Relacje Unia Europejska – Wielka Brytania po ewentualnym Brexicie. Stanowiska Niemiec, Francji, Włoch, Hiszpanii i Polski

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

W obliczu niepewnego wyniku brytyjskiego referendum Unia Europejska powinna przygotować się na ułożenie swoich relacji z Wielką Brytanią na nowo już jako z państwem nieczłonkowskim. Ewentualna nowa forma tych relacji będzie efektem żmudnych negocjacji, zależnym od wypadkowej interesów gospodarczych i politycznych krajów członkowskich – przede wszystkim największych, czyli Niemiec, Francji, Włoch, Hiszpanii oraz Polski. To wokół preferowanych przez nie rozwiązań będą budowały się koalicje, w skład których wejdą mniejsze państwa członkowskie. Raport PISM przedstawia możliwe preferencje największych państw w przyszłych stosunkach z Wielką Brytanią i prognozuje, jakie rozwiązania są najbardziej prawdopodobne.

EU Communication Policy in Its Neighbourhood in Light of Third-Party Propaganda

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Due to mounting Russian propaganda in the eastern neighbourhood and in the Baltic states, the EU set up a task force (East StratCom) in September to counter stereotypes about the Union disseminated by the Moscow apparatus. This is a step in the right direction, but a drop in the ocean of needs. The Union still allocates sparse resources to support independent media operating in Russian and in local languages. EU delegations face staff shortages in communication units, especially those covering social media, while the budgets of those units remain small in comparison to the countries covered by enlargement policy. This report examines the limitations of EU communication in the neighbourhood and draws on the experience of EU delegations to provide recommendations for building an image of the Union understandable to ordinary people.

Niekontrolowane migracje do Unii Europejskiej – implikacje dla Polski

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

For decades the debate about migration has been reoccurring cyclically in Western Europe. In Poland, it is the first time since the transition in 1989 that migration and refugee policy has become a topic of political and public debate. Having joined the EU and North-Atlantic structures not only has Poland made a civilisational leap but also ensured stability and welfare for the society. By doing so it has become part of the richer “North”, which for more than half a century now has been attracting people from the “South”, from regions of conflict and poverty. Even if today Poland is not a destination of mass migration, with a high degree of probability the richer the country gets the more foreigners it will attract, both from poorer countries of similar cultural background and from the poorest and most destabilised regions of different cultures. This process is new and unfamiliar, so it can bring both risks and opportunities. PISM Report “Uncontrolled Migration to the European Union: Implications for Poland” sets out to explain the very phenomenon of uncontrolled migration to the EU in recent years from the Middle East, Asia, Africa, the Western Balkans and Ukraine. The authors also analyse the political and institutional results that this process yields in the European Union and contextualise uncontrolled migration by assessing its connectedness with the level of terrorist threat and with strategic socio-economic gains that a proper handling of migration brings.

Anti-corruption in Moldova and Ukraine: A V4 Handbook of Best Practices

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Corruption is the most oft-cited obstacle in relations between the EU and two of its eastern partners, Moldova and Ukraine. Seeping through public and private exchanges alike, systemic corruption impedes sectoral reforms—a crucial element of modernisation. The handbook offers concrete case studies from the Visegrad countries’ anti-corruption policy tracks and proposes solutions on how Moldova and Ukraine can best capitalise on the EU’s expertise, financial assistance and political momentum in anti-corruption reforms to minimise risk and optimise success.

Indie w procesie reform: szanse dla Polski

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel / Language(s): Polish

Indie są dziś jednym ze wschodzących mocarstw, które będą wywierały rosnący wpływ na globalną gospodarkę i politykę. To siódmy największy kraj na świecie pod względem terytorium i drugi pod względem liczby mieszkańców (ponad 1,3 mld). To też siódma gospodarka w wartościach bezwzględnych i trzecia pod względem parytetu siły nabywczej (purchasing power parity, PPP). Z tempem wzrostu PKB powyżej 7% w 2016 r., rozwijała się najszybciej wśród państw G20, szybciej niż Chiny. To też potęga militarna, kraj mający broń jądrową, drugą największą armię i będący głównym na świecie importerem uzbrojenia. To w końcu największa ludnościowo demokracja świata.

