Keywords: summary;
Support for learning in schools is a subject based on efforts to develop schools towards openness and quality. It is a topic that reacts to the changing appearance of Europe and is becoming a focus of attention in various European and national documents of educational policy and strategy. Evoking a number of co-subjects such as organizational learning, peer support, school counselling, mentoring and reflection of practice, the processes of learning in schools apply to both children and adults. The efforts of education politicians, researchers and, obviously, people working in schools are interwoven in these themes.
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Keywords: gallows; archeological findings; execution practices; Central Europe;
The gallows served as a place of execution during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Although particular states of Central Europe have developed differently, the types of gallows in their territory have surprisingly many similarities. This chapter describes these similar factors, as well as the obvious differences, some caused by the dissimilar process of research. In addition to the gallows typology itself, the chapter also contains other angles that are important in examining gallows. These are mainly archaeological, iconographic, but also written sources. When looking at gallows, it is also possible to explore other interesting aspects, such as distance from the city, visibility, the way to the gallows and so on. It describes the most important researches in Central European countries, the appearance of uncovered places of executions, as well as other archaeological or anthropological findings, demonstrating the specific burial rite of convicted offenders. In some cases, animal bones are found in abundance in execution areas, suggesting the presence of knacker´s yard.
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Keywords: Gallows; South Moravia; History of executions in South Moravia;
The places where the gallows stood still carry the name Gallows Mountain (Galgenberg), Justice (Gerichtsberg), Golgotha, Am Goling, Gallows, On gallows and so on. From the end of the 15th to the 18th century there was a process of replacing wooden gallows with brick gallows. A specific feature of gallows in central and northern Moravia is their quadrilateral ground plan in the shape of a square or rectangle, known from archaeological research and a description in Brno in 1788. The construction or repair of gallows was a complex matter in which many craftsmen had to participate due to the problems which could potentially discredit the workers as work on gallows was considered dishonourable. This is evidenced by documents from Šatov from 1661, Znojmo from 1650 and Brno from 1764. Besides brick gallows, wooden gallows (Schnellgalgen), known from Brno from 1603 and 1642, were also built for executions. Another place of execution of the death penalty by decapitation were beheading places (Rabenstei, Köpfhaus) existing in Brno, Znojmo or Tišnov. The description of the beheading place from Brno is know from 1788.
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Keywords: execution practices; South Moravia; landscape; execution sites;
At present, we are used to perceiving landscapes and significant points in a settlement structure quite differently than it has been for past centuries. The landscape scale and the extent of settlement formations have changed, areas of cultivated fields have changed, and the range of afforestation has changed. There has been a substantial change in the communications network thanks to different modes of transportation, and there have often been substantial changes in the size and modification of water features in the landscape. The original elements of the landscape, which were distinctive for centuries, gradually lost their importance, partly disappeared, or were replaced by other landscape landmarks, with different character and function. Based on the First Military Mapping, which was acquired on the basis of direct observation of real situation in the field, we can derive five basic building types, which were of fundamental importance to the inhabitants of the area as a dominant of the nearby landscape. These are: castle or chateau (mansion seat), church or monastery (seat of ecclesiastical institutions), town hall (seat of administrative power of larger settlement unit), fortification (building element providing security) and execution site (symbol of enforcement). Only a few of this number of execution sites have been preserved in the South Moravian Region as building ruins, few have been identified and documented archaeologically, but these sites are not listed. From most of others, only the place name remained without visible building or terrain tracks. The aim of the research plan is to assess the physical state of preservation of building sites of gallows (or their archaeological relics), possible archaeological research of selected localities and the design of meaningful conservation of the last few torsos of buildings, which in the past played an important role in the everyday life of all residents and in the landscape.
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Keywords: South Moravian Gallows; Boskovice; Doubravice; Blansko; Lomnice; Pouzdřany; Vranov nad Dyjí; Znojmo;
For the gallows as a visible symbol of the high justice (“ius gladii”) of the location and as a deterrent memento for criminals, the position was very important so that they could be easily seen from the municipality and from the access roads. The visibility of several other South Moravian gallows (Boskovice, Doubravice, Blansko, Lomnice, Pouzdřany, Vranov nad Dyjí, Znojmo) was newly evaluated. It is clear from the examples with the exception of Znojmo that the monitored gallows were visible directly from the centre of the particular municipality. Visibility from important roads was also significant.
