Search results for: uniwersytet śląski in All Content

The 90's

Lata 90.

Author(s): Marek Kwiek,Tadeusz Komendant,Jakub Barełkowski,Jakub Żmidziński ,Jerzy Borowczyk,Wiesław Ratajczak,Bogumiła Kaniewska,Tadeusz Żukowski,Marek Wilczyński,Piotr Śliwiński,Marek Wedemann,Piotr Kępiński / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Polish literature;Poland 90's;polish literary studies;

Marek Kwiek, Dlaczego postmodernizm?; Tadeusz Komendant, Na dwie strony; Jakub Barełkowski, Jakub Żmidziński, Rozmowa z Andrzejem Stasiukiem; Jerzy Borowczyk, Wiesław Ratajczak, Rozmowa z Krzysztofem Koehlerem; Bogumiła Kaniewska, Portret Izabeli F.; Tadeusz Żukowski, Dwa lustra świata: negatyw–pozytyw; Marek Wilczyński, Opowieść o dwóch miastach; Piotr Sliwiński, Lekkość, znośność, przemijanie; Marek Wedemann, Niebo czy literatura?; Piotr Kępiński, Wiesław Ratajczak, Rozmowa z Mariuszem Grzebalskim;

Through the looking glass, or experiencing society

Po drugiej stronie lustra, czyli doświadczanie społeczeństwa

Author(s): Aleksandra Gołdys / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Methods for the measurement of real economic convergence in regional and local perspectives. Parallel convergence

Metody pomiaru realnej konwergencji gospodarczej w ujęciu regionalnym i lokalnym. Konwergencja równoległa

Author(s): Piotr Wójcik / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: regional convergence; parallel convergence; methods; distribution analysis

The author presents an innovative understanding of parallel economic convergence and proposes alternative methods of its measurement. The authors discusses examples of empirical studies that make use of the concept of parallel convergence in different contexts.

„A Country Similar to an Old House…”. Officials of the 19th-Century Egypt According to the Polish People

„Kraj podobny do starego domu...”. Urzędnicy XIX-wiecznego Egiptu oczami Polaków

Author(s): Emil Hoff / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: modernization of Egypt; Muhammad Ali; Poles in Egypt; Egyptian bureaucracy

In the period between Napoleon’s Egyptian campaign and the outbreak of World War I Egypt underwent a rapid modernization. Pashas of Egypt drew inspiration mainly from Europe, however they managed to imitate the West only superficially. In the 19th century, Egypt developed neither the bureaucratic system in the modern meaning of this term nor the political culture. The changes in Egypt were witnessed among others by the Poles arriving there as tourists, emigrants, pilgrims or patients. The Egyptian bureaucracy, became the subject of their numerous descriptions. In this paper, the Polish accounts of the Egyptian officials both at the central and local levels are compiled. They depict the Egyptian administration as an ineffective system generating numerous malpractices. The reasons for that were sought in the rulers’ erroneous policy, in the innate qualities of Egyptians themselves though to be incapable of adopting civic attitudes by their very nature, and also in activities of the Europeans who had made their fortunes and careers on the Nile not caring much for the natives.

The Role of the Society in Regaining Independence. Reflections of Historians in Reborn Poland (1918–1939)

Rola społeczeństwa w procesie odzyskiwania niepodległości. Wokół rozważań historyków Polski Odrodzonej (1918–1939)

Author(s): Alicja Kulecka / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Michał Bobrzyński; Stanisław Kutrzeba; Marceli Handelsman; Adam Próchnik; Michał Sokolnicki; Stanisław Bukowiecki

The rebirth of the statehood inspired reflections on the causes, sources, course and consequences which led to this momentous event. Attempts to answer the questions: why and how it was possible to regain sovereignty, and what factors were crucial for it, were present in many literary, philosophical and political texts. Historians, exploring the past, also belonged to this group reflecting on the rebirth of Poland. Their deliberations in historical works and their determinants took numerous narrative forms, were caused by different motives and used various research methodologies. In the reborn Polish state there were many milieus interested in the past and conducting research on it. Discussions about historical methodology used in the analysis of regaining sovereignty by Poland led to the identification of problems which occurred during the process. Most historians believed that numerous factors were responsible for historical processes. Only few of them, including Michał Sokolnicki, were inclined to look for just one element. Perceiving historical processes as the result of only one factor often entailed using history in current politics. Such an attitude enabled forming simple theories, which could be possibly used in political manifestos. Pointing to many different factors influencing history is the result of striving for objectivity while researching and narrating the past, even if it establishing their hierarchy is extremely difficult. Such a research approach contributes to showing complexity of historical process.