Obraz Polski w polityce historycznej Ukrainy

Author(s): Łukasz Jasina,Piotr Kościński,Daniel Szeligowski / Language(s): Polish

Na potrzeby niniejszego raportu autorzy przyjęli następującą definicję polityki historycznej: jest to przekaz polityczny na temat historii państwa i narodu propagowany przez władze państwowe i będący elementem polityki państwa. Historia i stosunek do niej w dużym stopniu kształtowały relacje polsko-ukraińskie po odzyskaniu przez Ukrainę niepodległości w 1991 r. Oprócz prób rozwiązania problemów politycznych czy gospodarczych oba państwa starały się, z różnym skutkiem, uregulować stosunek do kwestii kontrowersyjnych. Są to przede wszystkim rzeź wołyńska (1943–1944), akcja „Wisła” (1947), relacje między Polakami i Ukraińcami przed II wojną światową oraz stosunek do reżimów hitlerowskiego i komunistycznego. W związku z prowadzoną przez Ukrainę polityką historyczną napięcia w relacjach polsko-ukraińskich pojawiały się zatem od początku, zwłaszcza przy okazji rocznic zbrodni wołyńskiej w 2003 i 2013 r. Niemniej dopiero w 2016 r. doszło do poważniejszego kryzysu na tle stosunku do historii – na szczeblu zarówno politycznym, jak i społecznym.

Nowe diaspory w Europie i zarządzanie migracją: przypadek Polaków w Norwegii

Author(s): Jakub M. Godzimirski,Marta Stormowska,Kinga Dudzińska / Language(s): Polish

Unia Europejska traktuje politykę imigracyjną (w odniesieniu do obywateli państw trzecich) oraz zasadę swobodnego przepływu osób jako odrębne kwestie. W coraz większym stopniu jednak łączą się one ze sobą, co stawia kraje takie jak Polska w sytuacji ambiwalentnej, tym bardziej że władze państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej – w tym rząd w Warszawie – nieprzychylnie reagują na ustalane kwoty relokowanych uchodźców, obawiając się przy tym napływu migrantów ekonomicznych. Przewidują bowiem, że może doprowadzić to do nadwyrężenia ich ograniczonych zasobów i generować duże koszty polityczne. Jednocześnie w kwestii swobodnego przepływu osób, Polska i inne tzw. państwa wysyłające bronią pozycji własnych obywateli zamieszkujących w innych krajach unijnych, głównie Europy Zachodniej, oczekują też wsparcia i solidarności ze strony tzw. państw przyjmujących. Celem raportu jest analiza bieżących procesów i ich wpływu na sytuację społeczności polskiej w Norwegii oraz przedstawienie wniosków, jakie Polska może wyciągnąć z doświadczeń kraju, który sam stał się docelowy dla dużych grup migrantów.

The EU Gas Game: Time to Redefine the Rules? Case Studies of Russia and Norway and Lessons for the EU, Norway and Poland

Author(s): Aleksandra Gawlikowska-Fyk,Zuzanna Nowak,Lidia Puka / Language(s): English

The EU’s heavy reliance on imports of energy resources leaves it vulnerable to external suppliers and comes at an economic and political cost. Among the EU’s energy imports its governance vulnerability is especially visible in the gas sector. This is because pipeline infrastructure, longterm contracts, price formulas and an underdeveloped European market weaken the EU’s hand in bargaining with its major gas suppliers, principally Russia and Norway. Norwegian and Russian gas constitutes 80% of all gas imports to the EU. The European Union does have one considerable lever in dealing with Norway and Russia: it is a very attractive market for both countries. This gives the EU some scope to set the rules of the game in terms of gas. The EU assumes the establishment of a fully-fledged European internal market, as well as implementing competition law and exporting market regulations beyond its borders in a bid to reduce prices and depoliticise gas imports, but that raises a question about whether the EU is neglecting other tools available to the EU, such as brute political or financial levers. Indeed the lack of political cohesion among the Member States remains the EU’s Achilles’ heel and its financial capacity is insufficient to force the market to integrate.

