CURIOSA: Odwrócenie historycznej prawdy o Jedwabnem
CURIOSA: Perversion of Historical Truth about Jedwabne
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CURIOSA: Perversion of Historical Truth about Jedwabne
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In the early years following World War II, the Lublin region was one of the most important centres of Jewish life. At the same time, during 1944-1946 it was the scene of anti-Jewish incidents: from anti-Semitic propaganda, accusation of ritual murder, economic boycott, to cases of individual or collective murder. The wave of anti-Jewish that lasted until autumn of 1946 resulted in a lengthy and, no doubt incomplete, list of 118 murdered Jews. Escalating anti-Jewish violence in the immediate post-war years was one of the main factors, albeit not the only one, to affect the demography (mass emigration) and the socio-political condition of the Jewish population in the Lublin region.
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This text was inspired by Michał Borwicz's critical analysis written in the 1950s by a historian and writer, which exposed the purported document from the Warsaw ghetto: Josl Rakower Addresses God. Based on a recent “literary investigation” by a German journalist Paul Badde, the authors present the complex history of this article. They also add a few theoretical and theological reflections, borne out of their work on the Polish translation “Josl Rakower”.
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The author gives a profile of Artur Eisenbach, a long-serving employee of the Jewish Historical Institute, and its director during 1966–1968.
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The article concerns the conditions of life in the Jewish district and the ghetto closed since January 1942: food, forced labor, overpopulation, the religious, family and social life, for example there used to be a primary school there. It also refers to the help rendered to Jews by Poles, and generally the Polish-Jewish relations in that small town in the center of Poland inhabited by ca. ten thousand people, located on the District of Radom of the former GG. Jews constituted a half of the entire community of Kozienice, many of them were Hassids. It used to be one of the important Hassidic centers on the Polish soil, established in the 18th Century by tzadik Israel ben Sabatai nown as the Magid of Kozienice. In the article, also the action of liquidation of the ghetto in September 1942 is mentioned and the sale of the Jewish property taken from the people sent to Treblinka. The text is based on the archival documents (the files of Judenrat from Kozienice), the press (Gazeta Żydowska /The Jewish daily) and memoirs and testimonies as well as direct interviews.
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During 1945–1950 several trials of functionary prisoners of Nazi concentration camps were held in Poland. these trials brought about, particularly among former concentration camp prisoners, a painful debate on the involvement of KZ-lager victims in the terror system of the concentration camps. This debate was the background of the polemic surrounding the Tadeusz Borowski's Auschwitz stories. Apprehensive of its impact on the image of their organisation and its members, the board of the Polish Union of Former Political Prisoners (PZbWP) attempted to silence this discussion. this policy was in line with that of PPR/PZPR. This debate upset the clear-cut division into victims and executioners, led to a disintegration of the already divided Polish society and dislodged the hard-achieved national consensus, largely based on the general hostility towards Germany. Thus it deprived the Communists of one of their chief arguments to legitimise their power. This debate was also embarrassing for a sizeable section of popular opinion, as it questioned the image of Poles as a nation of unfortunate victims and heroes. in the late 1940's, with the increasing Stalinisation, PZbWP and PPR/PZPR were largely able to silence the debate on the attitude of functionary prisoners. the dominant narration turned out to be that that portrayed KZ-lager prisoners as a solidary, international community of anti-fascist resistance movement led by the Communists. The difficult and painful debates of the immediate post-war years are now largely forgotten. In this respect, one could even talk about a symbiosis of the "national" and "Communist" historical interpretations.
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FOREIGN REVIEWS: France, Ukraine, Scandinavia
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At the turn of 1944 and 1945, Jewish underground activists wrote a number of letters. This was the last, no yet dispatched mail to London. During the Warsaw Uprising most of the ready material perished, thus this mail package was rather meagre when compared to the previous one of 120 pages. Another unusual aspect was the list of signatories, including some from right-wing Jewish parties, hitherto less known. as the Red Army was approaching, many Jewish underground activists began to ponder "what next?" It became evident that the obvious partners would now be communists and the Lublin "government". The correspondence reveals that the main link between the Jewish underground and the Polish government-in-exile was the funds channelled home by international Jewish organisations via the London government. Unlike other sources, these materials do not reveal a certain distance towards the London government, or the Polish underground as a whole. Certain issues such as those to do with Jewish conspirators in the Warsaw Uprising were described so as not to irritate the Poles. The presented mail contains a number of extremely important data on camps where the Jews were detained before and after the Warsaw Uprising, which demonstrates aid offered to the Jews by the Jewish National Committee (ŻKN), the Bund and the Council to Aid the Jews (RPŻ). Finally, it gives a synthetic description of Jewish underground activists and the Jewish population during the Warsaw Uprising.
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The article deals with the most important events of the Holocaust in Denmark. The first part outlines the broader historical context of the events of October 1943 and the deportation of Danish Jews. It also contains a critical comment on the mainstream historical narration, particularly those aspects that concern the situation of Jewish prisoners at Theresienstadt. The second part is an overview of the latest research into the Danish aspects of the Holocaust, such as the expulsion of Jewish refugees, the rescue operation of October 1943, and the actual number of deportees. The author also presents results of her own research of the Danish remembrance culture.