Cultural identity of the convicts serving a sentence of imprisonment freedom of foreigners and its importance in penitentiary work

Tożsamość kulturowa skazanych odbywających karę pozbawienia wolności cudzoziemców i jej znaczenie w pracy penitencjarnej

Author(s): Agnieszka Gutkowska / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: criminology; crime statistics; crime; woman abuse; prison sentence; victim

A study on criminology prepared to celebrate the jubilee of Professor Beata Gruszczyńska. The authors perform a criminological analysis of crime statistics, explore crime against women and cybercrime, describe crime in contemporary Ukraine and Russia and reflect on prison sentences and capital punishment.

"Desiderium et reverentia" Worthy and unworthy of receiving Holy Communion in the light of de Corpore Christi's medieval sermons from late medieval library manuscripts Polish province the Order of the Brothers Preachers

„Desiderium et reverentia” Godne i niegodne przyjmowanie komunii świętej w świetle średniowiecznych kazań de Corpore Christi z późnośredniowiecznych rękopisów bibliotek polskiej prowincji zakonu Braci Kaznodziejów

Author(s): Anna Zajchowska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

Graeco paintings of an opere by the Jagiellonian foundation as a postulate of a state and church union and the unity of the Church

Malowidła Graeco opere fundacji Jagiellonów jako postulat unii państwowej i kościelnej oraz jedności Kościoła

Author(s): Mirosław Piotr Kruk / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: pre-Tridentine culture values; pre-Tridentine spirituality; pre-Tridentine piety; religious communities; humanism; renaissance

An attempt to reconstruct the sources and describe the spirituality profile of selected Polish religious communities in the European context. It consists of dissertations presenting the basic determinants of the value of Polish pre-Tridentine culture in terms of spirituality and piety. In subsequent articles, the authors describe selected values (religious, political, ethical, aesthetic), referring to new, unique sources, not yet analyzed at all or considered from a research perspective other than that adopted by the authors. Eucharistia, Exegesis, Pietas, Devotio, Penitentia, Indulgentia, Paideia, Paupertas, Memoria - these are selected concepts on the basis of which the authors try to show the central idea of the entire project on the culture of the First Republic in dialogue with Europe and hermeneutics of values: scope, directions and methods the mutual flow of reflection in Polish and European culture - here in relation to the pre-Tridentine era and in the face of the emerging challenges of humanism during the Renaissance. The 12-volume series of monographs Kultura First Rzeczpospolitej in dialogue with Europe. The Hermeneutics of Values ”presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamism in operating in Europe.

Trento generations between tradition and the challenges of the future

Pokolenia trydenckie między tradycją a wyzwaniami przyszłości

Author(s): Alina Nowicka-Jeżowa / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Polish Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the basic paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of the renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of the Sarmatians' writings and the impact of these writings in the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the literature of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

"In various kingdoms and provinces the devout soul sought its lover." Stratification of the Old Polish reception of Jesuits emblematic prints on the example of "Pia desideria" by Herman Hugh

„Po różnych królestwach i prowincyjach Dusza nabożna szukała kochanka swego”. Stratyfikacja staropolskiej recepcji jezuickich druków emblematycznych na przykładzie "Pia desideria" Hermana Hugona

Author(s): Radosław Grześkowiak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

Post-Tridentine Conversion of Protestants to Catholicism. Writing certificates

Potrydenckie konwersje protestantów na katolicyzm. Świadectwa piśmiennicze

Author(s): Katarzyna Meller / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

The concept of the unity of the Church and the idea of ​​Catholic Poland in the work of post-Tridentine writers

Koncepcja jedności Kościoła i idea Polski katolickiej w twórczości pisarzy potrydenckich

Author(s): Elwira Buszewicz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

The theory of preaching in Poland against the Tridentine reform (until the mid-17th century). Reconnaissance

