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This article is about evolution of laesio enormis from the Jewish law up today. Through the new Civil Code laesio enormis takes part in the Czech legal system after long time again.
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The author examines the legislative means by which the Jewish minority in Romania was dispossessed of its assets prior to World War II by the fascist regime and in the wake of this war by the communist regime. The study examines how the post-World War II government wilfully hindered the restitution of unlawfully taken Jewish assets and how it not only allowed the perpetuation of the dispossession which took place during the Holocaust but also added measures for the nationalization of Jewish assets. The post-1989 restitution process is also examined briefly to outline the successive failure of the Romanian Government to enact proper restitution.
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This paper presents some findings of a research on a PhD level that aimed to develop a policy model regarding handling provenance research of Nazi looted art of Jewish ownership. The paper focuses on two major aspects related to provenance research of looted art, namely, the Museums’ conflict of interests and training and education of researchers to handle collections in training for provenance research. The research offers practical tools for states that wish to rethink their cultural policy with regard to Nazi looted art. The research was carried out using a qualitative approach, and the data rely on in-depth, semi-structured interviews, analysis of various historical and present-day documents, plus discussion from the focus group. Interviewees included key art world figures, museum directors, art curators, senior diplomats, and senior government officials. The paper argues that it is of great importance for humanity to protect, preserve and maintain cultural heritage objects. Developments in culture heritage show collective history, social changes are reflected within cultural heritage objects and will present recommendations drawn from the findings regarding the role of museums and public collections’ handlers in training for provenance research of Nazi looted art of Jewish ownership.
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The article deals with events that occurred in Mandatory Palestine in the autumn of 1943. During British operations against Jewish armed organisations in two kib-butzim, there were violent clashes with settlers and arrests, which in turn provoked strong protests from the Jewish people. The author’s analysis focuses on the connections between these events and Polish-Jewish relations, particularly in the context of the case of the desertion of Jews from the Polish Army in the East commanded by General Władysław Anders.
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George Eliot and Anthony Trollope made short visits to Prague in the mid-19th century and were fascinated by such places as the Jewish Quarter with its old synagogue or Charles Bridge with its Baroque statues. They used these motifs in some of their works: Eliot in The Lifted Veil and Daniel Deronda and Trollope in Nina Balatka. Their portrayal of Prague, however, is very much based on the image of Praga magica, the Prague of legends, mysteries and magic. This article argues that the shift of focus from the Jewish Prague to the statue of St John of Nepomuk, which appears in The Lifted Veil and in Nina Balatka, might have been motivated not only by their admiration of the bridge decorations which they saw during their visits but also by the semantically rich motif of the saint’s statue in George Sand’s Consuelo, a novel which was very popular in Britain at that time.
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The present study present aspects of the Jewish community from local Romanian places during the 19th century, their political and historical context, both the European and Romanian one from that time. Mainly, I have followed the they intergrated in a agricultural , manufacturing and commercial society, mentioning also the experience lived bz the Jewish communities in this part of Europewho is, still today, a delicate subject, insufficiently known. Writting this study, I took in consideration the Jews of Bacău. The present study contains references of documents that have been issued by the Romanian Principalities, the Reform made by Cuya in 1864 and the first Constition from 1866, that have determinated the modernisation of this territories, creating a necessary framework for the Great Union to happen, in 1918, but, which wear explicity, antisemitic, with the exception of the Reform of Cuza. The atmosfere of the time was not favorable for to the integration process and that of finden a home for the Jews. That were coming, trought different migration, from thr north of the Carpathians, and join their emancipations, as for local Jews, with only one difference during the period of prine Alexandru Ioan Cuza, witch gave benefitsthat dissappered imediatly after his foeced abdication, from february 1866. It is important to mention the period before the Great War, mentioned even yhe Minority Treaty from 1919. In the second part of the study we have a material evidencet of the settlement and continuatio of the existence of the Jews in the Romanian Contries, specifically referng to de Jewish identity in allits complexity throught the presentation of the Temple of the Grain Merchantds of Bacău, a cult building, that has been included in the Romanian Cutural Patrimony. This holy places makes the jewish art known, insepable from the evolution of the mosaic cult, from the Temple of Solomon. Pre-exilic temple, continuating with the Temple of Ezekiel, adding after that, elements from the Temple of the Romanite Jews and introducing custamization features of the cult and art, that come drom the jewes of Central and Eastern Europe, knows as the Askenazi Jews.
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This material presents and analyzes the anti-Semitic incident in Piatra Neamt in the autumn of 1925. The interwar period was for Jews the period of emancipation, recognition of civil and political rights. But the period was not without the anti-Semitic tendencies propagated by both the L.A.N.C. as well as the Legionary Movement. On June 28, 1928, the sentence was given in the trial of the Jews who beat the Romanian high school students, in 1925. The press did not remain indifferent to these incidents, local and national newspapers reported the events. Some local personalities also reacted to these incidents. However, anti-Semitic agitations remained present in Piatra Neamț throughout the interwar period, as well as throughout the country.
