske Narodne Novine. Nor could one overestimate the lifework of Bishop Strossmayer, the great Croatian priest-statesman, who also envisioned a Balkan union.
More...Keywords: e-health; telemedicine; technology centricity; public health;
Since the emergence of digital signalling, a new concept, e-health, has entered the public domain, encompassing healthcare based on online connections (Borbás et al. n.d., Khandpur 2017). Despite the technological differences, the terms telemedicine and e-health are often treated as synonyms, or the latter is referredto as part of telemedicine. The aim of this paper is to argue for the use of e-health as a stand-alone term, highlighting its added value compared to telemedicine. With the rise of the Internet, new features (and new sub-themes) have emergedin the health system that were little or not relevant in the traditional telemedicine era. These issues legitimize the use of e-health as a distinct concept as the late modern equivalent of telemedicine. In this thesis, I will therefore review new attributes and sub-themes emerging in relation to traditional telemedicine, based on relevant literature in English, German, and Hungarian: the technology centricity, the advancement of the field ofresearch and development within telemedicine, the changing information habits of the Internet, the user skills required for effective Internet use, the changing role of healthcare providers, and the increasing preventive efforts of public health. The paper also discusses the emerging problems and barriers that arise from the rapid development of e-health and that have yet to be addressed.
More...Keywords: gross disparity; laesio enormis; lésion; fair price
The article examines the most important fragments and rescripts of the Justinian Code (529) and the Digests (533), which lay the foundation of the modern concept of protecting the economically weaker party in contractual relations. Part of this protection is the institution of gross disparity which appeared later. The freedom of contract in the contract of sale in classical Roman law and the exception to this freedom, introduced by two imperial rescripts, are analyzed. Interpretations of these exceptions made by glossators during the Middle Ages are considered. They introduce the term laesio enormis. Their doctrine, the possibility of rescission of the contract for sale of land is provided in cases where there is a significant deviation from the fair price. The doctrine of the glossators, along with the usury, are the basis for the establishment of the institution of gross disparity in modern civil codifications under different names – e. g. Wucher (in German) and lésion (in French), lesión (in Spanish) and lesione (in Italian).
More...Keywords: CISG; EU; CEFTA 2006; BH; unification;
Research shows that the impact of the Convention on International Sale of Goods (CISG) on national legislators and legal practitioners in international trade of goods is not as significant as CISG’s acceptance on global and European level. Overcoming that difficulty in the area of commercial sales is the central subject of this paper. Comparison of CISG with sale laws in EU, CEFTA 2006 and BH reveals that the CISG vertically influences these systems in two basic ways. The model of direct impact means solely the adoption of the Convention into national law as the source for international sales. Reception of CISG’s norms into national general sale and contract law is the main feature of the second, indirect model. So far, the direct model of CISG’s influence absolutely dominates in legal systems participating in European regional integrations. That dominance doesn’t translate into CISG-driven unification of national domestic sale legislation and contract law in general. Thus, state legislators have room to create new, different solutions for substantially identical sale transactions at home and abroad. In order to avoid the crumbling of historically achieved horizontal unification level among national sale and contract laws, the implementation of the CISG indirect model is a necessity. Consequently, the CISG can really be a tool for unification of regional regulations of trade in goods in Europe only if the direct and indirect models are applied jointly and successfully. EU practice offers a useful pioneering experience for this process.
More...Keywords: language and culture; cross-linguistic lexical variation; the lexicon; lexical equivalence; lexical anisomorphism;
This paper is intended for an educated general audience. It addresses lexical fields known for cross-linguistic lexical diversity. It also analyses the dimensions of global lexical variation. Cross-linguistic variation is mostly a reflection of the peculiarity of cultures served by the languages in question. The study of global lexical richness, which finds its expression in variation, is in fact a contribution to documenting global cultural diversity. In this paper, the dimensions and examples of lexical variation are presented in an accessible manner, while making references to the sources where these issues have been formally analyzed.
More...Keywords: motherhood; parenting; psychology; summary;
The monograph How is it for Mums portrays mothering in the first generation of mothers after the 1989 Velvet Revolution. The female respondents who took part in our research were growing up or born after November 1989, at times of considerable changes in all spheres of society, parenting being no exception.
More...Keywords: Aviation Industry; Single European Sky; European Commission; Market for Air Navigation Services; Defragmentation of the Sector; Air Traffic Management, Regulatory Policy of the EU
The objective of the research is to present the origin and evolution of the Single European Sky initiative and to outline its importance for the European economy and the European aviation industry. The paper defines as its subject and reviews in detail the concept of the Single European Sky, the economic factors that have led to its formation and the European regulatory framework that is comprised of a set of EU-wide rules on Air Traffic Management (ATM) safety, on the provision of ATM services, on airspace management and on interoperability within the network, as well as financial support to the technological modernization programme (the SESAR project). It presents the rulemaking activity of the European Commission in order to deal with the inefficiency of the European Air Traffic Management System due to the fragmented character of international airspace, fragmented into smaller air traffic control centres divided by the national boundaries, effectively limiting integration, interoperability and economies of scale and leading to induced delays, excessive air-traffic control costs and uneconomical flight trajectories. The applied research methodology includes content analysis, analysis of statistical data, historical data, graphics, conclusions, and generalizations. The hypothesis is that the strategic goals of the Single European Sky initiative and its implementation are beneficial for the competitiveness of the European aviation industry, and the common rules and the introduction of a harmonized legislative framework will contribute to improving the efficiencies of air traffic management while accounting for the interests and singularities of all stakeholders in the European aviation value chain.
