Pet velikih bitaka MKSJ-a

Author(s): Mirko Klarin / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

U protekla dva desetljeća postojanja i djelovanja, Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju (u daljnjem tekstu: MKSJ) je, nema sumnje, premašio sva očekivanja svojih tvoraca. Što, ruku na srce, i nije bilo osobito teško jer tvorci nisu mnogo očekivali od suda koji su stvorili. Zapravo, nisu očekivali ništa. Sumnje da je MKSJ stvoren kao smokvin list koji je trebao pokriti i prikriti sramotu međunarodne zajednice zbog nespremnosti da zaustavi erupciju nasilja na Balkanu, pojavile su se odmah nakon njegova osnivanju u svibnju 1993., ali je trebalo proći gotovo deset godina da ih i ''službeno'' potvrdi osoba koja je, kao tadašnji veleposlanik SAD-a u UN-u, imala direktnu i značajnu ulogu u stvaranju MKSJ-a.

MKSJ: osnovne značajke i praksa u predmetima relevantnim za Republiku Hrvatsku

Author(s): Jelena Đokić Jović / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Osnovan 25. svibnja 1993. s točno određenom svrhom (ad hoc karakter), Međunarodni kazneni sud za bivšu Jugoslaviju egzistira već više od dvadeset godina. To je prvi međunarodni sud za ratne zločine nakon Nürnberga i Tokija. Tužiteljstvo koje djeluje unutar suda podignulo je optužnice protiv 161 osobe. U tijeku su kazneni postupci protiv 20 optuženih, a postupci protiv Karadžića, Mladića, Hadžića i Šešelja u fazi su glavne rasprave. U odnosu na 74 osobe, postupci su pravomoćno okončani osuđujućim presudama, a čak 50 optuženika izdržalo je zatvorske kazne. U dvadesetak slučajeva sklopljeni su sporazumi o priznanju krivnje iako je unutar tzv. inherentne nadležnosti, odnosno “svojevoljnog proširivanja vlastite nadležnosti’’, MKSJ proveo i 22 postupka za nepoštivanje suda. Osnivanje suda tijekom trajanja oružanog sukoba na prostoru nekadašnje SFRJ, MKSJ razlikuje od nürnberškog koji je slovio kao sud pobjednika.

Položaj i prava optuženika te postupak odmjeravanja kazne na MKSJ-u

Author(s): Vesna Alaburić / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Kad je 1993. godine Vijeće sigurnosti UN-a, pozivajući se na poglavlje VII. Povelje UN-a, odlučilo utemeljiti Međunarodni kazneni sud za ratne zločine na području bivše Jugoslavije (MKSJ), ratnim strahotama na ovim prostorima još se nije nazirao kraj. Kao specifičan ad hoc pravni mehanizam međunarodne zajednice, taj je sud utemeljen s primarnim ciljem osiguranja pravde za žrtve ratnih zločina počinjenih tijekom oružanih sukoba na području bivše Jugoslavije od 1991., a zatim i kao sredstvo postizanja i očuvanja mira na tom području. Plemenitost tih ciljeva s pravom je u domaćoj i međunarodnoj javnosti pobudila i velika očekivanja od rezultata rada tog ad hoc tribunala u Haagu.

Usporedba pravnih instituta u suđenjima za ratne zločine na međunarodnim sudovima i u Hrvatskoj

Author(s): Jelena Đokić Jović,Marko Sjekavica / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Iako oblik počinjenja kaznenog djela udruženim zločinačkim pothvatom (UZP) nije predviđen Statutom MKSJ-a, njegovom su se jurisprudencijom, počevši od presude žalbenog vijeća u predmetu Tadić, kojom je praktički utemeljen taj oblik individualne kaznene odgovornosti, razvila tri osnovna modaliteta. Uz implicitno prihvaćanje koncepta odgovornosti udruženog zločinačkog pothvata, kažnjeni su počinitelji brojnih zločina u Bosni i Hercegovini, u Hrvatskoj i na Kosovu.

Svjedočenje bivšeg zatočenika logora Morinj na MKSJ-u

Author(s): Robert Hausvička / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Robert Hausvička rođen je 1968. godine u Dubrovniku, u obitelji koja potječe iz Češke. Početkom rata u Hrvatskoj dobrovoljno se prijavio u jedinice Specijalne policije te je sudjelovao u aktivnostima vezanim uz obranu Dubrovnika. Već na početku rata, 21. listopada, u jednoj od akcija u okolici Dubrovnika, zarobile su crnogorske paravojne postrojbe i odveden je u logor Bileća. Prva dva mjeseca zatočenja u Bileći proveo je u samici. Nakon gotovo šest mjeseci provedenih u Bileći, prebačen je u logor Morinj, gdje je ostao gotovo tri mjeseca. Oslobođen je u razmjeni 2. srpnja 1992. Nekoliko dana nakon povratka u Dubrovnik, ponovno je pristupio Specijalnoj policiji i otišao na bojište. Sudjelovao je u operacijama Maslenica i Bljesak. Zbog posljedica teškog zlostavljanja u logorima, kraj rata i VRA Oluja dočekao je na liječenju od PTSP-a. U studenome 1996. umirovljen je. Godine 2003. svjedočio je u Haagu kao svjedok optužbe protiv Slobodana Miloševića. Danas sa ženom i troje djece živi u Dubrovniku.