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Keywords: South Moravian gallows; Vegetation; Flora; Čejkovice; Ivančice; Tišnov; Lomnice;
We tried to create an idea of landscape formation in the vicinity of gallows in Čejkovice, Ivančice, Tišnov and Lomnice at the time of their use with the help of the maps of Imperial Obligatory Imprints of a Stable Cadastre, local names, floristic data in old literature and above all our own field survey. Although the sites of the investigated gallows are located in different landscapes - from the Pannonian region to the eastern edge of the Hercynian region - all had previously supported a number of remarkable, endangered or extinct species of vascular plants. The common feature was the occurrence of steppe species spreading from the south, mainly due to agriculture and into the foothills of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. The current species diversity in the vicinity of the previously gloomy places is not so great, however, some memorable vegetation types and valuable species that are worth notice have been preserved.
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Keywords: The First Military Mapping; execution sites; 18th century; South Moravia; gallows;
The First Military Mapping is an important source for locating relics of execution places. It was carried out between 1764-1768 with subsequent rectification in 1780-1783. Signs for gallows are different. They differ mainly in the colour and type of displayed scaffold. The location of the gallows was determined by several factors. On the one hand, a safe distance to the city had to be kept because of the smell of rotting bodies and also the presence of wild animals around, but it had to be accessible on foot as executions were public events and were watched by crowds. The maximum distance in regard of the terrain could be around 3 km. Places, where according to the First Military Mapping, gallows were situated, were visited, inspected and documented from 2014 to 2019 in order to keep track in the terrain. In total, there are 40 places in cadastres of 35 municipalities. Due to the crop marks and not completely unambiguous localizations, the results may not be final, and it is possible that they will be supplemented by further monitoring.
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Keywords: Archeological research; South Moravian gallows; Tišnovská; Ivančíká; Šatovská; Slavkovská;
Podoba několika jihomoravských šibenic byla do jisté míry osvětlena archeologickým výzkumem, který v případu tišnovské, ivančické, šatovské a slavkovské, měl character soustavného výzkumu, který odkryl jen vlastní stavbu šibenice a nejbližší okolí. U Lomnice a Vranova nad Dyjí šlo jen o drobnou sondáž. Přesto se podařilo upřesnit, nebo i zjistit půdorys šibenice, získat datovací materiál a zařadit je do systému středoevropských šibenic.
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Keywords: gallows; Anthropology; skeletal remains; sites of execution; suicide; South Moravian region;
Human skeletal remains are important source in exploring past populations. As a part of our research in places of executions in South Moravian region, four comprehensive archaeological excavations were conducted. Numerous anthropological skeletal material was obtained there. A total number of 5 405 human bones have been examined, which have been preserved in various ways (from only a piece of bone to complete bones and skulls). Anthropological examination focused on assessing the state of bone preservation, estimating the minimum number of individuals (MNI), estimating basic demographic determinants (sex, age and stature), pathological changes, and traces of violence related to punishment. The largest group consists of skeletal remains from Ivančice gallows site (2 761 fragments of bones, MNI 18 persons), from Křenovice/Slavkov u Brna gallows site (1 772 fragments of bones, MNI 15 persons) and from Tišnov gallows site (786 fragments of bones, MNI 13 persons). From other sites the number of bones is limited to isolated findings of human bones. The assessed skeletal remains belonged mostly to adult males, some bones belonged to juveniles and quite exceptional is the finding of an infant’s femur. On several bones some pathological conditions were observed (like fractures or inflammations). These conditions were rather chronic in character and probably affected the individuals’ social positions (for example social exclusion or social marginality). Traces of direct violence were represented by perimortal fractures, which can be related to the execution by wheel.