U.S. Military Presence in Central and Eastern Europe: Consequences for NATO Strategic Adaptation, Deterrence and Allied Solidarity

Author(s): Artur Kacprzyk / Language(s): English

In the wake of the Ukraine conflict and Russian hostility towards NATO, the United States has proven to be the most resolute and capable Ally of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) states. The U.S. has been striving to provide leadership for the Alliance and invigorate other members to act, while implementing deterrence and reassurance measures on faster and on bigger scale than other countries. U.S. activities in CEE have included persistent rotational presence of small land forces, air and naval deployments to the region, intense training and exercises, unprecedented pre-positioning of heavy armour in the region, and improvements to local infrastructure. The U.S. has acted both bilaterally and multilaterally, as well as within the framework of NATO’s joint Readiness Action Plan (RAP). U.S. actions have been received very warmly among CEE countries, which are concerned about Russia’s behaviour and especially interested in the support and presence of the leading and most powerful member of the Alliance. Nevertheless, for Poland and the Baltic States, the permanent basing of Allied combat forces is a priority. It is necessary to send a strong political signal to Moscow, and prove that there are no second-class security guarantees for new NATO members. The intention is also to deny Russia hopes of achieving a quick victory and presenting the U.S. and the Alliance with a fait accompli. At the very least, small permanent forces would ensure that even a successful attack against CEE states would automatically result in a costly conflict with the U.S. and NATO. At the other end of the scale, bigger deployments would slow down an enemy offensive and buy time for reinforcements to arrive.

Nuclear-Backed “Little Green Men:” Nuclear Messaging in the Ukraine Crisis

Author(s): Jacek Durkalec / Language(s): English

Russia’s aggressive actions against Ukraine have exposed the challenge of Moscow’s approach to conflict. The element most highlighted is its use of “hybrid warfare,” epitomised by the so-called “little green men”—Russian soldiers albeit without insignia who played an instrumental role in the annexation of Crimea. These “little green men” were used in conjunction with other hybrid tactics such as the covert engagement of Russian forces on the ground, economic pressure, and an unprecedented disinformation campaign. The hybrid warfare tools were, however, not used alone. The credibility and effectiveness of this hybrid warfare campaign was backed up by Russia’s potential to use its full spectrum of military capabilities, including conventional and nuclear forces. Russian tactics that exploited ambiguity of intent and attribution have been surprising and confusing, and they have created difficulties for NATO, which is determined to effectively address them.

The Indian Diaspora and Poland–India Relations

Author(s): Patryk Kugiel,Konrad Pędziwiatr / Language(s): English

The Indian diaspora is one of the largest national overseas communities. Around 22 million Indians and people of Indian origin live abroad and are in almost all countries of the world. They play an increasingly important role in Indian national and foreign policies, as Delhi has been dynamically re-engaging with Indians globally and involving them in the development of the country. The overseas Indians have a significant political, economic and soft power role in Indian domestic and international aspirations. As this diaspora continues to grow and the government in Delhi emphasises its importance, one may expect it will play a larger role in cooperation with India. The Indian minority in Poland is a relatively new phenomenon, which emerged only after the end of the Cold War, especially after Poland joined the EU, since when the number of Indians in Poland has more than doubled. It seems that the size of the community will increase in the future, as the Polish economy continues to grow, and as more foreign direct investments, including those from India, are made in Poland, enhancing the country’s economic attractiveness for migrants. Today, the Indian community in Poland is made up of almost 4,000 people. This makes it the eighth largest immigrant community in Poland. Although still relatively small, if compared with those established in many Western European countries, it is the main concentration of Indians in Central Europe, and among the New EU Member States. This gives Poland a certain comparative advantage over countries in the region vis-à-vis India.

