We kindly inform you that, as long as the subject affiliation of our 300.000+ articles is in progress, you might get unsufficient or no results on your third level or second level search. In this case, please broaden your search criteria.
This article includes a letter written by an older history teacher at a high school in Szawli (nowadays Siauliai in Lithuania). It is a document written in 1865, kept in archives of the Vilnius library. The author of the letter – a Russian by birth, educated in an Orthodox seminary and a graduate from The Pedagogical Institute of Petersburg – was delegated to work in so called West Districts of the Russian Empire, inhabited by citizens who spoke no Russian and were mostly Roman Catholics. Teachers of Russian origin, like the author of the quoted letter, considered themselves missionaries, “sheperds and harvesters”, the “harvest” being russification of the Polish and Lithuanian nation, eradication of Polish and Lithuanian languages, formal complaints and reports about people circulating books in these languages, and providing Russian publications. Such work in the time free from lessons at school was mentioned in the letter from an average teacher to his councellor – curator in Vilnius District. So this is not a letter as such, but e report.
More...
The authors came to a conclusion that in the now forgotten ‘Dictionary of Language Errors’, published in Vilnius in 1931 and compiled by a local Polish scholar Julian Szwed, lexical germanisms (over 180 words) dominate. This is a surprising statement because, as the research done by linguists studying Northern Borderlands Polish language used till the present day in Vilnius and in the Vilnius area proves that loan words from German are rare in this area. When writing his handbook, Szwed most probably used not only Borderland sources, but also materials (including the press) originating from Małopolska and Śląsk Cieszyński, both of which were territories previously annexed by Austria and which abound in germanisms. Germanisms collected in ‘Dictionary of Language Errors’ are noteworthy for researchers who study the influence of German on Polish language and they should be used as a basis for various specifications and comparisons more often. The authors presented in their article those lexical germanisms recorded in the handbook by Julian Szwed which are noted by at least one of the most significant vocabulary dictionaries of Polish, i.e. – as one may presume – loan words that are more well-known (over 130 words). Only 30 percent of the excerpt is widespread. They are words noted in all dictionaries (approx. 20 percent), for instance ‘bryftreger’, ‘obstalunek’, ‘szaber’ and words certified by three dictionaries (approx. 10 percent), for instance ‘gurt’, ‘mantel’, ‘sznaps’.
More...
On January 25, 1908, an Orthography Commission was founded at the Science Union of the Latvian Society with Kārlis Mīlenbahs as a chairman. On June 17, 1908, the Orthography Commission held a convincing vote for the new orthography. The main principles of this new orthography can be characterised by the following traits: use of Roman letters in print; dropping “h” as a lengthening mark; all long vowels must be denominated with a horizontal dash notwithstanding their position; diphthongs ie and o must be denominated according to the Lithuanian model – ie and uo; cluster letters sch, zch, tsch must be discarded; palatal consonants must be denominated by a mark above or a comma under the respective consonant; w must not be used in any position. Starting with 1909, this orthography was taught at schools. In 1919, an instruction was passed by the Commissariat of Education “On the Latvian Language Writing at Schools” accepting the 1908 orthography with a single exception – the diphthongs ie and o had to be written as ee and o. During the 20-ies and 30-ies of the 20th century the consolidation process of this orthography in writing was going on. The first authors in the 16th century of the books written in Latvian were German clergymen who moulded the Latvian writing according to their German reading and writing skills. The main features of this orthography were the Gottic letters, “h” as a lengthening mark, the so called “cluster letters” for indicating the consonants š, ž, č, differences in the reproduction of diphthongs, for example “ee” and “o” and an immense inconsistence all in all. Several rather successful attempts to improve the Latvian writing were made as early as in the 17th–18th century (Georgs Mancelis, Kristofors Fīrekers, Heinriks Adolfijs, orthography sessions for the second edition of the Bible), but they mostly concerned the changes in sound denominations. The possibility to change the Gothic type for Roman letters was not discussed. In 1847, the Latvian doctor Juris Bārs initiated essential changes in the writing of the Latvian language. He had the following proposal: to use Roman letters; to denominate the long vowels with two types of lengthening marks depending on intonation; to denominate the diphthongs ie and uo with ia and ua; to denominate the letters s, z, c with Roman letters, but to reflect the palatal consonants by crossed respective consonant letters; to retain w. In 1876 the Science Union of the Latvian Society elaborated an orthography of its own containing the following proposals: to use Roman letters, to denominate the sibilants š, č, ž with a mark above the letters, to denominate the palatal consonants ļ, ņ, ŗ, ķ with a comma mark under the letters, to abandon intonation differences in the denomination of long vowels, to retain the reflection of the diphthong ie by ee...
More...
