Mixed paradigms in some italo-romance varieties: a morphological approach

Paradigmi misti in alcuni dialetti italoromanzi: un approccio morfologico

Author(s): Pavel Štichauer / Language(s): Italian / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: mixed paradigms; auxiliary selection; Italo-Romance varieties; inflection; periphrasis; lexical splits; morphomes; morphologization

This paper addresses the problem of mixed paradigms, i.e. cases of intraparadigmatic auxiliary alternation (esse/habere), as attested in some Italo-Romance varieties. It aims to show that, in some specific cases, auxiliary selection ceases to be motivated on syntactic grounds, where the traditional active/inactive verb classes are opposed, and begins to operate on a purely morphological basis. The paper represents one of the first attempts to deal with the issue of mixed paradigms in morphological terms. The aim is to show that auxiliary alternation within one and the same paradigm may follow both motivated and coherent patterns of distribution (e.g., singular versus plural) and unmotivated patterns of distribution, traditionally termed ‘morphomic’. This article thus intends to put forward yet another case of morphologization of previously motivated distributional patterns.

Lexical blending in spanish

El cruce léxico en español

Author(s): Bohdan Ulašin / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: lexical blending; fragmentation; anglicism; word formation; overlapping

In Spanish, lexical blending is a word-formation process that forms new naming units by the amalgamation of two (rarely more) components. The merging process of the combining elements often makes use of shared phonetic material creating an overlapping effect, which is one of the characteristic features of blending. Syntactically, the union of the components can be coordinating or subordinating, resulting in a nominal, adjectival or verbal blend. The lexical originality and creativity of blends is highly appreciated and often used in journalism and advertising, as well as in slang and in the colloquial register.

The spanish subjunctive as a central subject of investigation

El subjuntivo español como tema central de investigación

Author(s): Dana Kratochvílová / Language(s): Spanish / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: ELE; indicative; modality; Spanish; subjunctive

This article analyses different approaches to the study of the Spanish subjunctive. We concentrate on Spanish monographs and larger series of articles published in the last twenty years and trace two main lines of investigation: works that postulate one central rule for the use of subjunctive and those that study its different uses separately. We compare them and point out a number of questions that still remain unresolved. We claim that works proposing a single value of the Spanish subjunctive often leave aside some problematic aspects and do not pay sufficient attention to the Indicative. Consequently, we analyse works on the subjunctive written by Czech linguists, offering, thus, a contrastive point of view on the topic.

Introduction: The First Decades of Prague University: Transforming Intellectual Space in 14th Century Central Europe

Introduction: The First Decades of Prague University: Transforming Intellectual Space in 14th Century Central Europe

Author(s): Jan Odstrčilík,Francesca Battista,Riccardo Burgazzi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

A Golden Age of Theology at Prague: Prague Sentences Commentaries from 1375 to 1385, the terminus post quem for Evidence of Wycliffism in Bohemia

A Golden Age of Theology at Prague: Prague Sentences Commentaries from 1375 to 1385, the terminus post quem for Evidence of Wycliffism in Bohemia

Author(s): Chris Schabel,Monica Brinzei,Mihai Maga / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Sentences commentaries; Conrad of Ebrach; Conrad of Soltau; Menso of Beckhusen; Nicholas Biceps; Wycliffism

This article is a survey of the first Sentences commentaries at the University of Prague, from lectures delivered between ca. 1376 and ca. 1381, those of Conrad of Ebrach O.Cist, the seculars Conrad of Soltau and Menso of Beckhusen, and Nicholas Biceps O. P. Biceps’ commentary contains the first evidence for Wyclif’s works in Bohemia, but a careful examination of the sources reveals that we have no evidence for Wycliffism in Prague before 1385, not 1381 or 1378 as previously thought. If Biceps was remembered primarily in Prague, Ebrach’s commentary exerted an influence in Paris and Vienna, Soltau’s was read all over Central Europe, and the works of Ebrach, Soltau, and Beckhusen provided the models for several Sentences commentaries at Kraków. They may not have aroused the excitement that Jan Hus and Jerome of Prague would, but they make the years surrounding the onset of the Great Schism a Golden Age of Theology.