More...Keywords: interview; Petr Dvořák; Jiří Hanuš; higher education; University; history; education policy;
Interview with Petr Dvořák by Jiří Hanuš.
More...Keywords: destination organization; destination management; Jindrichuv Hradec;
The paper presents an abridged form of analysis of the destination organization formation in the Jindrichuv Hradec region, incl. the possibilities and limitations. It is based on real intent of local politicians, which should come true in late 2015 and 2016. Paper presents the results of the current situation evaluation from the perspective of tourism in the region and its existing management. Key factors influencing the development of tourism and the destination organization are identified through SWOT and PEST analyzes. The appropriateness of the legal form is analyzed as well. The goals (short-, medium- and long-term) are designed and developed in the logic of management approach, fulfilling the principles of sustainable development, incl. major efforts to achieve these goals. Next, three possible variants of the formation and functioning of the organization are evaluated. First of them describes the ideal situation, second the possibly most probably situation and third the least favorable situation. Possible restrictions and their impact on the effective functioning of the destination organization are discussed in the context of the current situation.
More...Keywords: university; encountering disabilities; students with special needs;
In this article, we will analyze the difficulties that students with disabilities encounter at universities. These students have a unique set of needs. Universities must consider this factor while creating any school regulations and curriculum. University education is essential in our society. Students with special needs often rely on education in order to apply for a job position. Therefore, it is necessary to pay close attention to students with special needs. We will focus on a specific region in Slovakia to demonstrate the difficulties that students with disabilities encounter at a university. We will analyze what kind of measures universities in this region utilized. Universities in this region created a set of guidelines to help students with special needs. These will serve as a basis for our analysis. These universities struggle with various challenges while integrating students with special needs. The purpose of this article is to describe the current situation in the Trnava region and to address some of the challenges that universities encounter.
More...Keywords: Multilateral Convention; Mutual Administrative Assistance; Tax; Tax matters;
Greed and egoism are phenomena immanent to any society. It could also be said that since the early ages, there has also been a need to claim as much money, power and glory as possible. On the other hand, or side by side, is the need to reduce that amount of money, i.e. wealth, as small or less as possible through different types of taxation.It could be even said that greed, money and selfish own goals have become a top priority in the life and work of most legal and natural persons, especially large multinational companies, and a very wealthy and/or politically powerful citizens around the world.In addition, to the last aforementioned activities of legal and natural persons focused primarily on increasing their own power and wealth, and on the other hand focused on paying as little tax as possible or not paying taxes at all, tax competition among different tax jurisdictions happened. States, i.e. jurisdictions have embarked on a strong struggle to attract foreign capital by applying various measures, primarily by introducing various tax reliefs, tax exemptions, introducing simulative tax rates or non-taxation certain incomes at all, etc. Such practices, both by legal and natural persons, as well as by the states themselves, have led to the need to find a unique, global solution that would minimize or prevent the most pronounced tax evasion and tax avoidance, i.e. eliminate the negative effects of harmful tax competition.As one of the path in the light of solving the problems and developed jointly by the OECD and the Council of Europe in 1988 and amended by Protocol in 2010 was the Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters. This Convention is the most comprehensive multilateral instrument available for all forms of tax co-operation to tackle tax evasion and avoidance that is priority in the whole world, i.e. priority in almost every country worldwide. So, why do we (world) need to have international cooperation and, more above, coordination in the area of taxation? What is the main purpose of this Convention? Why does it matters? What is Convention’s main goal and achievement so far? What benefits (and losses) can be expected by Bosnia and Herzegovina and its citizens from this Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters Convention? What is the legal framework for the exchange of information in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is very complex in terms of fiscal competencies and organization?The aim of this paper is to present the legal framework of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the exchange of tax information. Also, in this paper, author will point out the advantages and disadvantages that may occur in Bosnia and Herzegovina within the implementation of this Convention. Finally, the author will point out the need for changes in amendments to tax legislation, so that the Convention in Bosnia and Herzegovina could be applied in the most efficient way.
More...Keywords: monetary policy; fiscal policy; central banks; Covid-19; Balkans; monetary regimes; crisis
In the Balkan countries (Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia) the coronavirus pandemic has had serious economic and social repercussions. While in Bulgaria there are a number of formal, legal constraints to pursuing expansionary fiscal and monetary policies, as well as those stemming from the participation of the Bulgarian lev in the exchange rate mechanism 2 and the EU Banking Union, in Romania and Serbia the government and the central bank dispose of more policy tools and opportunities to react to crises. This is evidenced by the applied monetary easing strategies, including quantitative easing as well as other unconventional monetary policy and liquidity measures during the pandemic. In this regard the aim of the paperis to demonstrate to what extent the type of monetary regime determines the scope and nature of reactions in the event of a shock and crisis associated with systemic uncertainty and the possibilities for economic recovery in the three Balkan states.
More...Keywords: explicit prohibition; implicit prohibition; natural justice; wishes; beliefs; self-construction;
The desire to defy the forbidden is an essential element of the tale; Propp includes it in the initial situation of his narrative scheme. This space of transgression, specific to the tale, I propose to explore through the patterns of the door, the window, the partition, the passage. Along with the timeless, which is the register of all tales, I also examine the effect of the march of time on the message communicated by this type of story. A corpus of a dozen tales, from different backgrounds, will serve as the basis for my study.
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