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Keywords: social capital
Socjologowie określają kapitał społeczny, uwzględniając te czynniki społeczne lub te elementy kultury zbiorowej, które wpływają na dobrobyt jej członków. Różnice zasobów kapitału społecznego powodują, że zbiorowości o tych samych zasobach materialnych i o zbliżonych warunkach gospodarowania mają różny poziom osiągnięć gospodarczych i społecznych. Niekiedy posiadane zasoby materialne wykorzystują w sposób suboptymalny, pozostając poniżej tego poziomu dobrobytu, jaki mogłyby w danych warunkach osiągnąć. Z przyczyn nieekonomicznych, głównie społecznych, nie są w stanie wykorzystać tych szans, jakie obiektywnie posiadają. Istnieją więc znaczące czynniki społeczne w determinowaniu poziomu i jakości aktywności ekonomicznej, a w perspektywie czasowej – rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego. Kultura społeczna grupy nabiera przez to znaczenia określonej jakości ekonomicznej, istotnej dla dobrobytu jej członków i dla jej rozwoju jako całości.
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Keywords: anthology; copyright; fair use; legislation; a collection of works
The article is a meticulous analysis of the legal status of the anthology as regulated by the Polish Copyright and Related Rights Act from 4th Feb 1994. It consists of two parts: the first one characterizes the anthology as the subject of the Copyright as defined by the art. 3 of the Copyright Act, that is as a collection of works. These reflections pivot around the attempts at situating such works amongst other forms protected by Copyright norms, and defining what rights and obligations follow publishing a compilation. The second section of the paper is focused on the institution of allowed public use as applied to the anthology – in this part discussed are the theoretical and axiological assumptions that lie at the foundations of limiting the authors’ monopoly with respect to protected works, as well as the premises, whose fulfillment is the legal precondition of publishing collections of works and other materials.
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Keywords: utopia;utopia and dystopia;utopia and heterotopia;dystopian film;dystopian city;topography;urban space;urban space and place;
Monika Rawska’s chapter focuses on two modern movies "Equilibrium" (dir. Kurt Wimmer, USA 2002) and "Inception" (dir. Christopher Nolan, USA—Great Britain 2010) with an analysis of the city spaces depicted in these films. Progress is the basis of the analysis. Progress is the impulse pervasive in utopias and it is an important motivator for human actions presently perceived as negative—imperialism, colonialism, racism. Margaret Mead’s notion that Utopia should be seen as a historical category while revealing an essential ambivalence is well summarized in her work, “One man’s dream is another man’s nightmare”. This is also represented in select films depicting a new society with a visual representation of order. For example, in Libria and architect’s city both of which were created with a positive and beneficial premise, though over time they became a burden for the characters. Change in perception of reality is one of the significant elements in dystopian narratives, that are also present in film adaptations, in what Ludmiła Gruszewska-Blaim calls a „utopiacrime”. Libria is depicted as the only city in the world in the film, "Equilibrium". Libria is a dystopian cityfortress contrasted with the surrounding Nether and an appropriated enclave space of Offenders. It functions as a simulacrum of the past at a time before the war. The film vision of the future is an intertextual collage of conventional representations of the totalitarian organization of both space and society. Dream city is the creation of an architect couple in the film, "Inception". It is a very different space, imagined and fictional and it perfectly captures the impossibility of utopia as revealed by its very name that means non-space. Reality, which the couple created for themselves, demonstrates an interesting tension between the architectural utopia and the solitary eutopia as well as a conflict of planner vs. wanderer (as described by Michel de Certeau). In both movies the city space becomes a threat in spite of its projected function as a safe and/or familiar space. In "Equilibrium", it imposes on and disciplines its inhabitants as tools of the state. In Inception, the city is the accumulation of the protagonists’ entire world and it turns unto its own ruin, a memory maze swallowed by the sea.
