The three chapters of the study focus on three basic theoretical questions of this topic: The notion of European identity – based on the debate about the cultural vs. political interpretation – is defined as a political identity, related to Europe as an institutional community. It does not mean the elimination of cultural- and national dimensions or the acceptance of the deconstructional paradigm of the „national”. The relation between European and national identity is based on the discussion of Max Heller’s triple classification which includes the model of the conflict-, neutral- and complementary relation. After the critical analysis of the first two theses, we take sides with the complementary relation, which means a functional-genetic exchange relationship between the two theses and it is also in correlation with multi-or polyidentity. Analysing the temporal dimensions of European identity, its beginning is dated to the period between the two World Wars. Its present is characterized by a certain multilateral limitation. Its future development will be construed as following the characteristics and generating effects of the so-called „Eurooptimist” paradigm. As regards the conditions of this development, the emphasis is on European (political) architecture, identity politics and national development, that provides the basis for „national” transformation.
More...Keywords: Phraseologismus; Modifikation; phraseologische Basis; Ambiguierung; Stabilität; Idiomatizität
Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, Phraseologismen im Gebrauch, in parole also, zu untersuchen, was lange Zeit in phraseologischen Arbeiten kaum Beachtung fand, da sich diese vorwiegend mit der Gegenstandsbestimmung und – klassifizierung befasst haben. Hier gilt das Interesse der phraseologischen Modifikation, d.h. einer absichtlichen Veränderung des Phraseologismus für die Zwecke eines Textes. Behandelt werden die Modifikationstypen, die Möglichkeiten der Veränderung eines Phraseologismus und schließlich die Funktionen, die dem abgewandelten Gebrauch in Zeitungstexten zukommen.
More...Keywords: German Party in Romania; legislative elections; 1919–1937; German minority; Romanian government
The paper aims to analyze the outcome of legislative elections for the German Party in the timespan from 1919–1937. It also presents the main conclusions concerning the dynamics of political parties by analyzing the parliamentary elections that took place between the two world wars. In 1919, the German representatives in the Deputies’Assembley and the Senate founded the German Party and adopted its political program on September the 6th1919. In appreciating the results of the German Party one must take into account the fact it signed a protocol setting up a common voter list for all elections with the governing party. Thus the German Party tried to legitimate its own political actions taking advantage of this alliance during the first period of its existence (1919–1937). The first section of the study encompasses a short history of the German Party, dealing with the way it was founded and with the main features of its program. The second section examines the results of the German Party in legislative elections.
More...Keywords: political corruption; transformation; democratization; Europeanization; Bulgaria; CEE countries
This paper examines the correlation between corruption, democracy and transformation. It is designed as a study of the quality of the established model of democracy, focusing on the governance capacities of one of the newest EU-member states – Bulgaria to effectively counter political corruption. Taking into account the levels of corruption spread in Bulgaria since 1989, I address the following question: why does Bulgaria fail to effectively counter political corruption, notwithstanding the large scale anticorruption campaign, launched in the course of the democratization and Europeanization processes of the last years? I suggest that the state failure in anticorruption is tightly connected to the quality of the established (achieved) democratic model. Furthermore, I argue that this state weakness refers to profound institutional shortcomings, which in turn cause the contamination of the exchange of wealth and power. Respectively the study’s main goal is to offer an analyse of the influence of the level of attainment of a balanced, liberal democracy over the state capacities to effectively counter political corruption, while taking into account the role played by particular context factors.
More...Keywords: global governance; multilateralism; regionalism; inter-regionalism; L20; EU; APEC; ASEAN; ASEM; BRIC.
Inter-regionalism as a form of effective networking multilateralism comes to be suggested for the task of restructuring a crumbling architecture of global governance unsafe for humankind. Safe for the Commonwealth of Citizens turns to be the global governance of networked global institutions within the multilateral system, raised instead of previous differently power-centred forms of international system (unipolar /hegemonic, bipolar, polycentric / multipolar). Assessment of merits and disadvantages of Leaders‘ Twenty (L20) multilateral initiative proves that inter-regionalism offers the best service for effective restructuring of global governance. Out of cross-cutting agencies of states, civil society networks, and international organizations in inter-regional hubs, as the most reliable producers of effective networking multilateralism, much needed building of global institutions will come and their systemic harnessing safe for humankind will eventually set off.
More...Keywords: Jacek Kuron ; Solidarnosc; facing the past: USSR; transitional justice;
Former censors, former border guards, former apparatchiks, former secret police officers: what should happen to them? More specifically, what should happen to YOU, ONI, as the communist holders of power, big and small, were commonly called. It is a question of justice. At the highest level, it is the question of the Nuremberg trials. Should the men at the top be brought to justice for the crimes they have committed or those that have been committed among them? And if so, on what charges and according to which laws? At a lower level, it almost becomes a question of social justice. Is it fair, many wonder, that those who held comfortable office posts among the Communists still keep them today, while the little man has to tighten his belt? Is it fair that the members of the nomenklatura use the unclear legal provisions on privatization to take over as capitalists the companies that they previously commanded as communists?