Jan of Mýto’s Bachelor Lecture on the Psalms and its Sources in Thomas Waleys’s Work. A New Light on English-Czech Connections in the Late Middle Ages

Jan of Mýto’s Bachelor Lecture on the Psalms and its Sources in Thomas Waleys’s Work. A New Light on English-Czech Connections in the Late Middle Ages

Author(s): Dušan Coufal / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Jan of Mýto; Thomas Waleys; Prague university; Biblical exegesis; Bachelor lectures; 14th century; Dominicans

The study is, on the larger background of Prague university exegesis, analysing the bachelor lecture on Psalms by Jan of Mýto, which has been written most probably in 1395–1401 and survived in the only known incomplete copy in the codex of the National Library of Czech Republic III B 13 (Ps. exegesis 26–41,10). The author bases his study with the use of probe method on Jan’s exegesis of the Psalm 29. He observes, that moral exposition with numerous exempla from the sphere of natural and social phenomena dominates Jan’s exegesis, and he finds out that Jan of Mýto mostly compiled this exegesis from the lecture on Psalms written by the English Dominican Thomas Waleys († 1349?). The study observes the reception of Waleys’ lecture in Bohemia during 15th century and it mentions a probable way it spread in Central Europe through Dominican order studies.

Henry Totting of Oyta and the Prague Nominalist Schola Communis between 1366 and 1409: A Preliminary Draft

Henry Totting of Oyta and the Prague Nominalist Schola Communis between 1366 and 1409: A Preliminary Draft

Author(s): Martin Dekarli / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Henry Totting of Oyta; Prague University in the Middle Ages; Nominalism; Realism; universalia realia

The article deals with the nominalist heritage at Prague University during the late middle ages, more precisely between 1366 and 1409, and the role of Henry Totting of Oyta. It first summarises several institutional milestones of the Prague Nominalist schola communis, i.e. the founding of Charles College in 1366 and a series of institutional controversies from 1384 to 1409. It also provides a provisional prosopographical determination of the particular nominalist generations. Secondly, this paper also retraces Oyta’s influence within the Prague controversy over the real existence of universals (universalia realia) in texts deeply immersed in the nominalist heritage, for example of Conrad of Soltau and John Arsen of Langenfeld.

The Preaching of Henry Totting of Oyta

The Preaching of Henry Totting of Oyta

Author(s): Jan Odstrčilík,Francesca Battista,Riccardo Burgazzi / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: University of Prague; Henry Totting of Oyta; Medieval Sermon; Liberal Arts; Marian Theology; Petrarch

This joint paper focuses on three previously unstudied sermons written by Henry Totting of Oyta, a famous theologian of the 14th century who started his career at the studium generale in Erfurt and was then active at the universities of Prague, Paris and Vienna. Riccardo Burgazzi examines the sermon On the Passion of the Lord, Francesca Battista the sermon On the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and finally Jan Odstrčilík the sermon On the Nativity of John the Baptist. Each of these sermons represents not only distinctive thematic areas, but were also written at different times and demonstrate the variety of influences that affected Totting’s way of thinking: The sermon De passione Domini is probably one of his oldest recorded sermons and it still bears traces of Totting’s career as a master of liberal arts. The Marian sermon De assumpcione BMV shows a very firm scholastic structure and gives a relevant contribution to the contemporary area in Assumption theology. And finally the sermon De nativitate Iohannis Baptiste is a worthy and uncommon testimony of the early reception of Petrarch in Central Europe.

The Charters of Foundation of Prague and Naples: The Models and their Reuse

The Charters of Foundation of Prague and Naples: The Models and their Reuse

Author(s): Fulvio Delle Donne / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: University of Prague; University of Naples; Charles IV of Bohemia; Frederick II Hohenstaufen; Petrus de Vinea

In 1348, when Charles IV, king of Bohemia and of the Romans, founded the University of Prague, he (or, better, his dictator, Nicholas Sortes) used some others sources as stylistic and argumentative models. This way, the charter of foundation appears to be a cento of other letters written for the University of Naples (founded in 1224) by Emperor Frederick II Hohenstaufen and his son Conrad. It is an evident example of the stylistic and functional reuse of one of the most important letter-collections of the 13th century: the rhetoric models attributed to Petrus de Vinea (maybe exported to Bohemia by Henricus de Isernia), which gained a huge diffusion and became a forceful symbol of power all around Europe.