Is a New Cold War Inevitable? Central European Views on Rebuilding Trust in the Euro-Atlantic Region

Author(s): Martina Heranová,Zdzisław Lachowski,Raimonds Rublovskis / Language(s): English

When the idea to invite Central European experts to share their views on overcoming the acute deficit of trust in the relationship between the West and Russia first originated in early 2014, there was still some hope that the Ukraine crisis would not mark the beginning of a new period of confrontation in Europe. With that in mind, PISM asked the authors not only to comment on the state of the relationship with Russia but also to assess to what extent various proposals (including Carnegie’s Euro-Atlantic Security Initiative papers and the 2013 report by U.S., Russian and European experts, “Building Mutual Security in the Euro-Atlantic Region”) regarding military confidence building and arms control dialogue with Russia would advance the security of Central European countries. However, as the situation deteriorated with Russia’s annexation of Crimea and its support for eastern Ukraine separatists, the focus inevitably had to turn from dealing with the symptoms (mutual mistrust) to addressing the root causes of the spat between Russia and the West, which now threatens the very foundations of the European security system. Previous approaches to mending the relationship, such as those focused on finding areas of cooperation based on common interests (e.g., dealing with terrorism or the Iranian nuclear programme), were unlikely to be sufficient.

Polish and Norwegian Governance: Closing the Gaps

Author(s): Kinga Dudzińska,Grzegorz Gałczyński,Tomasz Paszewski,Dominik Smyrgała / Language(s): English

The study shows that Poland and Norway have to cope with various governance vulnerabilities and face different challenges. Thus, both countries should adopt some country-specific and joint measures to reduce their governance systems’ exposure to the negative impact of unfolding domestic and international situations. According to the WGI assessment, Norwegian governance is much more effective than Poland’s. This suggests the possibility to transfer governance-related knowledge and best governance practices between Norway and Poland in such a manner that could help Poland close at least some of the identified governance gaps. Poland and Norway could and should further cooperate so as to have a potential positive impact on security, energy and migration in bilateral relations and at the EU level. On security, Poland and Norway have matching interests, as they are members of the same alliance but countries that need to import security, due mostly to their locations and lack of sufficient resources to cope with potential worst-case scenarios. They cooperate closely in the Alliance, have expressed similar concerns for its future, proposed similar solutions and face a resurgent and more confrontational Russia, one that has recently challenged the existing post-Cold War order in Europe with its annexation of Crimea.

Citizenship and Naturalization Among Turkish Skilled Migrants

Author(s): Deniz Yetkin Aker / Language(s): English

This study focuses on three main questions: What does citizenship mean for immigrants? Why do some immigrants decide to acquire host countries’ citizenship while others do not? Do citizenship and migration policies of countries (such as Canada and Germany) are related to the decision-making process of immigrants? More specifically, the objective of the study is to investigate high-skilled and business Turkish immigrants (HSBTI) who moved to Germany and Canada between 2000 and 2010. It is expected that immigrants’ naturalization decisions and conceptualization of citizenship are related to countries’ migration and citizenship policy approaches (such as restricted or multiculturalist). With respect to high-skilled and business Turkish immigrants, this study put forwards the view that host country citizenship and migration policy (whether it is restricted or multicultural); economic, social and political benefits and costs of host country’s citizenship; and individuals’ conceptualization of citizenship (as a sense of belonging or commodity) influence their naturalization decisions.This study focuses on three main questions: What does citizenship mean for immigrants? Why do some immigrants decide to acquire host countries’ citizenship while others do not? Do citizenship and migration policies of countries (such as Canada and Germany) are related to the decision-making process of immigrants? More specifically, the objective of the study is to investigate high-skilled and business Turkish immigrants (HSBTI) who moved to Germany and Canada between 2000 and 2010. It is expected that immigrants’ naturalization decisions and conceptualization of citizenship are related to countries’ migration and citizenship policy approaches (such as restricted or multiculturalist). With respect to high-skilled and business Turkish immigrants, this study put forwards the view that host country citizenship and migration policy (whether it is restricted or multicultural); economic, social and political benefits and costs of host country’s citizenship; and individuals’ conceptualization of citizenship (as a sense of belonging or commodity) influence their naturalization decisions.