Teoria kaznodziejstwa w Polsce wobec reformy trydenckiej (do połowy XVII wieku). Rekonesans

Author(s): Wiesław Pawlak / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

The role of post-trial censorship in Poland

Rola cenzury potrydenckiej w Polsce

Author(s): Paulina Buchwald-Pelcowa / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Sarmatian piety; counter-reformation in Poland; post-Tridentine religiosity

Volume VI of the series shows not only the peculiarity of the religious culture of the First Republic, the character and specificity of the "Sarmatian" piety, but also reveals the main paths of development of this culture in connection with the thought developed in parallel by Catholic thinkers and writers in Western Europe. The research focused on the issues of opening up Polish post-Tridentine culture to the dynamics of the development of religious thought in other European countries, the ability to conduct dialogue with a foreign culture, and the possibility of adaptation, assimilation and transformation of foreign theories or ideas for the needs of indigenously Polish culture. The authors of individual dissertations try to answer the questions, on the one hand, about the scope and degree of involvement of Poles in the process of renewal of Catholicism in Europe, about their participation in European discussion forums, about the knowledge of Sarmatian writings and the impact of these writings in countries where it was particularly clearly shaped the model of the post-Tridentine renewal of the Church and Catholic religious culture, on the other hand - about the ways of fresh counter-reformation ideas entering the Republic of Poland, the absorption, demand and methods of introducing conciliar decisions into the practice of religious life and the writings of the post-Tridentine times. The 12-volume series of the monograph "Kultura Pierwszej Rzeczypospolitej w dialogu z Europą. Hermeneutyka wartości" ​​presents the cultural heritage of the 15th and 18th centuries as an integral but original part of European culture. The research goal is to identify the ways and forms of the mutual transmission of aesthetic, political and religious values ​​and to present in a broad, multilateral comparative context the axiological structure of the Polish culture of old times. Cultural texts are examined from an internal perspective as records of acts aimed at understanding values, and from an external perspective as statements that join European literary-aesthetic, political and religious discussions. In an intense dialogue, the culture of the Republic of Poland shows not only a receptivity to new ideas, but also creativity and dynamics of action in Europe.

In search of righteousness. Philosophical analysis of Socrates' dialogue with Kefalos in Book 1 of Plato's Politea (328b – 331d)

W poszukiwaniu prawości. Analiza filozoficzna dialogu Sokratesa z Kefalosem w I księdze Politei Platona (328b–331d)

Author(s): Piotr W. Juchacz / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Platos’ Republic; Socrates; Cephalus; dikaiosyne; righteousness

The chapter provides a detailed philosophical analysis of the dialogue between Socrates and Cephalus in the first book of Plato’s The Republic (328b–331d). In the first part of the paper, this dialogue between the philosopher Socrates and the merchant Cephalus is considered in a broad context, in which the following issues are tackled, firstly: public culture as the backbone of moral philosophy; secondly, the genealogy of the concept of dikaiosyne in Greek thought; and thirdly, the place of this dialogue in the structure of the first book of The Republic. Next, the considerations focus on the significance of the setting, the political context of the dialogue and the people participating in it. In the subsequent sections the analysis focuses on the four questions that Socrates poses to Cephalus: What is old age like? What is the importance of having wealth in old age? How did he come by his fortune? And what was the greatest advantage he got from being wealthy? In the last section of the chapter, the definition of righteousness provided by Cephalus is first juxtaposed with the considerations on just or right conduct from the earlier tradition (Herodotus), and then Socrates’ criticism of this definition is analyzed.

From the West to the East: Intellectuals and Jewish Writers from Eastern Europe and Their German Experience. Jewish Literature

Ze Wschodu na Zachód: intelektualiści i pisarze żydowscy z Europy Wschodniej i ich niemieckie doświadczenie

Author(s): Delphine Bechtel / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Jews; Germans; Jewish migration; cultural life of Berlin; modernism; communism; Yiddish literature

The article focuses on cultural life of the Jews from the East in exile in Berlin during the interwar period. The author looks at migrations of Jewish intellectuals and their life in exile, paying particular attention to the relationships between newcomers and the Jews living in Germany for years. The second topic of the article is the portrayal of Jewish immigrants in Germany in Yiddish literature by authors such as Lejb Kwitko and Dawid Bergelson. The author is particularly interested in the confrontation between the migrants and the new world, as well as their search for their own identity.