Uloga medija u procesu suočavanja s prošlošću

Author(s): Drago Hedl / Language(s): Croatian Publication Year: 0

Prije 20 godina, davne 1994., objavio sam u tjedniku Feral Tribune tekst pod naslovom "Polja smrti u Pakračkoj Poljani". Putovao sam u Pakračku Poljanu, mjesto točno u sredini četverokuta čije točke opisuju Kutina, Garešnica, Pakrac i Novska, i pokušao s ljudima razgovarati o onome što se u tom mjestašcu događalo potkraj 1991., u vrijeme kada su ondje operirali vojnici kojima je zapovijedao Tomislav Merčep. Tek su rijetki bili spremni nešto reći. Glasine koje su kolale o likvidacijama srpskih civila, ali i pojedinih nepodobnih Hrvata, pokazale su se točnima. Više sugovornika, očevidaca, to je potvrdilo. Naravno, svi su tražili anonimnost, bojeći se za vlastitu i sigurnost svojih obitelji.

Introduction: Russia’s Approach to (ab)use of History

Author(s): Ivo Juurvee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study deals with the growing trend of Russia’s use of historical propaganda to further its foreign policy goals. It contains chapters written by experts in the field in the respective countries of Estonia, Finland, Latvia and Poland. The methodological aspects of the project were discussed in detail during a seminar in Riga on 11 December 2018. It was agreed that, for the integrity of the compendium, at least the central theme should be commonly understood as Jowett and O’Donnell conceptualise it: propaganda is a deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. Its systematic nature requires the longitudinal study of its progress. Because the essence of propaganda is its deliberateness of purpose, considerable investigation is required to find out what this purpose is.

Case Study: Estonia. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, World War II and Soviet Legacy

Author(s): Vladimir Sazonov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

History can be used as a tool of influence as was highlighted in Annual Review 2014 of Estonian Internal Security Service; “historical propaganda plays a key role in justifying the actions and conquests of Russia’s aggressive foreign policy”. Russia has its own historical policy, which the Kremlin uses for achieving its goals. Various methods of using and (re)-interpreting or manipulation(s) historical facts and narratives are not a new phenomenon in the modern world, but in the 21st century they have become more significant in influencing target audiences. Several modern pro-Kremlin oriented Russian historians and even politicians are manipulating historical facts.

Case Study: Finland. Competing Narratives of War

Author(s): Kati Mari Johanna Parppei / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Compared to many other East European countries, the issue of history – or the history politics – in relation to Russia has never been such a central or openly disputed one in Finland. This is the case for obvious historical reasons. Russians have not openly accused Finnish historians for falsifying history, either; however, this does not mean that Russian attempts to control or use the past have not been a concern in Finland. Rather, such attempts have been quite subtle, playing with strong mental images favourable to Russia and offering competing narratives, or ‘alternative truths’, to the Russian audience, which has been their main target (presumably including the Russian minority in Finland). In this article, two recent or on-going cases of such falsifications of history, having taking place between 2016 and 2019, are briefly examined and contextualised. Both are connected to the Second World War and the hostilities between Russia and Finland. The first is the case of the shelling of Mainila. In this context, we are referring to the Russian attempts to challenge the established view of the Soviet Union having started the war against Finland on 30 November 1939, and arguing that, instead, it was a Finnish provocation, influenced and encouraged by Germany.

Case Study: Latvia. (Ab)use of History as a Russian Tool of Foreign Influence

Author(s): Edgars Engīzers / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Varying, controversial and incompatible narratives on Latvian history have developed in Latvia and in Russia for several decades. On an academic level, they always have been analysed as part of a historiographical analysis. Usually, this has been done from a historiographical perspective, without going beyond it – into political constructions or aims set for the creation of such a narrative. Simultaneously, accusations in the falsification of history have mostly been perceived as simply a form of political expression by the Russian authorities, while wider analysis of usage and abuse of history for political aims is quite new. The aim of this paper is to show how Russian state policy abuses history to intervene in processes in Latvia by making accusations of the falsification of history. That will be done without going deeply into the research, either of the abuse of history by Russia to reach its foreign and domestic political goals in the broader sense, nor for domestic purposes, as in many cases, these are two outcomes that are both the aim of such abuse of history.