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This article contains a review of various economic registers. The author proposes a practical recording process and details a step-by-step plan of how to start a register of big and small enterprises in Poland. He also provides a great deal of information about problems with the registration of limited liability companies and other organizational forms that carry out economic activity. The final part offers interesting facts concerning special registers which include current debtors. The differences between these and other types of registers have been explained.
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Keywords: colour; mosaics; painting; imitation; art
The colour programme of the Aleksander Mosaic has not been the subject of separate studies so far. Researchers take up this issue when analyzing the statements of Pliny (in his „Natural History”) about the palette of four colors and the so-called colores floridi and colores austeri. Assuming that the Mosaic is a copy of a lost painting of Philoxenus of Eretria, I try to prove that the use of four colors resulted from an artist’s assumption that the pigments must be subordinated to the whole composition and should not dominate it, which was a condition for a well-understood art of imitating of nature. This conviction is in line with the remarks of many ancient thinkers, including Aristotle, although – as Vitruvius and Pliny testify – it was not scrupulously kept by ancient painters.
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Keywords: Moldova; Great Migration period; Slavs; fibulae; mirrors
A fibula of the Bratei (Bratei-Brigetio) type was found in the Slavic settlement of Selişte. The brooches of this type are common from Gallia to Don in the Great Migration period, most finds originate from the Middle Danube basin. This clasp belongs to the female costume of the East German tradition and dates back to the middle of the 5th century. Mirror from Hansca is of the Chmi-Brigetio type, spread from the Rhine to the Caucasus to Volga-Ural region. In this case, apparently, it dates back to the 5th century (like most mirrors of this type) and is associated with the early Slavic horizon. Perhaps, its presence in the Slavic settlement marks the time of the appearance of the Slavs in the territory of Moldova.
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Keywords: official deontology; professional ethics of officials; constitutional Kingdom; administration in a constitutional state
The period of the constitutional Kingdom, especially in the years of 1818–1820, was the time of creating norms, ethical standards and discussions on official deontology. The sources point out that attitudes towards professional ethics and ethical behaviour were very diverse. According to the literature on this subject, the bad financial situation of Russian officials was one of the important factors determining the scale of corruption. But it is worth looking for other factors: education, school and family attitudes, ethical family traditions, environment, and religious beliefs. Shaping the ethical standards of an official was accompanied by a public discourse concerning the organization of the administration and its functions in the constitutional state. The constitution, the parliament, freedom of the press were perceived as important elements affecting the moral picture of the authorities. However, there was no complete freedom of the press and public expression in the constitutional Kingdom – this essential element was lacking in shaping ethical behaviour, application of ethical theories and norms.
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Keywords: Alexei Sidorov; censor; Russian historiography; Russian ruling elites; Polish national identity; tsarist imperial policy
Alexei Sidorov was an advocate of a strong Russian Empire with the centralized administration. He can also be considered an advocate of the modern state, which, according to him, meant the ability to use social communication techniques (the press) and infrastructure (hard roads, railways) to achieve specific strategic objectives. According to Sidorov, the main institution responsible for the social policy was a monarchy. Thus, he was not a supporter of a form of statehood associated with Polish identity based on representative institutions, control of king’s power, participation of society in decision-making, etc. These ideas were foreign to the Russian state and national identity. While praising peaceful, civilization imperialist activities, at the same time Sidorov admired the colonizers of the Polish lands who successfully employed military methods. His case proves that among the Russian elites there were attitudes reluctant to the Polish identity and to any attempts to change the political status of the Polish lands remaining within the Russian borders.
