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Islamic State, as the name suggest, is going to be perceived and treated not as a mere terrorist organization, but rather as a caliphate, Islamic state. In the last decades many violent non-state actors have propagated the idea of caliphate but none of them have never accomplished the idea. Islamic State can be treated as the first organization, which declare and what is more important create state structures, responsible for administrating conquered territory. To some extent Islamic State fulfills thecriteria for statehood listed in the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States, 1933. But the basic question is whether it can be recognized as a state in the light of international law?
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Patients' rights are the leading element of the debate concerning to the protection of human health. They refer to the special relationship that exists between a sick person and a medical expert. The patient, during his visits to the doctor / nurse, talks often about specific, intimate problems. This situation causes that patient is on a much weaker position than the doctor.The emergence of the idea of patients' rights was intended to improve the situation in which people are treated. It's mostly about people whose goods were often violated during of therapy. For some time -also in Poland- we observe the emergence of offices, which aims to protect patients' rights and control of the reported infringements. As it turns out, full independence in undertaking similar actions, have mostly NGOs. In that group for special attention deserve centers known as, think tanks. These centers take the constant analysis of the situation regarding: security, educational problems and health problems. In the proposed article, will be shown the action of two similar centers, that have a particular impact on the level of debate on the protection of the rights of people using the health care system services.
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The present study is about the impact of Sufi literature onthe emergence ofthe emancipated Media in Iran. Literature was the most powerful media, when there was not television, radio and internet. As, media is an important tool for maintaining the legitimation of regimes, rulers were trying to make a powerful control on poetry and poets. Economic conditions, publishing and distribution situation and the other limitations were the reason of poets’ dependence on the rulers. The emergence ofSufiliteraturewas asthe balance ofpower inmedia. Sufi poets were so powerful, so they did not have to obey the rulers. Sanaee was the first raised Sufi poet that freed poetry from ruler’s control and balanced the power of Media.
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The article presents a research on development features of professional and pedagogical culture in the process of volunteering activities of future specialists in socionomic sphere. Social problems escalation and absence of the system providing service to the most vulnerable sections of the population caused the appearance of the voluntary movement. The participation of young people in volunteer work gives them the opportunity to make personal contribution to the solution of social problems, to test their capabilities by taking part in projects and social programs. The level of professional pedagogical culture of future specialists of socionomical professions is determined with forming professional and personal qualities. After all, professional pedagogical culture, as a synthesis of the competences and professional qualities, is an important indicator of a highly qualified specialist
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The study examines the principles of determining the minimum retirement age as one of the primary parameters of retirement systems. The main purpose of the article is to contribute the following to the ongoing debate on the official retirement age: methodical considerations, historical perspective and critical analysis of arguments which are put forward within the context of rising and equalising retirement age for women and men. Based on a review of the literature, epistemological considerations and also drawing on the latest empirical data, the role of the retirement age in modern old-age security systems was analysed. The arguments formulated for raising and equalising the retirement age for men and women are also discussed. The thesis proper of the paper is that the current socio-economic changes prompt the need to modify the previous approach to the age at which individuals end their professional activity. The analysis presented in the paper justifies this contention. However, the changes to the previous approach cannot be arbitrary, isolated from complex social policy or realise only short-term political goals.
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World War II marked the beginning of the forty-five years long period of tense peace, described as the Cold War. Two superpowers that emerged from World War II started to compete for hegemony over the world, representing two diametrically different political and economic systems. In any other historical period, such situation would lead to an inevitable great war, but after 1945 the competition was threatened by the possibility of using nuclear weapon whose capability of destruction was so enormous that neither of parties ventured direct confrontation. World War II contributed to scientific advancement that played a crucial role in the military progress of these states. The development of technologies assisting nuclear weapon resulted in a revolutionary change in military capability provided by the parties of the conflict. Rocket projectiles were the symbol of the 20th century, due to the fact that they carried humans into space, but also because they carried deadly weapon capable of killing hundreds thousands people. This combination of nuclear weapon with medium-range and intercontinental missiles caused that the world had to face permanent threat.
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For the purposes of this article it has been assumed that the army should not become an autonomous constituent of the state’s structure, since this would pose a threat of taking over a dominant position by this specific formation. The aim of the article is to analyze the modification of the reasons for the outbreak of war, and the means of conducting it. The ongoing changes in the security environment, both in national and worldwide scale, as well as the proceeding national interests of our country imply increasingly advanced tasks for the army and considerably extend their range. The process of transformation in the Polish army is being continued. Further changes are targeted at increasing operational capability in order to enable efficient accomplishment of domestic tasks and performing missions outside its borders. In the contemporary international reality there is a prevailing conviction, that the threat of the outbreak of a global-scale war is rather unlikely. However, other jeopardies and risks have recently come to the fore.
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This paper deals with the concept of political topology in the light of geopolitics and hybrid warfare. Traditional geopolitics can be regarded as a point of departure for the search for better tools for political decision making. Comparison and confrontation of different, theoretical and practical, concepts of hybrid warfare can be heuristically inspiring and lead to a compact system of politically relevant knowledge – to political topology.
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With his third ascent to power, an adaptable Boyko Borissov seems to embrace yet another role.
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Film and pop music are being used to sway teens away from criticizing the state.
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The paper deals with the notion of context and its typology. The author analyzes modern prints on T-shirts representing Vladimir Putin as the product conditioned by the current socio-political context. The article presents the linguistic and rhetorical methods as well as graphical representation of the image of the President of Russia in the phatic genre of public communication, which is print on clothes.
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After a period of going easy on dissent, the Lukashenka regime crushed nationwide protests in March.
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Bulgarian state is in crisis, the main reason for that is the lack of analysis of the actual state of constitutionalism and anti-constitutionalism. Over the past quarter century, a number of state institutions did not meet fully their constitutional obligations towards the citizens and the state as a whole: a) the state abdicated from the defense of a number of constitutionally enshrined rights of citizens; b) a condescending attitude has been imposed to the new constitution, while its fundamental principles are interpreted and developed in the current legislation in a way different from the actual meaning of the constitutional norms; c) fundamental to the modern parliamentary practices issues are problematized; d) main elements of the democratic society are disclaimed. In place of the examination and analytical assessment of the Bulgarian judiciary law-enforcement nihilism takes place. The war against the Bulgarian statehood has many motives, the main being economic interests and incompetence.
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