Women in a Global World, Edition III: Empowerment and Challenges

Author(s): / Language(s): English

This book has been prepared as the third installment in the book series titled “Women in a Global World III.” All research articles that constitute this book are interdisciplinary and international comparative studies. Researchers from around the world presented their diverse perspectives on women-themed topics such as “Women’s Empowerment, Women’s Challenges in Society, Women and Literature.” The book provides a thought-provoking and informative account of the experiences and travails of women around the world. It serves as a reminder of the intrinsic value of women’s voices and stories, and advocates for their elevation to the forefront of contemporary social discourse.

Küreselleşen Dünyada Kadın – IV: Güçlenme ve Zorluklar

Author(s): / Language(s): Turkish

The aim of this research is to discuss the key elements of the gender equality plan (GEP) development process in the universities and other research institutions, based on the experiences of the Gender Equality Plan preparation process at Yaşar University within the scope of the Horizon 2020 project titled “Linking Research and Innovation for Gender Equality (CALIPER)” from the perspective of the effects of the European Union financial supports on the institutional change process. The scope of the research includes the analysis process of the data obtained from the semi-structured interviews, focus groups and surveys conducted within the scope of internal and external current situation analysis, using qualitative and quantitative research methods. Through the research, main gaps in institutional processes, practices and procedures related to gender equality were identified under six key areas: human resources, institutional governance, research, teaching, institutional communication and gender-based harassment. The result of the research highlights the importance of evaluating the institutional factors and procedures with a multidimensional perspective in the planning and implementation of the institutional change process with respect to gender equality.

Il fenómeno migratorio in Puglia

Author(s): Michela C. Pellicani / Language(s): Italian

"Non migrano i più deboli, non solcano i mari lasciando dietro di sé la Patria e la famiglia, i più pavidi, ma, nella grande generalità, coloro per i quali la vita è battaglia e l’animo è abbastanza forte per combatterla anche nelle più difficili condizioni."

Balkan Csárdás: Hungarian Foreign Policy Dance

Author(s): Srđan Cvijić,Maja Bjeloš,Ivana Ranković,Marko Drajić / Language(s): English

Pandemia, wojna, globalne przesilenie

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

Prezentowane w tej książce teksty powstawały od końca 2020 do początku 2023 roku, w zasadzie w sposób spontaniczny, jako reakcja na kolejne wydarzenia, których natura była taka, że nie dawało się ich przewidzieć. Nie było więc jakiegoś szczególnego zamysłu, planu, który poprzedzałby podejmowanie kolejnych zagadnień stanowiących przedmiot uwagi w tej publikacji. Najpierw były to teksty tworzone w odpowiedzi na wyłaniające się kolejne aspekty pandemii COVID-19, potem pojawiły się analizy różnych aspektów wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, aż wreszcie zrodziła się refleksja bardziej ogólna, którą dobrze ujmuje hasło „przesilenie cywilizacyjne”. To określenie ma oznaczać specyficzny moment w rozwoju cywilizacji, swego rodzaju rozdroże, gdzie spotykają się różne odmiany symbolicznych łabędzi – te czarne, których nie potrafiliśmy w większości przewidzieć (pandemia, wojna), ale też te białe i szare, które mogą symbolizować kumulujące się w rozwoju cywilizacji problemy, takie jak kwestie klimatyczne, problemy nierówności ekonomicznych czy wyzwania demograficzne.

„Rzecznik historii rewolucyjnej”. Henryka Rechowicza (1929–2004) życie publiczne i naukowe

Author(s): Maciej Fic / Language(s): Polish

The book is one of the links of research on the development of historical research during the period of Polish “people’s Republic” and the careers of representatives of the scientific community and it is a kind of case study of the operation of the “court science" community of supporters and promoters. The course of the career of Henryk Rechowicz, a historian and activist of the PZPR born in Dąbrowa Basin, has been recreated: a brilliant promotion was highlighted first (inclusion of exposed positions in the scientific community of the Katowice Voivodeship), then degradation resulting from his belonging to a group centered around the “Gierek team", and then the return to scientific and academic work, made in reality by the end of the Polish People's Republic and the beginning of the Third Polish Republic.