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Keywords: methodology;critique;methodological critique;practice;patterns of practicing scientific critique
The aim of the study is to reconstruct various ways of understanding methodological critique as a practice of knowledge creation and to indicate, revealed in connection with the reconstruction, the possibility of identifying cognitive obstacles that arise in this practice. Methodological critique is understood as a kind of practice – the field of thinking and acting – related to the experience and rationalization of the gap between the obviousness (faith) and the uncertainty of beliefs about reality. Various ways of formulating critique, related to the treatment of critique as the value underlying the ideal of rationality of science as well as a communication strategy, are discussed. Different ways of understanding critique legitimated under the distinguished concepts of methodology (as the theory of the application of laws of logic in various areas of research and a specialized discipline concerning the place of science in the system of human knowledge), are also discussed. On this basis, the possibilities of practicing a "critical methodology", designed as a study of methods for criticizing scientific practice in the changing cultural framework, are considered. In connection with the identified processes of their change (institutionalization of science, corporatization and networking of research), patterns of practicing critique justified by methodological premises (dogmatism, conventionalism and tactical discretion) were reconstructed and confronted with the cultural patterns of critique formed on their basis (inhibition, tolerantism and presentism).
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Borderland areas continue to be the object of reflections and studies. Oneexample of the changing scope of research on borderland areas is the study ofthe Lviv School of Architecture. The article presents the development of theconcept of the Lviv School of Architecture and the change in the scope of research:its extension to cover more and more areas and phenomena.The Lviv School of Architecture includes architects working and educatedin Lviv who graduated from the Technical School functioning there since 1844(in the years 1918–1939 known as the Lviv Polytechnic) or the graduates of theArts and Industry School in Lviv (of lesser importance). The term ‘Lviv Schoolof Architecture’ referred to artists working in Lviv and in nearly all Central Europe.The influence of this school of architecture actually covered any area wherearchitects educated and developed in Lviv were working. The representativesof the Lviv circle worked in many borderland areas, but the influences of theLviv School of Architecture were the strongest in the northern and southernlands (Pomerania, Gdynia, Vilnius region) and dominated in the eastern andwestern lands (Silesia, former Galicia).Recently, the scope of study of the Lviv School of Architecture has beensignificantly extended. Analyses did not only focus on the architecture of the19th century and the early 20th century, but also on works created later, in theinter-war period and after WWII. The most important works concerning thesubject are presented in this article.
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The St. Nicholas Church of the Basilian monastery in Krekhiv, recentlydescribed in a historical monograph by Petro Szkrabjuk, has never been a subjectof interest of art historians. Dispersed but quite complete documents ofKrekhiv Basilian monks allow the analysis of the history of church modernization,not only providing important facts about the history of the complexbut also a lot of information about the artists that worked at it. Most of themcan be identified and attributed to other works, which helps supplement theirartistic output or popularize their activity.
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Keywords: Balkans; Slavia; journey; literature of the second half of the 19th century; intimist writing; journalism
The study looks at the specific nature of reading the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century and harmonizes with the author’s text Towards Croatia, which was published in The Problems of Literature and Culture of Modernism in Central Europe (1867–1918), in Volume I, edited by E. Paczoska, I. Poniatowska, M. Chmurski, Warsaw 2017. In the article, the author shows why the understanding of Balkan issues in the second half of the 19th century, identified accurately by Krzysztof Stępnik and Monika Gabryś-Sławińska, as well as the Serbo-Croat questions and the interest in this geopolitical region are of such importance to Polish identity at the time. The author analyses: a memoir Three Months in Croatia. Reminiscences of A Journey in Austria and Hungary (as well as other examples of travel discourse showing Western interest in the Balkans); a several-episode critical review by Alexander Świętochowski, concerning two books on Serbia (here the author of the article also refers to other texts referring to Balkan issues); six letters from Bronisław Grabowski to Eliza Orzeszkowa: excerpts from Eliza Orzeszkowa’s letters to Teodor Tomasz Jeż; the correspondence between Wincenty Pol and Józef Ignacy Kraszewski; historical novels on Southern Slavia by Teodor Tomasz Jeż; The Doll by Bolesław Prus and his chronicles devoted to Balkan issues.