More...Keywords: Konterrevolution; 1989
Die Revolutionen des Jahres 1989 in Europa sind - ähnlich wie dies auch bei anderen bedeutenden historischen Ereignissen der Fall ist – Gegenstand unterschiedlicher, häufig gegensätzlicher Interpretationen. Man spricht von konservativen oder liberalen Revolutionen. Man sieht in ihnen »nachholende Revolutionen«, die den entwickelten, demokratisch-liberalen Westen nachahmen, oder »restaurative Revolutionen«, die auf die Vergangenheit orientiert sind. Man erkennt in ihnen einen Sieg der Konterrevolution1 oder einen »dritten Weg« zwischen Sozialismus und Kapitalismus. In der Anfangsphase tauchten kühne, wenn auch etwas naive Visionen einer neuen Ordnung auf. So protestierte Vaclav Havel gegen die moderne technische Zivilisation und wollte in der Gemeinschaft der Oppositionellen den Vorboten einer neuen Gesellschaft sehen. Lech Walesa schockierte die Franzosen, als er während seines Besuches in Frankreich im Dezember 1988 den außerordentlichen Reichtum des geistigen und religiösen Lebens in seinem Heimatland dem westlichen Materialismus gegenüberstellte. Jedoch gehören solche Vorstellungen über die neue Ordnung bereits der Vergangenheit an.
More...Keywords: Orthodox Church; symphony; autocephaly; political theology.
In this paper, the author makes a strong case against the de-separation of state and Orthodox Church in Romania, especially in the political discourse. The religious discourse has been used by politicians to attack non-orthodox political enemies, while the church increased its influence in key political institutions, demanding more and more privileges, in the name of the symphony between church and state and of the autocephaly of the Romanian Orthodox Church. This paper deconstructs the concept of symphony and autocephaly and argues that their use in the political discourse goes far beyond their original meaning. The church uses these and similar concepts to engage a modern communicative interaction with the political and the public sphere using classical lobby but also new social media, besieging the public discourse, with the benefit of a large acceptance of theologically and democratically problematic ideas.
More...Keywords: J.A.Komenský; Leszno; education; training; Methodology;
The author presents John Amos Comenius was born on 28 3rd, 1952 in Nivnice near Uhersky Brod. He was not only a teacher but also a priest and bishop of the Brethren. It describes his stay in the Polish forest, where he works as a rector high school. In forest is considering plans for a new adaptation of the school system, which would change methods, new textbooks, new organizing the educational content to ensure good education of children and youth. As a result of these plans are works by famous worldwide. It is mainly the greatest teaching work Teaching (Czech). Next: A Guide for Mother›s School of Infancy, Latin language textbook: Goalie language open in the unfortunate Polish-Swedish War in 1656 Leszno burned.
More...Keywords: love; education; freedom; patriotism
The following paper examines the most important motifs in the last novel Cordelia by Caroline von Wolzogen. She was one of the first German women’s writers, Schillers sister-in-law, known mostly by her first novel Agnes von Lilien and Schiller’s Biography. Von Wolzogen’s last novel has so far hardly been investigated. It shows Wolzogen as an idealist and patriot (Napoleon’s time, Liberation wars) who has remained faithful to the ideals of Weimar Classicism, especially the ideas of Schiller (“beautiful soul”) and Wilhelm von Humboldt.
More...Keywords: Federal Republic of Germany; German-Israeli Relations; Historical Moral Responsibility; Six Day War;
Officially started by the Luxembourg Agreement in 1952, Federal Republic of Germany’s policy towards Israel has been driven not only purely by political or economic interests, but also by the both principles such as “historical moral responsibility” and the acceptance of the responsibility of the genocide, namely “Holocaust”. The protection of the Israeli statehood and its security became the fundamental pillars of German foreign policy within the framework of the historical moral responsibility. This priority has been defined as a “special relationship” in the German-Israeli relations. This paper will explore the West Germany’s Israel policy during the “Six-Day Wars” in 1967 regarding the German-Israeli relations in general terms.
More...This contribution deals with the question what it means from a linguistic point of view to claim that poetic texts are characterized by deviation. It will be argued that peculiarities of word order conform to the readers’ expectations and, therefore, should be considered inconspicuous instead of deviant. By contrast, true syntactic deviation often consists of some isolated violation of argument structure. Moreover, comparison with examples of morphological creativity shows that each grammatical level requires its own specific description of rules and patterns, hence of deviation.
More...Keywords: State; media system; Bulgaria; financing; Hallin, Mancini; media‒politics relations; three models; political clientelism; “captured media”
The study examines the applicability of the comparative framework of Hallin and Mancini (2004) with their three models of media‒politics relations (Mediterranean or Polarized Pluralist Model, North/ Central European or Democratic Corporatist Model, and North Atlantic or Liberal Model) to a post-communist country like Bulgaria. The answer to this question is sought through a study of the role of the state in relation to the media system, particularly the state funding of media in its various forms. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Bulgarian media system is most similar to the Mediterranean Model due to the power of еtatism (the state finances public media, and the government buys media love through state and municipal advertising). At the same time, ineffective media regulation favors media concentration and the instrumentalization of large government media groups. The processes of rapid liberalization, privatization and deregulation in the media sector after 1989 brought Bulgaria closer to the countries included in the Liberal Model. Therefore, its media system is hybrid to some extent, but the similarities with the Mediterranean Model remain in the lead. The clientelism through which they are tamed, resp. corrupt the media, brings Bulgaria closer to the Latin American countries where it is much stronger than in the Mediterranean region (Hallin, Papathanassopoulos 2002). The concluding part predicts that, in the future, the analysis of the Bulgarian media system can be enhanced with a study of the applicability of the concepts of the “captured liberal model” of the media (in Latin America) and the “captured media” in the post-communist world.
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