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Lucrarea de față își propune să prezinte câteva aspecte ale îngrijirii orfanilor evrei în orașul Arad în timpul dublei Monarhii sau a Imperiului Austro-Ungar. Comunitatea religioasă evreiască din Arad a îndeplinit sarcina de a îngriji orfanii – exclusiv orfanii aparținând confesiunii evreiești și în principal membrii comunității religioase din Arad – cu sprijinul financiar al membrilor înstăriți proprii. Scopul, așa cum indică citatul din titlul acestei lucrări, era acela de a crește orfanii pentru a deveni membri “utili” (adică muncitori și autosuficienți) ai societății la vârsta adultă. Comunitatea religioasă punea un mare accent pe educația orfanilor, respectând reglementările religioase (respectarea sărbătorilor religioase, a stilului de viață kosher etc.). Orfelinatul evreiesc de băieți din Arad și-a început activitatea în 1874, situație ce a fost posibilă datorită unei donații generoase din partea lui Ignác Deutsch. Generațiile ulterioare ale familiei Deutsch au sprijinit și ele cu sume importante instituția, a cărei întreținere era finanțată în întregime de comunitatea evreiască. Cu toate acestea, problema îngrijirii fetelor orfane a fost rezolvată abia în perioada dintre cele două războaie mondiale, dar Orfelinatul evreiesc de fete în sine a funcționat doar două decenii.
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Soviet literature in Yiddish contributed to the education of the Jewish population of the Ukrainian SSR. The Yiddish literature supported the socialist education of Jewish workers. The education of Jewish workers needed literature in Yiddish to combat religious, nationalist and Zionist prejudices. At the same time, it contributed to an atheistic and internationalist worldview. Odessa Jewish writers in Yiddish found a certain freedom of expression in their expression of patriotic feelings, life-affirming lyric poetry, descriptions of their historical past and faith in a better future. Through such creative themes, Odessa Yiddish writers turned successful. Until the end of the 1930s, many of their works often followed the spirit of «socialist realism», while partially reflecting the reality. At present, these works document that period. Soviet Jewish Literature in Yiddish in the 1920s-1930s experienced a revival, yet many writers associated with this period either stopped writing during the Stalinist terror of the 1930s, died in World War II, or became victims of post-war repression. After that, many of them were under the control of the Communist Party and could only work along the «socialist realism». With few exceptions, some of them emigrated to other countries. This paper presents the most remarkable writers in Odessa during this decade; in order to provide this overview, I have used periodicals, archival sources and various scholarly contributions.
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The article consists of two parts. The first one presents the size of the analyzed group, territorial distribution and the preferred type of activity. The profiles of selected entrepreneurs were also characterized and presented against the background of their families. The second part focuses on the professional activity of industrialists. Particular attention was paid to the time when the enterprises were established and the way they operated, the amount of employment, problems disrupting the stable development of the institutions, additional investments and the activity of industrialists in economic organizations. Examples of cooperation and competition between entrepreneurs were also presented.
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The text presents parallel Polish and Yiddish proverbs which refer to animals. Since ancient times, animals have occupied a special position in the traditions of culture as objects of admiration or contempt, and in effect acting as positive or negative role models. However, in different cultural circles, parallel experiences and observations may be associated with different animals. A large number of identical Polish and Yiddish proverbs testifies to a shared way of life, anchored both in the Old Testament and in the cultural and geographical space, in which Poles and Jews participated since the Middle Ages.
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Review of: Visual Antisemitism in Central Europe. Imagery of Hatred. Hrsg. von Jakub Hauser und Eva Janáčová . De Gruyter Oldenbourg. Berlin – Boston 2021. X, 290 S. ISBN 978- 3-11-061607-1. (€ 89,95.)
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Review of: Reinhold Lütgemeier-Davin: Karl Laabs. Ein Juden- und Polenretter in Krenau/Chrzanów. Ein „Gerechter unter den Völkern“ aus Hann. Münden. Schüren. Marburg 2020. 140 S. Ill. ISBN 978-3-7410-0268-7. (€ 14,80,–.)
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Review of: Jeffrey Koerber: Borderland Generation. Soviet and Polish Jews under Hitler. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse, NY 2020. XIV, 421 S. ISBN 978-0-8156-3619-9. ($ 39,95–.)
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Review of: Syberiada Żydów polskich. Losy uchodźców z Zagłady. [Polnische Juden in Sibirien. Das Schicksal der vor dem Judenmord Geflohenen.] Hrsg. von Lidia Zessin-Jurek und Katharina Friedla. Żydowski Instytut Historyczny im. Emanuela Ringelbluma. Warszawa 2020. 695 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-66485-16-7. (PLN 53,–.)
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Review of: Georges Didi-Huberman: Zerstoben. Eine Reise in das Ringelblum-Archiv des Warschauer Ghettos. Aus dem Französischen von Horst Brühmann. Konstanz University Press. Konstanz 2022. 141 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-8353-9146-8. (€ 22,–.)
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The Report on the work of the board and management of the Jewish religious municipality in Skopje during the election period from 1936 to 1939, which is the subject of elaboration in this paper, represents a valuable historical source that captures rather vividly the engagement of the municipality throughout this period. The text of the Report is presented in fifteen pages and consists of an introductory part, thirteen chapters and a conclusion. What is clearly visible from its content is the dedication of its board and management to deal with the challenges they faced such as the internal conditions of the municipality itself, its members, and its finances; the issues related to municipal administration and to providing aid to its poorer members in medicines, food and clothing; the cultural and educational work it engaged in, especially with respect to the education of the students, and the work of various associations it assisted – cultural, musical, and sports associations, clubs, funds, etc.
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