The Effects on the University of Prague to the Hungarian Royal Court in the Fourteenth Century

The Effects on the University of Prague to the Hungarian Royal Court in the Fourteenth Century

Author(s): Péter Haraszti Szabó / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Hungarian students; Career paths; Hungarian Royal Court; Medieval University in Prague

The University of Prague played a central role in the education of the Hungarians in the 14th century. From the identified career paths, it has been made clear that many of them belonged to the Royal Court at least with family bonds. Why was it worthwhile for them to study at a university, in order to be part of the court? According to Peter Moraw, university studies were also persuasive enough to compete with the traditional factors of military service or family backgrounds and wealth, in order to attend the royal court. Prague was indeed a very illustrious element of the educational web of Central Europe, but apart from Moraw, there is another observation in defining the importance of university studies: the majority of Hungarian noble students in Prague came from the courtly nobility, so the exemplary role of the Hungarian Angevin Kings can be suggested here. But this function will be discussed in detail at another stage of my research.

Uberto Decembrio: A Humanist in Prague at the End of the Fourteenth Century

Uberto Decembrio: A Humanist in Prague at the End of the Fourteenth Century

Author(s): Daniela Pagliara / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Bohemia; Italian Humanism; Charles IV; the Prague University; geographical and chorographic literature

Two brief letters, written by Uberto Decembrio during a diplomatic mission on behalf of Gian Galezzo Visconti, provide a lively sketch of Bohemian life and customs at the end of the 14th century, as seen through the eyes of an Italian humanist. In the wake of the travel reports, the epistles also offer subject matter related to the cultural policies of Charles IV, creator of the the Studium Generale as well as a tireless promoter of the development of the arts. The Italian scholar reveals his intellectual curiosity and ethnographic interests as well, describing aspects and the unusual habits of the city of Prague, while not shying away from expressing a personal opinion.

John of Marignolli and the Historiographical Project of Charles IV

John of Marignolli and the Historiographical Project of Charles IV

Author(s): Irene Malfatto / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: John of Marignolli; Charles IV; Prague; historiography; manuscripts; Přibík Pulkava of Radenín; Bohemian chronicles

In 1355 an Italian Franciscan, John of Marignolli, was asked by Charles IV to compose a chronicle of Bohemia. His Chronicon Bohemorum is conserved into three manuscripts, two of which are now in Prague’s National Library. Marignolli’s work followed a project of historiographical renovation: Charles aimed to rewrite Bohemian historiography in order to celebrate his election as Emperor. It was Marignolli’s task to collect all the previous chronicles, revise them and bring about a brand new universal narrative leading to contemporary Bohemian history. Shortly after Marignolli’s death, Charles IV gave the Bohemian writer Přibík Pulkava of Radenín the same appointment: in 1374 he wrote an alternative Chronica Bohemiae, copied beside Marignolli’s one in both of the Prague manuscripts. These two chronicles are very different from one another: it’s likely that Charles didn’t appreciate Marignolli’s work and asked Pulkava to write a text more suitable for his purposes.

Charles IV and Learned Order: The Discourse on Knowledge in ‘Der meide kranz’

Charles IV and Learned Order: The Discourse on Knowledge in ‘Der meide kranz’

Author(s): Lena Oetjens / Language(s): English / Issue: 1/2015

Keywords: Heinrich of Mügeln: ‘Der meide kranz’; Charles IV as a judge; philosophy; arranging nature

By establishing the University of Prague, Emperor Charles IV pursued a synthesis of religion and knowledge, which itself helped to define his self-conception as a ruler. The vernacular poetry of the Prague Court in the fourteenth century also bears witness to intense contemporary interest in the natural sciences and the dynamic strategies of legitimation via Christian argument. A case in point is the poetry of Heinrich of Mügeln. Charles IV plays a special role in ‘Der meide kranz’ in which Heinrich of Mügeln presents him as a wise and venerable ruler. He builds on known models, such as Alan of Lille’s ‘Anticlaudianus’, and maps a court situation whose inherent and depicted order invites a specific evaluation of the ruler. I shall consider Heinrich’s definition of philosophy, which is expressed via an angel-motif, and how the text gives fresh insight into Charles’s image as a reformer of the empire.