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Keywords: skeletal remains; archeology; Moravian gallows;
This chapter focuses on the peculiarities of the skeletal system in form of anatomical variations and pathologies from the sample of skeletal remains from various archeologically surveyed Moravian gallows. Apart from common variations some rare variations of the skeletal system were observed and described in detail (os bregmaticum, spina bifida atlantis anterior et posterior). Observed pathologies included evidence of trauma and infectious diseases. The most commonly observed instances of trauma were fractures, which originated (with high probability) perimortem – i.e. around the time of death. From the nature of the majority of the fractures we can presume that some of the convicts were subject to aggravated capital sentence in form of breaking with the wheel. In case of two tibiae affected by infection the internal structure of the bone was assessed. Evaluation of the medullar cavity development and remodeling using 3D models of affected bones brought new information; however, a final decision on whether syphilis was the originator of infectious disease traits on a tibia from Slavkov gallows is not yet possible.
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Keywords: gallows; animal remains; South Moravia; animal bones and teeth;
This text addresses animal remains from gallows in South Moravia. Animal bones and teeth are usually present in the area of gallows, represented by both domestic and wild animals. In some cases, bones bear traces of human activity such as butchering. Compared to big gallows with numerous animal remains (e.g. Emmenbrücke), the findings from Tišnov, Slavkov and Ivančice are only few, very fragmentary and usually with recent admixture. This complicates the interpretation of why and how these animal remains got into the gallows area.
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Keywords: picking up orders; optimal route; warehouse;
In this article we deal with the issue of finding optimal transport routes in warehouses. If the collection of goods from different positions in the warehouse is not controlled in any way, it is a random process that leads to waste. Optimizing this process saves time for warehouse workers and the carts used for these moves. Finding the optimal route can be seen as a Euclidean problem of a business traveler with points in two places in the warehouse.
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Keywords: Josef Klika; physics instruction; physics teaching methodology; pedagogy; 19th century;
Josef Klika (1857–1906) was a very prominent and respected figure of Czech pedagogy in the second half of the 19th century. The paper summarizes Klika's pedagogical organizational, writing and editorial activities. Throughout his life, Josef Klika has devoted himself to the issue of teaching physics, the development of its methodology, the creation of methodical materials, but also the writing of a number of popular articles and books on physics and nature. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to the permanent importance of Josef Klika for the development of physics teaching.
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Keywords: simulation; visualization; education; physics; chemistry;
As a result of the coronavirus epidemics, the importance of distance forms of teaching and learning increase. It leads to more extensive application of simulation and visualization methods in teaching and preparation of study materials, or in learning and self-studying. Software tools like MS Excel, Python and R were found to be promising platforms for these purposes. The usage of these tools enables to integrate mathematical and computer science skills with physics and chemistry.
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Keywords: distance learning; COVID-19; motivation; online teaching;
In Slovakia, university teaching at present takes place online due to the spread of the COVID-19 viral disease. We date the transition to online education for the first time from 10 March 2020 until the end of the examination period and for the second time from the second week of the winter semester 2020/2021 until today. In both mentioned periods, teaching took place through the MS Teams platform and the Moodle electronic teaching system. The aim of this paper is to provide information on the results of a survey conducted using the questionnaire method and the method of the planned experiment. Through research, we want to find out whether the method of online teaching motivates students to supplement their knowledge through self-study.
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Keywords: F. S. Kodym; czech naturalist; history of physics; didactics of physics; science education;
Filip Stanislav Kodym (1811–1884) was one of the most well-known and influential figures of the 19th century in the field of agriculture, natural sciences and education. He continued the activities of the national revivalists by striving to improve the Czech language, focusing on expression in the natural sciences. Among other things, he has written several very successful popularization books on physics, chemistry, and health science. In our paperwe want to recall the personality of F. S. Kodym also because 210 years have passed since his birth this year.
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Keywords: Adult; education; skills; competences; Covid-19; lifelong learning;
The paper addresses the issue of adult education with regard to the current situation with Covid - 19. Adult education is designed to acquire or develop already acquired skills. The participation of an individual in his / her educational process and the active use of his / her personal experience is crucial in adult education. This directly increases the motivation of adults to complete their studies and continue their education. The education system is also adapted to the peculiarities of adult education. As interest in lifelong learning increases, there are many offers for adults in both formal and nonformal education. The main goal of the paper is to describe the peculiarities of adult education and describe the most important principles of access to online adult education. Due to the situation that is new in education, there is not yet enough research that would directly address adult education.
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