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Purportedly, a Warsaw ghetto document, addressed to posterity, a spiritual testament of a religious Jew, a hassid who had fought in the Warsaw ghetto uprising, and in the last moments of his life describes his “endless road of suffering” to turn into a devoted prayer to the his silent God.
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This article discusses the pre-war life of Emanuel Ringelblum – from the organisation of the Junger Historiker Krajz (the circle of young Jewish historians) at Warsaw University, through his YIVO activity, his involvement in the setting up of tourist associations, work for the Joint Distribution Committee as editor-in-chief of „Folkshilf”, active membership in Poale Zion-Left (he ran its most important education agency: the Ovnt kursn far arbiter) to his involvement in organisation of aid for Jews in the transit camp in Zbąszyń in 1938.
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Michał Borwicz's text published in 1955 in “Almanach”, a Yiddish periodical, is the first serious historical and literary analysis, which proves that Josl Rakower Addresses God supposedly an authentic voice from the burning Warsaw ghetto, is apocryphal. It is also the first important, voice in a discussion regarding the need to clearly separate the hic et nunc Holocaust testimonies from literary texts on the Holocaust (written ex post).
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This text deals with the situation of the Jewish population of Hrubieszów between autumn 1941 and the first deportation action in June 1942. The author of the testimony is a woman by the name Dychterman, who came to Hrubieszów from the Warsaw ghetto. During the “action” she managed to leave for Warsaw. This testimony was written two weeks later, i.e. in late June 1942 by staff members of Ringelblum’s Archive. It stands out among other testimonies from Hrubieszów in the Warsaw Ghetto Archives, as it is full of details and complex description. It also contains an interesting description of the Jewish community in the town, the living conditions and its everyday life. It also contains data of the Judenrat members as well as observations on the Christian-Jewish relations (i.e. between Jews and Poles or Ukrainians). The second part of the testimony describes the first liquidation action in Hrubieszów, the extermination action and the reactions of the Judenrat and that of the population towards the resettlement. The fate of the author remains unknown. Most likely she died during the “Great Action” in the Warsaw ghetto. This account has been used by historians, but never previously published.
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This study investigates the factors affecting cost performance of construction projects in Kelantan State located in the east-coast part of Malaysia. It draws on relevant previous research in the theory of work on cost performance. Thirty-three contractors companies with different working grades in the state of Kelantan were participated in the study. Data were collected from the contractors using a questionnaire survey. The results indicated that the success factors affecting the cost performances of projects obtained by the analyses are identified as project manager competence in works affecting cost performance wholly and commitment responsibilities of all participants and various teams to the project as the top priorities while presence of poor project specific attributes and not existence of cooperate and Ignorance and lack of knowledge in operating, techniques and decision by project manager are identified as the most important failure factors. Further, the analysis indicates that the common factors which affected the cost performance in construction projects are mostly caused of uncertainty as one of the most important factors affecting the performance of the projects followed by the economy condition change.
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Productivity is one of the most important issues in both developed and developing countries. The developed countries are aware of the importance of economic growth and social welfare. The developing countries which face unemployment problems, inflation and resource scarcity seek to utilise sources and in such a way to achieve economic growth and improve citizens’ lives. Productivity is an issue of particular importance to projects located within the Agdabia city in Libya, as it is considered a newly-developed area and a huge number of projects have been planned for the near future. Factors affecting construction productivity have been the subject of inquiry by many researchers. In order to improve productivity, a study of the factors affecting it, whether positively or negatively is necessary. Data was collected through questionnaires targeting various ranged construction projects in Libya. Of 90 distributed questionnaires, eighty six (86) useable questionnaires were received and analyzed. Productivity at construction projects was assessed using 20 important factors developed from literature studies. These data were then subjected to the calculation of importance indices, which enabled factors to be ranked. The results identified the fifth most important factors were Lack of labour experience; payment delay; tool and equipment shortages; increasing the workforce on the construction site; and aavailability of Machinery at Construction Site. The analysis drawn from this study is essential for construction projects to take these factors into account in increasing the productivity rates at construction projects.
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This study analyzed the effects of proxy respondents -a source of measurement error- on the results of the household surveys, by using the data set of the Household Labor Force Survey conducted in NUTS-2 TRBI Region, Turkey. It was found out that use of proxy respondent method increased and use of self-respondent method decreased the simple response variance and inconsistency index of the data set.
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Brain drain has been a topic of great discussion in recent years and its rising significance is mainly due to the effect it can have on the economy of a nation. This effect is by no means less important for developing countries, such as Turkey. In this study, a questionnaire was conducted on Turkish postgraduates in the United States1, and their opinions were sought regarding their education abroad. In addition, they were questioned about the reasons for their not returning to their birth country and, from these answers, the causes of brain drain from Turkey were posited according to their degree of importance.
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