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Keywords: symbolic interactionism; sociology of knowledge; symbolic coding; symbolic confusion; symbolic misunderstanding
On April 10, 2010 Smolensk catastrophe happened. A few days after the crash, scouts put a cross in front of the Presidential Palace as a symbol of remembrance for the victims of the crash. From that moment a rapid process of dichotomization of the Polish society started. In my analysis I focus on considering the process of symbolic encoding of the cross in the social discourse in the context of theories of social constructivism, sociology of knowledge, symbolic interactionism, sociolinguistics and communication theory.
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Keywords: personal data; algorithmic discrimination; GDPR; artificial intelligence; use of algorithms
The article is devoted to the subject of algorithmic discrimination and available legal tools for counteracting it. The author shows that current Polish legislation is inadequate to deal with the challenges created by algorithmic discrimination. Cybulko begins from a discussion of selected areas of algorithmic application which may lead to gender discrimination: labor market, education, finance, social welfare and judiciary system. Particular attention is paid to automatic decision-making mechanisms in this context. The paper analyses the possibilities of counteracting algorithmic discrimination with anti-discrimination law and civil law provisions which protect personal rights. GDPR regulations are also discussed as an instrument that supports both the prevention and combating of algorithmic discrimination. Among the basic problems of using legal tools for counteracting discrimination and pursuing claims related to it, the author lists the limited scope of anti-discrimination law, the commonness of situations in which the use of an algorithm does not constitute an actionable solution, and the necessity to pursue claims individually, even in the case of discrimination against a large group of recipients. Difficulties with recognizing the occurrence of discrimination and defining its criterion, identifying the addressee of a claim and defining the moment of occurrence of a violation in the context of provisions that define the rules of limitation are also discussed. Finally, author’s conclusions and de lege ferenda postulates are presented.
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Keywords: Walerian Borowczyk; Blanche; Juliusz Słowacki; Mazepa; adaptation
The author of this article discusses the problem of the film adaptation of Juliusz Słowacki’s dramatic composition, directed in France by Walerian Borowczyk, who was at that time banned from Poland. She reflects upon the play between eros and sacrum, which is very characteristic of the Polish director, but also very different than in Słowacki’s design. She also considers the following issues: change of name and title of the work; modification of historical and geographical background; ascetic scenery (one-dimensionality and lack of pageantry like in Giotto’s paintings); functioning of things (or rather – in Borowczyk’s case – almost lack of props) and animals – different in both works: literary and cinematic.
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Keywords: oriental studies; Ṛgveda; conceptual metonymy; conceptual metaphor; conceptual blending
The paper shows how methodology of cognitive linguistics can be used in the analysis of the most ancient Sanskrit text, the Ṛgveda (ca 13 BCE). The Ṛgveda is famous for its metaphorical language difficult to understand. The assumption on the embodiment of human cognition together with the conceptual metaphor theory and blending theory applied to the Ṛgveda facilitates its understanding and reconstruction of its consistent overall worldview.
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Keywords: qesās; gozasht; death penalty; Iranian criminal law; Islam; retaliation; pardon; āberu
According to Iranian criminal law, after a court has rendered a qesās (retaliation) verdict in a murder trial, the family of a victim can demand the death penalty or can pardon the defendant and accept diyeh, a financial compensation instead. This dual nature of the Iranian legal system implies the equivalence of two radically different solutions, the possibility of retaliation (qesās), and the right to gozasht, that is, the possibility of waiver. The main objective of this study is a cultural analysis of the process that takes place between these two phenomena. The article demonstrates not only the complexity of this process, but also its socio-cultural determinants, with particular emphasis on the importance that the attachment of Iranians to the value of āberu, understood as a good name, reputation and a positive image in the eyes of other people, conditioned by the fulfillment of certain expectations in the community, plays in the course of this procedure. The primary source material used in the work includes legal documents and religious texts, case summaries, interviews with victims’ families, court officials, and community activists.
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