Legislative Arrangement of a Local Fee for a Spa or Leisure Stay and a Local Fee for Accommodation in the Czech Republic

Legislativní úprava místního poplatku za lázeňský nebo rekreační pobyt a z ubytovací kapacity v České republice

Author(s): Petr Studnička / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: guest; hospitality; local fee; overnight; spa and tourism industry

Local tax is defined as a pecuniary levy specified by law directed to the municipal budget that can be established or abolished by the local self-government unit, and this unit may also affect local tax in any way in terms of the tax base, the tax rates or any of the correction elements, regardless of whether the taxpayer receives any consideration from the beneficiary, whether this levy is regular or single and of who administers the tax. The catalogue of local taxes in the Czech Republic includes only local fees and real estate tax. The economic autonomy of municipalities as one of the essential characteristics of local self-government is not fulfilled in the Czech Republic in terms of legal regulation. The municipalities do not have sufficient authority to impose local taxes. In the Czech Republic, under Act No. 565/1990 Coll., on local fees, as amended, there are eight different types of local fees. Two local fees have the greatest significance in relation to hospitality, spa and tourism industry. These are the local fee for a spa or leisure stay, which applies to those using accommodation and the local fee for accommodation, which is paid by the accommodation provider. The total annual volume selection of the local fee for accommodation and the local fee for a spa or leisure stay is 515 million CZK, of which the City of Prague falls 245 million CZK, which is 47.5% of the national selection and thus Prague is the municipality with the highest volume selecting of these local fees in the Czech Republic.

Legal Aspects of Sustainable Tourism in National Parks

Právní aspekty udržitelného cestovního ruchu v národních parcích

Author(s): Vojtěch Stejskal / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: sustainable tourism; nature protection; national park; Nature conservation and landscape protection Act; environmental law

Chapter deals with current issues of sustainable tourism in national parks from the perspective of environmental law. The topic of this issue is underscored not only in materials of international governmental and nongovernmental organizations, f.e. United Nations Environmental Program – UNEP, World Tourism Organization – UNWTO and World Council of Travel and Tourism – WTTC or in Federation of Nature and National Parks of Europe – FNNPE, but is also a priority within the EU and Czech Republic. Sustainable tourism is seen as providing tourist needs in a way that helps the development of the territory with regard to economical use of natural and cultural values and leads to long-term prosperity of the region, without compromising the satisfaction of the needs of future generations. But with the massive growth of tourism in recent years, in contrast to positive effects on the economy and regional development, the environmental degradation and the gradual destruction of nature and landscape is brought in alongside.The legal framework for sustainable tourism in the area of national parks and for nature protection against the negative effects of the massive growth of tourism in the Czech Republic is based especially on the Nature conservation and landscape protection act No. 114/1992 Sb. Coll. and several special pieces of legislation which are set up in order to safeguard the protection of nature ecosystems and environment. The chapter deals with the legal instruments and conditions for the sustainable tourism in the national parks.

Importance of the Tourism Services Normalization with view to Removal of the Barriers for Free Movement of the Services in the Field of International and Czech Tourism

Význam normalizace služeb cestovního ruchu z pohledu odstraňování bariér volného pohybu služeb a ochrany spotřebitele v rámci mezinárodního a českého cestovního ruchu

Author(s): Petr Houška / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: tourism services; norm; international normalization; free movement of services; globalization; international tourism; consumer protection; laws; international organizations

The aim of the contribution draws attention to the importance of international standardization in tourism services with view to elimination of barriers for free movement of the tourism services, its importance for consumers – visitors in tourism, when the international standards encourage consumers responsibility, enforce their legitimate demands and expectations. They also strengthen the consumer status as a main protagonists in the tourism market. For developing countries the international standards of tourism services they are a tool, that enables them to prepare a competitive tourism products. Very important is also possible discussion concerning the relation between laws and norms at international and local levels.