Case Study: Poland. Soviet Invasion of Poland on 17 September 1939

Author(s): Ieva Pałasz,Małgorzata Zawadzka / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

For the Russian Federation, the most important current issue in the scope of history is the strengthening of belief in the great victory of the USSR over Nazism and, as Jolanta Darczewska writes, a rehabilitation of the special services, as well as a change in the assessment of the deeds of Stalin. The issue of cooperation between the USSR and Hitler before 1941, which, in Russian historiography, is the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, has become quite a problematic question in this context. In this regard, we can observe a number of activities in Russia, the purpose of which is to relativise such events as the secret protocols to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact or the Katyń Massacre (the murder of Polish officers, non-commissioned officers and other individuals in 1940); ethnic genocide as a part of the ‘Polish Operation of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs’, i.e. NKVD (1937-38); the joint Soviet-German parade in Brest; and the NKVD–Gestapo methodological conferences (1939-1940). The same applies to 17 September 1939 – i.e. the aggression of the USSR against Poland. This text will be devoted to the methods of falsifying this event by the Russian Federation.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Author(s): Ivo Juurvee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

As the previous chapters showed, Russia’s abuse of history to back its current policies is not something present in only one country, but is taking place in numerous countries in Central and Eastern Europe and beyond. This is not a new phenomenon, although lately, there has been more emphasis put on its research. Since changing public perceptions takes time, we may not notice dangerous trends until they have already taken hold, thereby delaying the start of possible countermeasures. The authors have each made recommendations at the end of their respective chapters and these are summarised here.

Endnotes

Author(s): Author Not Specified / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Endnotes.

Narrative & Strategic Communications

Author(s): Scott Ruston / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Strategic communicators need concepts, methods and tools to both analyse the information environment in which they work and in order to craft communication campaigns that will resonate with audiences and accomplish organizational objectives. One of the most powerful rhetorical and analytic devices for these purposes is narrative. Narrative is so central to human understanding and decision making that communication theorist Walter Fisher proposed that humans should be called homo narrans or ‘storytelling man’ rather than homo sapiens (‘thinking man’). He argues, in part, that human decisions and behaviours are driven more by narrative logic and that rational logic while it still applies to human thinking is subordinate to narrative logic. Couple this assertion of fundamental human nature with a consideration of the presence of ‘narrative’ in reporting on any political contest or analysis of geopolitical conflict.

Hostile Narratives and Their Impact: The Case of Latvia

Author(s): Māris Cepurītis,Austris Keišs / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Narrative often is compared to a story. But authors of NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence distinguish in their publication ‘Improving NATO Strategic Communications Terminology’ between a story and a narrative, defining story as ‘a temporally, spatially, and casually connected sequence of events’ and a narrative as ‘morals drawn from stories’. Consequently, stories are a way how narrative is communicated and shared between individuals. It is formed and maintained in human memory. In social and political context, narrative can be described as a framework that allows humans to connect apparently unconnected phenomena around some causal transformation.

Narratives on the Nordic-Baltic Countries Promoted by Russia

Author(s): Diana Marnot,Ivo Juurvee / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

A study done in 2016 on narratives officially promoted by the Russian Federation through Kremlin-funded media Sputnik, RT (formerly Russia Today), and Pervyi kanal, provided nuanced insight into the agenda regarding the Nordic-Baltic countries (NB8), which the Kremlin was trying to promote internationally. Although the research carried out in 2016–171 showed that Sputnik and RT are not popular among Nordic-Baltic audiences and that out of eight countries Pervyi kanal has higher ratings only in Latvia and Estonia, this selection of media still gives us an understanding about the Kremlin’s agenda and how this agenda has been framed in public communications.

An Introduction to Information Laundering in the Nordic-Baltic Region

Author(s): Belén Carrasco Rodríguez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In an increasingly dynamic digital information environment, online communication patterns are constantly shifting, and hostile information influence activities are continuously adapting to spread influence faster and reach wider audiences. The use of Information Laundering techniques by Kremlin and pro-Kremlin actors is an outcome of this trend. Information Laundering (IL) has emerged as a security challenge in a context where global audiences are becoming highly reliant on online sources to obtain the information that will shape their opinions about current socio-political issues.

Amfiteatru Economic - scurt istoric

Author(s): Vasile Dinu,Puiu Nistoreanu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Amfiteatru Economic - profil statistic aniversar

Author(s): Gheorghe Săvoiu / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0

Amfiteatru Economic - 10 ani de indexare și cotare în Web of Science

Author(s): Vasile Dinu,Dan-Cristian Dabija / Language(s): Romanian Publication Year: 0