Syllabic rhythmic is a very important element of a folk song language, due to which melography, dynamics of development in time and interethnic contacts in folklore is studied. Presence of cultural contacts of Belarusians with their neighbours is illustrated by the example of one rhythmic-cultural paradigm. It combines songs from different seasonal-ritual cycles on the ground of a single common attribute – heptasyllabic rhythmic formula with temporal ratio of syllable 1111212. In Belarusian folklore studies this formula is known as a “ciarezhka rhythm” (CR), since it is an attribute of the North Belarusian Christmas game “Ciarezhka’s marriage”. However, not a comic and dance sense but a sacral-marital aspect proper contributed to wider distribution of tunes with CR and it also defined their thematic orientation beyond a Christmas game. For the first time the article considers CR genre distribution using broad genre and ethnic material. CR can be found in Lithuanian songs of Dzūkija (southern Lithuania), in spring songs of Podlasie (eastern Poland), in wedding and stubble songs of Volhynia and the Rivno region (north-western Ukraine). Marginal zones of the RC areal can be also traced in neighbouring territories of Latvia and Russia (the Pskov region). Southerly the isodox stretches to the Vinnitsya and Transcarpathian regions. Within Belarus CR functions go beyond the scope of a Christmas performance. CR also penetrated into the wedding song complex. In transitional zones of the areal it can be met in songs from other cycles – spring, Midsummer Day (kupala), stubble, baptistic etc. The south-eastern branch of the CR isodox (the Mahilioǔ region) is characterized by a stylistic transformation of the studied rhythm in round dances. The CR tunes loose their playing sense and sound more lyrically here. To solve the question of initial RC function and the centre of distribution of the songs based on the “ciarezhka” rhythm, possible pattern prototypes of the given heptasyllabic structure are under consideration. Danger of monogenic tunes substitution with vocal-rhythmic “homonyms” is admitted. The cartography of the phenomenon will be studied from the melodic point of view.
More...
A small country’s Adriatic tourism industry is lifting some boats, while others take on water.
More...
Poland and Sweden want to create a new partnership to help the former Soviet states. Nice try, but it already exists.
More...
The eyes of Europe were on Belgrade as Serbs were determined to show the loss of Kosovo was no Waterloo.
More...
In Russia, the smart drivers put their wills in order before hitting the road.
More...
Saakashvili consolidates his power in a revamped legislature, but old problems remain.
More...
A taint lies over the young Hungarian democracy’s top cultural and scientific honors, but it may be lifting.
More...
Two recent elections show that Georgian democracy is alive. But it is not yet flourishing.
More...
The Czech government has no more excuses for lagging behind the rest of the EU on a vital multinational institution.
More...
Estonian words juula, kunksmoor, heiastama, and Finnish words heijastaa, häikäistä,
More...
Translation activity in culture cannot take place in isolation from experience of culture and technological environment. Underlying the diversity of modern communication processes is the progression from printed media towards hypermedia and new media. In this new situation the peculiarity of translation activity consists in the actualization of intralingual and intersemiotic translation alongside interlingual translation: first, in synthetic form, combining all three types of translation (thus interlinguistic translation can be regarded as comprising intralingual and intersemiotic translation as well) and second, in analytic form, that is, as three autonomous types of translation producing diverse types of texts. Such widening of the boundaries of the translation process results in an intensified search for appropriate methodologies. One indication of this is the repeated reconceptualization of Jakobson's typology of intralingual, interlingual and inter semiotic translation at the intersection of semiotics, translation studies, analysis of culture and communication. At the same time translation studies show signs of methodological innovation, accompanied by certain semiotic steps. Semiotics in its turn is undergoing an actualization of translation issues, while the concept of semiotranslation refers to possibilities of a methodological synthesis between translation studies and semiotics. Keywords: translation studies, intersemiotic, interlinguistic, intralinguistic, translation process.
More...
219-226 Lepa Mlađenović: Adrijen Rič (1929–2012) - Sedam beležaka o Adrijen Rič / Adrienne Rich (1929–2012) - Seven Notes about Adrienne Rich 227-231 Adriana Zaharijević: Šulamit Fajerston (1945–2012) - „Biti obožavana ne znači biti slobodna” / Shulamith Firestone (1945–2012) - „To Be Worshipped Is Not Freedom”
More...
This article examines how reproduction, masculinity and nationhood intersect within the neo-traditionalist narratives and conceptions of the nation in Serbia. It is argued that within the neo-traditionalist narratives patrilineage serves as an organizing principle of the nation-state, designating masculinity as the carrier of the national. Th us, the rule of patrilineage is supposed to salvage the threatened way of life of the nation and the men alike. Th e focus of the article is a failed attempt in international matchmaking launched by the social organization Seoski prag (Village Hearth) in the late 1990s. Th is organization and its unusual project of marrying Serbian middle aged rural bachelors to foreign women tell a story of the national fall and renewal. On the one hand, it is a story about demographic fall of the nation and its threatened biological survival; on the other hand, it is the story of the rural family renewal,restoration of the patriarchal order and traditional masculinity as prerequisites for the renewal of rural Serbia and of the nation. While rural Serbia is designated as the hearth of the nation within this type of neotraditionalist discourses, the whole matchmaking project was actually founded against a backdrop of urban-rural hierarchy. As a result, it is argued here, instead of restoring rural masculinity the matchmaking project contributed to its subordination and marginalization vis-à-vis hegemonic masculinity.
More...