Comparation of Insurance of the Guarantee for the Case of Insolvency of the Travel Agency with the Legal Regulation of the Compulsory Insurance of Liability

Srovnání pojištění záruky pro případ úpadku cestovní kanceláře s právní úpravou povinných pojištění odpovědnosti

Author(s): Petr Dobiáš / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: compulsory insurance; policyholder; travel agency

Insurance of the guarantee for the case of insolvency of the travel agency has been implemented into the Act No. 159/1999 Coll., on chosen conditions of conducting business and execution of chosen activities in the tourism, from the directive of the Council No. 90/314/ EEC of 13 June 1990, on package travel, package holidays and package tours. The Act No. 159/1999 Coll., on chosen conditions of conducting business and execution of chosen activities in the tourism has been, with regard to ambiguousness which had arisen at its application in the legal praxis, amended by the Act No. 341/2015 Coll. Subject of the analysis within this chapter is the legal regulation of insurance of the guarantee for the case of decline of the travel agency in comparison to regulation of other types of compulsory insurances in the legal order of the Czech Republic.

Influence of Judgments of Czech Courts for Ensuring Demands of Clients in Case of Bankruptcy of Tour Operators

Význam rozsudků soudů ČR při zajištění nároků klientů v případě úpadku cestovní kanceláře

Author(s): Klára Dvořáková / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: tour operator; bankruptcy; insurance; case-law

The article documents the case-law of Czech courts from 2012 to 2015 related to insurance in case of bankruptcy of tour operators. It draws attention to the shift in the interpretation of the specific provisions of the Act No. 159/1999 Coll., on Tourism concerning the extent of the recovery of clientsʼ damages caused by the bankruptcy of the tour operator. It describes the attitude of the courts to dealing with many cases based on similar facts and law. It also focus on the effects of the case-law on the conduct of the clients, tour operators, travel agents and insurance companies. The author deems to share her experience as an attorney representing clients in the court proceedings against insurance companies.

Preparation of Tourism Act Development Support and its Importance in Context of the Tourism Policy in the Czech Republic

Příprava zákona o podpoře rozvoje cestovního ruchu a jeho význam v kontextu politiky cestovního ruchu v České republice

Author(s): Radek Chaloupka / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: tourism; tourism policy; Tourism act development support; public administration; destination management

Complex tourism regulation in the form of a special act is a problem discussed in the Czech Republic for many years. The reason is current tourism regulation which from the view of implementing tourism policy poses a risk to the state that no systemic framework is formed which has high potential of causing wastefulness, ineffectiveness and uselessness of public expenditure. Key problem are vaguely adjusted competences on the level of state administration and autonomous regions that limit implementation of principles of destination management and tourism policy as the part of economic policy of the Czech Republic. Such situation prevents better use of tourism potential regardless of increasing importance of tourism for economy, in relation to developed foreign destinations, it also leads to loss in its competitiveness.Only dealing with the basic problems can result in change of current situation. Adjustment of current tourism legislation is not sufficient solution. It means to set up a whole new tourism regulation that creates systemic framework for implementing tourism policy. For those reasons the complex tourism regulation is broadly discussed as the systemic solution. Defence of the new regulation as the norm of administrative law with the linkages to the private law that is being seriously prepared since 2010, is in current situation of public sector very difficult. Insufficient support of argumentation, overall low political support and divided attitude of stakeholders of the companies within the area of tourism (both public and private) led to temporary non-approval with the draft law and which has led to suspention of its processing.

Management of Tourism without Special Law for Its Support?

Řízení turismu bez speciálního zákona na jeho podporu?

Author(s): Šárka Tittelbachová / Language(s): Czech / Issue: 3/2016

Keywords: management and organization of the tourism; legal regulation; concept of the state policy; powers of the public administration

The state creates the legislative framework for planning and supporting the development of tourism. The legislative framework reflects the position of tourism in economic policy. Tourism legislation and regulation is relatively complicated and unclear in the Czech Republic. The division of competencies between the state administration, local government and the business sector are not systemically defined. The article gives a brief overview of the development of legislative regulation of tourism within the framework of government policy. This article aims to show how the state government solved the tourism legislation in the past. And the final part is discussing the current possibilities of tourism management without special law for tourism support.