Maîtres et possesseurs de la nature. The Philosophical Justification of Modernity

Maîtres et possesseurs de la nature Filozoficzne uzasadnienie nowożytności

Author(s): Jakub Koryl / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: modernity; Cartesianism; Socinianism; rationalism; Prometheism; subject; res cogitans; system of thought; superstition; miracle; natura naturans; rational grammar; Bacon; Descartes; Spinoza; Arnauld

The text discusses fundamental and profoundly distinctive changes which occurredin understanding the nature in Polish and European 17th century philosophy. Due tothe specifi c nature of these transformations and intellectual, separatist and culturalintentions of philosophers of that time, the main issue of this work is not nature itself,but the answer to the question how the epochal identity, signifi cance and distinctivenessof modern age can be justifi ed in exploring nature as the object of reasoning. The aim􀁢ofthe text is to reconstruct the main metaphysical stance of modern age and its modernsystem of thought. The text consists of four parts. The fi rst part discusses twohistoriosophical ideas of the modern era: discontinuity of Mediterranean culture andmodernity as a radically new beginning. The key problem here is the philosophicalcognition and rejecting superstition as a form of thought based on someone else’s authority. The second part discusses several issues: the reconstruction of a modernsystem of thought based on the 17th century idea of subjectivity; the methods employedin rejecting sermocinal thinking and applying the realistic one; a new concept of knowledgeand truth; a new idea of nature – signifi cantly broaden – as the subject of thought.The attempts to justify a miracle as a natural phenomenon are particular cases discussedin the text. The third part explores the modern concept of natural language formulatedwithin rational grammar, which provides grounds for the epochal distinctiveness ofmodernity. The last part presents the modern breakthrough as a source of its owncrisis. Consequently, two basic, albeit concealed, Promethean implications and consequencesof modernity are identifi ed: undeifi cation of rationalised God and alienationof man in his own subjectivity.

goEast - 05th Festival of Central and Eastern European Film

goEast - 05. Festival des mittel- und osteuropäischen Films

Author(s): Hans-Joachim Schlegel,Petr Šafařík / Language(s): English,German

Keywords: festival;catalogue;film;

Polish Philhellenes in the Greek War of Independence (1821–1831)

Polscy filhelleni w greckiej wojnie o niepodległość (1821–1831)

Author(s): Gościwit Malinowski / Language(s): English,Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: Greek War of Independence 1821; 1821 Greek Revolution; Philhellenes; Philhellenism

In the Greek Uprising of 1821–1821, the Poles were the fifth largest group among the Philhellenes, after the Germans, the French, Italians and Britons. This chapter presents the profiles and fates of over 60 volunteers who fought for the freedom of Greece.

The European Union in International Trade on the Path to a Sustainable Digital Economy Under the Covid-19 Pandemic

Unia Europejska w handlu międzynarodowym na drodze do zrównoważonej gospodarki cyfrowej w warunkach pandemii COVID-19

Author(s): Zofia Wysokińska / Language(s): Polish / Publication Year: 0

Keywords: European Union; digital economy; international trade; Digital Compass; e-commerce

The chapter aims to answer the following question: How has the European Union’s international trade developed in terms of goods and geography in the last two years, and to what extent has it been resilient to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic?. The results of the conducted research show that the global economy experienced a huge decline in trade in goods and services during the COVID-19 pandemic. World trade in goods fell by 7.4% in 2020, which means that global exports amounted to USD 17.6 trillion, i.e., USD 1.4 trillion less than in the previous year. It was the largest annual decline since the 2009 recession, when trade fell by 22%. However, a much stronger decline was recorded in world trade in services, which in 2020 shrank by 20% compared to 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the dynamic development of global e-commerce was noted. According to the data presented in the UNCTAD report of May 3, 2021, global e-commerce increased to USD 26.7 billion. Business-to-business (B2B) sales dominate in e-commerce. E-commerce accounts for 30% of the world’s gross domestic product (GDP) and covers both business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales.