CEEOL - Search Result

The Political System of the Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)

Ustrój Cesarstwa Brazylii (1822–1889)

Author(s): Kamil Pindel / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Empire; colonization; monarchy; system; Brazil

The Empire of Brazil was the first sovereign form of regime of this country. In 1822 prince-regent Peter, son of Portuguese king John VI broke the union between Brasil and Portugal and announced himself as an emperor. The new country was constitutional monarchy, connecting elements of traditional monarchy and Napoleonic system. The source of the power were citizens governed by their representants that were an emperor with government and parliament contained with 2 chambers: The Chamber of Deputees and Senat; the monarch was also a „moderating power” (usage of the conception of Beniamin Constant). During reign of Peter II, few reforms were carried out, such as federalization of the country, abolition of slavery, growth of the role of the parliament and change of the ordination. In 1889, as a result of the coup d’état, the Empire was overthrown and proclaimed the republic.

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Confederados – American exiles in Brazil

Confederados – amerykańscy wygnańcy w Brazylii

Author(s): Tomasz Okraska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Brazil; confederation; United States; emigration; society

After the defeat in the Civil War, much of the Southerners chose exile from the United States. Many found a new home in Brazil, which offered them cultivated land, economic privilege and gratitude of the Emperor Pedro II. They brought with them new technologies and culture of the U.S. South. Initially heavily guarded their identity by creating a closed community. However, in the next decades in a natural way interfered with the Brazilian majority, and their identity has changed. Today, it is complex - the descendants of immigrants are fully or partially assimilated, but many of them maintains the old traditions and still identify as Southerners, even if they speak only Portuguese.

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From selva to the city; the psychological studium of environmental adaptation stages of Brasilians

Z selvy do miasta – psychologiczne studium adaptacji środowiskowej mieszkańców Brazylii

Author(s): Agnieszka Skorupa / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: society; psychology; tourism; city; population

From the psychological point of view our behaviours and features are created by two groups of factors: intraindividual and interindividual. There are such situations where interindividual factors (the environment of life) have an overwhelming influence of people. This is happening in Brazil. The psychological stages of adaptation people from the Brazilian Amazon terrains will be analyzed in this article. Emphasise will be put also on the role of tourism in social and individual transformations.

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The history of ethnic policy in Brazil: an attempt to save the Amazon Indians

Historia polityki etnicznej Brazylii – próba ochrony Indian Amazonii

Author(s): Paulina Wasiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Indians; Amazon; Brazil; slavery; community

In Brazil, the topic of ethnic policy is being increasingly brought up, especially the situation of Indian tribes. In this article, the history of the phenomenon called sertanism is being placed under scrutiny, from the first contacts with the indigenous people in the 16th century until modern times. When talking about the traditional societies living in the 21th century, we have to consider not only the social issues or economy-based conflicts but also moral problems related to establishing a cultural contact. In the article, it is being demonstrated that the new policy, initiated by Sydney Possuelo, is the only method of saving the Indian culture from complete extinction. It is being done by providing the analysis of the history of interactions between two different cultural systems and by presenting the consequences of such an influence which are visible as early as the first contact occurs.

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Constitutional system of Brazil and constitutional systems of United States and Federal Republic of Germany - comparative analysis

System konstytucyjny Brazylii a systemy konstytucyjne Stanów Zjednoczonych oraz Republiki Federalnej Niemiec – analiza komparatystyczna

Author(s): Marek Grzesiak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Brazil; United States; Germany; constitution; power

Brazil, as one of the nations considered to be „the leaders of tomorrow”, is the member of BRICS, which consists of the countries believed to have the biggest influence on the global economy in the future. Brazil is also considered as the most stable and predictable country in political terms from the mentioned five. The main goal of the article is to compare the Constitution of Brazil to the constitutions of United States and Germany in order to emphasize the similarities and differences among the documents and the possible consequences they bring to running the countries.

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South - South alliance. Brazil’s relations with Africa

Sojusz Południa z Południem. Specyfika relacji brazylijsko-afrykańskich

Author(s): Mateusz Doliński / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Brazil; Africa; relationship; partnership; investors

During the last decade Brazil consolidating its position as an emerging regional power in the global political system. Relations with Africa are integral parts of Brazil’s political and economic ambitions in a new international context. Common history, culture and language are very useful advantages in relations with Africa and also in the strategy of South-South cooperation. Brazil can also play an important role in contributing to the continent’s social and economic growth. This article describes the development of relations between Brazil and Africa during the last decade.

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Position of Brazil in the context of possible changes in the UN Security Council

Pozycja Brazylii w kontekście ewentualnych zmian w Radzie Bezpieczeństwa ONZ

Author(s): Janina Petelczyc / Language(s): Polish / Issue: X/2013

Keywords: Brazil; United Nations; Security Council; reforms; position

The article is about the relation between Brazil (considered as a rising power) and the United Nations. As a Founding Member the country plays and have always played a significant role in this organization. Brazil was chosen ten times as a non- -permanent member of the UN Security Council. The leadership of Brazil in Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) is also very important. At the same time experts emphasis that the UN needs reforms, including increasing the number of permanent members of the Security Council. Brazil is one of the major candidates, setting an example for positive social changes, sustainable and important involvement in the work of the UN and as a country with increasingly strong international position. However, it seems that this reform will be very difficult.

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Between art and politics – Chinese cinema, Hong Kong cinema

Między sztuką a polityką — kino chińskie, kino hongkońskie

Author(s): Aleksandra A. Wycisk / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: China; cinematography; Hong Kong; culture; movie

The article provides an introduction to the specificity of the Chinese and Hong Kong cinema, describing the development of the film industry against the background of political and social changes of the twentieth and early twenty-first century. The analysis concerns the origin and transformation of film in China and Hong Kong from silent cinema, the cinema of war, propaganda, downtime associated with the Cultural Revolution to the latest cinema (and independent cinema). Topics discussed are such as the impact of the nationalization of the production and distribution of films on the film in China (lack of art houses, censorship, desirable and unwanted threads in the movies) and the cultural and social implications of the use of certain forms of film in the construction of China's image abroad.

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Only children and disappearing daughters – the position of women in China

Synowie jedynacy i znikające córki — o pozycji kobiet w Chinach

Author(s): Żaneta Rachwaniec-Szczecińska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: China; women; Confucianism; social positions; demography

In 2003, the number of women in China was more than 50 million smaller than it due to the rights of demography. Preference for male off spring, derived in the Middle Kingdom yet from Confucian tradition, makes the most of the “missing” women never been born or died as a result of deliberate negligence at birth. China is now one of the countries where discrimination on grounds of sex takes the severest form. One-child policy, that results a predominance of model: parents and son — an only child, as well as deep-rooted tradition marginalizing the role of women make the Chinese women are deprived of the right to a decision, education, leisure time, and often — to life. The author describes the position of women in the Middle Kingdom, indicates areas of and reasons for the discrimination and presents social diagnosis and test reports of international organizations.

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Commercialization of foreignness in the Middle Kingdom, the sociological perspective of tourist traffic in China

Komercjalizacja obcości w Państwie Środka, czyli socjologiczne spojrzenie na ruch turystyczny w Chinach

Author(s): Adam Paluch / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: China; tourism; travel; problems; foreigner

Article is devoted to the processes taking place in China’s social development associated with tourism in this country — both foreign tourism and domestic tourism. Are shown the forms of tourist activity, that are characteristic for domestic tourists for visitors from the West, as well as the problem of spatial, temporal, and class restrictions on tourism. The rest of the article, as an example of China, discussed the concepts and processes characteristic of postmodern tourism, among other ceremonial and sacralization in tourism, the concept of pseudo events, transformation of the tourist attractions and commercialization of alienation — a phenomenon essential both for foreigners, for whom China is a country very different culturally and for the Chinese people, for whom the exotic elements of their country are ethnic minorities.

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Manifestations of a fight with Confucian tradition in the selected works of Chen Kaige and Zhang Yimou as representatives of the Fifth Generation...

Przejawy walki z tradycją konfucjańską w wybranych dziełach Chena Kaige i Zhanga Yimou jako przedstawicieli Piątej Generacji kinematografii chińskiej

Author(s): Julita Dudziak / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: Confucianism; cinematography; harmony; women; society

The so-called Fifth Generation of Chinese filmmakers, working after 1976, whose work was greatly influenced by the Cultural Revolution was gaining global recognition as films of exceptional quality, focused on the acting of psychologically credible actors. In their works, they were protesting not only against the policies of communism, but mainly they fought against the traditional approach of society in the Confucian spirit. Focusing on the selected works of Zhang Yimou, such as “Red Sorghum” (1987) and “Raise the Red Lantern” (1991) and Chen Kaige — “Farewell My Concubine” (1993) and “Temptress Moon” (1996), I presented the main themes of deconstruction of the relationships between men and women, which indicates the need for the women emancipation in Chinese society and grant them the rights reserved for the centuries only for men. Analyzing further productions of Zhang Yimou and Chen Kaige, I showed how they use some of the extremely important in the Confucian tradition principles, such as ritual (li) and filial piety (xiao), and the special principle of subordination, which included women (zhen) to create an oppressive social system which brings the tragedy on the individuals trying to liberate themselves from this slavery.

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Selected aspects of Chinese – Israeli relationship in 1948–2012

Wybrane aspekty stosunków chińsko-izraelskich w latach 1948–2012

Author(s): Justyna Łapaj / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: China; Israel; cooperation; economy; politics

The article forms the analysis of various relations between China and Israel after World War II. It consists of four parts. The first one deals with bilateral relations 1948–1970, and lists a range of determinants, such as the USSR politics and Middle East controversies. The second part points at the most important examples of getting gradually closer, on political, economical, cultural and scientifi c — technical basis in 70’s and 80’s of the 20th century. The third part shows a short characteristic of selected aspects of Chinese — Israeli relationship in the post-Cold-War period. In the summary the attention is paid to the most important determinants of the mutual relations in the 21st century.

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From the power to the “backwardness” and ... back? The way of development of the Middle Kingdom in global-historical context

Od potęgi do „zacofania” i… z powrotem? Droga rozwoju Państwa Środka w ujęciu globalno-historycznym

Author(s): Łukasz Moll / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: history; China; reforms; goods; USA

After the global crisis of capitalism in 2008, because of which the world economy is in shock until today, that fact that China will address the role of global hegemon becomes even more likely than before. On the other hand, China has structural problems with its model of development and face the challenge of its profound reconstruction, so as not to crash on any of the piled up obstacles in front of him. Insight into the economic history of the world and the use of the conceptual grid, used in world-systems theory, allows us to shed some new light on China’s dilemmas. There is no doubt that the choices made today by the Middle Kingdom will be signifi cant for the future of the whole world. Large-scale reshuffl e in the international arena rarely are mild and peaceful. If China will occupy a central position in the world, it will be rather a return from the former abdicate than completely new situation in the history of mankind.

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Energy of Chinese dragon. An attempt to define China’s energy policy

Energia chińskiego smoka. Próba zdefiniowania chińskiej polityki energetycznej

Author(s): Maciej M. Sokołowski / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: politics; energy; socialism; China; economy

China's economy in the twenty-first century is rapidly working huge organism, more and more capable of operation in the global competition. One of its key elements is the energy sector, without which the development of the Middle Kingdom would not be so impressive. Large scale of economy, however, combine large-scale energy challenges. To be able to compete effectively in global markets, need to meet them. These conditions mean that the Chinese energy policy becomes an issue worthy of attention. Indicated problems I discuss in my article. I present it in several dimensions, referring in general terms to energy policy and economic planning, including its Chinese characteristics. Against this background, I refer to energy policy in China, presenting it in the context of the most recent Five-year Guidelines. In the next part of the article I refer to same energetics, describing it in this broken down by sector. Summarize my essay, I undertake a trial of the designation the directions of the energy sector develop in PRC and assessing the Chinese actions in relation to the energy sector.

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Wu Shu and Kung Fu – a mystical philosophy, sport or martial art?

Wu Shu i Kung Fu — mistyczna filozofia, sport czy sztuka walki?

Author(s): Mateusz Witek / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: Martial Arts; China; Kung Fu; Bruce Lee; balance

In public awareness Chinese martial arts became popular due to the cinematography. Thus the West became interested in this aspect of Chinese culture. What is important, all schools of martial arts in the West are focused on mystical or sports aspects, and almost never on the martial art itself. The present generation has forged an idea of the martial arts by the movies with Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan or Bruce Lee. Due to degeneration of the educational role of the cinema it is important to show the truth about this aspect of culture of China. Extremely rich history of Kung Fu and Wu Shu already went through a number of written works, resulting in new aspects and challenging existing myths. The paper essentially popularizes synthesis and demythologization. In addition, a very important issue is the policy of the PRC to the martial arts in the 20th century. They were regarded both as a threat for the country, as well as an important aspect of civic education. The answer to the question posed in the topic of the paper has essentially a form of rejection of what Kung Fu should not be.

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Deng Xiaoping’s reform and its impact on the economy of modern China

Reformy Deng Xiaopinga i ich wpływ na gospodarkę współczesnych Chin

Author(s): Dorota Dębicka / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: The Great Leap Forward; reform; revolution; economy

Deng Xiaoping, the real leader of the People’s Republic of China in the 1978–1989, was the initiator and co-author of the most important economic reforms in the history of modern China. Regulatory policy co-created with Liu made the country able to recover from the collapse caused by the Great Leap (1958–1962), and the transformation of the early 80s materialized so called “socialism with Chinese specifics” and laid the groundwork for the current rapid development of the economy of the Middle Kingdom. The “opening to the world”, familiar at that time, as well as creating of the beneficial / favorable conditions for foreign investment and for the transfer of new technologies (including the establishment of special economic zones) and fundamental transformations in agriculture and industry caused that at the end of Deng’s political career, China took a privileged position in a fight for a primacy in the global economy.

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The role, importance and the perspectives of hard coal in energy-climate policy of the People’s Republic of China

Rola, perspektywy i znaczenie węgla kamiennego w polityce klimatyczno-energetycznej Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej

Author(s): Jarosław Bednorz / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: economy; energy; China; coal; production

Economic development recorded in the last period in China and what is likely to be maintained in the following years, contributes to the dynamic energy consumption by that country. People’s Republic of China is a country with a population of over 1.3 billion people. The population, which, together with the increase in the consumption of goods and raising the standard of living consumes more and more energy. To ensure its delivery, Chinese policy on energy is based on the native source of raw energy, which is coal. Despite increasing yearly production, evolving energetics forces the need to import large quantities of this material and the restriction of exports. Development of energetics based on coal confirms the forecast of the International Energy Agency. Only in the most restrictive Scenario 450 decrease in consumption of coal and energy is noted. At the same time, decision-makers in China began to be aware of issues related to the protection of the climate. The result is the 12th five-year Plan. The largest consumer of coal in the world, is therefore one of the most important factors in the international market of coal trade, and indirectly affects the economies of the countries in which coal is an important factor for the socio-economics.

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Musical joy for one’s eye. Transforming of China’s handwriting in the Shanghai graphic design, in the first half of the twentieth century

Muzyczna radość dla oka. Transformacje chińskiego pisma w szanghajskiej grafice użytkowej pierwszej połowy XX wieku

Author(s): Karolina Pawlik / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: music; tourism; travel; limit; foreigner

The article is an attempt to present the important changes on handwriting , music and graphics, which took place in Shanghai in the early decades of the twentieth century. A few commercials and inscriptions in the Shanghai’s magazines, gave me the starting point for the considerations in the discussion in which, in the aim of the artistic transformation of written signs, elements of the notes, the stave and the treble clef were used. Analyzing this artistic exercise and its consequences in the etymological, cultural, historical and social context, I tried to show the importance of experiments of Shanghai’s designers for a change of thinking about the Chinese handwriting and the relationships between the elements of the cultural heritage of China and the West.

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China – the responsible superpower ? The Analysis of China’s relations with the countries of Mekong basin in the area of hydropower

Chiny — mocarstwo odpowiedzialne? Analiza relacji Chin z państwami dorzecza Mekongu w dziedzinie hydroenergetyki

Author(s): Joanna Dobkowska / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: security; China; hydropower; Mekong; policy

Energy security is one of Beijing’s policy priorities, and the development of renewable energy production — especially hydropower — is crucial for the government. This makes China use their advantage of the potential to expand building of the hydropower dams on the Mekong, neglecting in the same time the responsibilities of a “responsible superpower” compared to other basin states. However, recently changes in the PRC policy are visible, proving the acceptance of the co-operative attitude. The aim of this paper is to compare two PRC attitudes towards the Mekong basin countries — cooperative and dominant — in the field of hydropower. The text is an attempt to answer the question as to whether, when discussion is on the issue of energy sustainability, which is a crucial for the Chinese security, they are able to comply with the rules of international responsibility.

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Japanese-Chinese relations in the years 1972–2012

Stosunki japońsko-chińskie w latach 1972–2012

Author(s): Klaudia Rymut / Language(s): Polish / Issue: IX/2013

Keywords: relations; Japan; China; dispute; politics; society

The purpose of this paper is to present the problem of forming a relationship two Far East neighbors : Japan and the PRC, with particular emphasis on confl ict issues. Raised here are issues such as the establishment of diplomatic relations, the response of Japan to events taking place in Tiananmen Square in 1989, tensions in relations caused by visits to the Shinto temple Yasukuni, territorial disputes over islands Senkaku / Diaoyu, and the problem of changes guidelines for Japanese history textbooks. This will allow to see in what areas the Japanese-Chinese relations are good, and which generate disputes, as well as how strained relationships affect the mutual perception of the Japanese and Chinese populations.

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