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Системите с изкуствен интелект като инструмент в борбата с фалшивите новини и дезинформацията

Author(s): Kuzman Minkov Martinov / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The emergence and development of new information and communication technologies has opened up vast opportunities for people to communicate, create and distribute content through multiple services and platforms, exercising their rights on and off the Internet. They have become the new center of attraction for active information exchange due to their accessibility, sense of community and understanding between its members. The direct communication is both the advantage and the disadvantage of this type of media. Along with their indisputable advantages, their main disadvantage was also discovered - the possibility of being used as a means of disinformation among the public and subsequent manipulation through the spread of so-called „fake news“. This article examines the possibilities of using artificial intelligence systems as a tool in the fight against fake news, summarizing scientific research on the subject. At the same time, the issue of the risks of using artificial intelligence systems to freedom of speech is also discussed.

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Изкуственият интелект – възможност за генериране на фалшиви новини

Author(s): Atanaska Ivanova Tuntova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Artificial intelligence can create texts on a set topic, and similar software products are used by media around the world, as well as by companies that want to create content faster and for less money. Such programs can become a dangerous weapon of misinformation at the hands of people spreading news with false or misleading content, and fake news is becoming an increasingly serious security issue.

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Изкуственият интелект и влиянието му върху данъчната сигурност

Author(s): Nedyalka Ivanova Petrova / Language(s): English,Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report looks at the possibilities for the application of artificial intelligence in the tax control carried out by the National Revenue Agency and the impact on tax security.

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Lifting Sanctions Against Russia in the Energy Field as a Tool to Resolve the Global Food Crisis

Author(s): Emil Asenov / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In response to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, the European Union imposed a significant number of individual, economic and diplomatic sanctions on Russia. An important aspect of the sanctioning policy concerns energy resources imported from Russia into Europe. The implementation of these sanctions is currently taking place in the context of a global food crisis. Russia imposed an embargo on the exports of some of its agricultural products, while also imposing a blockade on Ukrainian ports. As a result of these actions, a number of countries face a prospect of food supply shortages as Ukraine and Russia are among the largest exporters of agricultural products. Resolving these problems requires timely and effective solutions. In conclusion, the article proposes the implementation of mutually agreed measures by the European Union and Russia to counter a global food crisis.

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DISINFORMATION AND THE PROTECTION POLICIES OF THE EUROPEAN CITIZENS

Author(s): Rita Palaghia / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The rapid global technological evolution, the deficit of training and endowment in the information field, the existent disagreement in social and political systems, the resources, technical solutions and the different means, make the EU a dysfunctional body, for the time being. Nevertheless, the European Union has proven to be the World’s leader in adopting General Data Protection Regulation standards (GDPR). The next step of the EU Strategy is to structure public health policies, in conjunction with the protection of personal data. This generates differentiated types of actions for the State of Normality and the State of Emergency. The experience generated by the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the need to accelerate the coordination of Common Security and Defence Policy and strategies at the European level. The lessons learned after the “STUXNET” crisis, now followed by the“COVID-19 Pandemic” should convince us that the current situation has other valences and that the chaos created by incompetence, lack of training, resources, clear and congruent plans and strategies can have dramatic effects on Humanity.

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THREE FAMILIES OF CRISES SUPERPOSED, INTERDEPENDENT AND MUTUAL INTERFERING IN THE CORONAVIRUS CRISIS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Iulian Chifu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Coronavirus or Covid-19 pandemic has launched a health crisis with an important impact by accelerating three categories of crises: the dormant and rampant ones that were here long before this crises; the correlated crisis coming from the pandemic explosion and the ways to limit its impact; and the independent crisis, not directly related by Covid-19 but prompted and accelerated by the pandemic. As a result, this lead to a maximum complication for the decision makers since it created overnight premises for a completely different International Relations Perspective. The scenarios for the world of tomorrow and the possible arrangement for a global governance are the aims of our study.

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THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY

Author(s): Viorel ORDEANU,Lucia Ionescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Transmissible infectious diseases are caused by living biological agents that can be transmitted in different ways from the source, causing outbreaks, epidemics or pandemics. The current epidemiological situation, the COVID-19 pandemic is serious due to its rapid transmissibility, strong complications, and the fact that it is an unknown disease. Given its characteristics, similar in parts to a biological agent used as a disabling weapon, in this paper, we will address the current COVID-19 pandemic as an ongoing “situational experiment” in order to simulate a targeted biological attack (on a strategically important locality) with infectious effects that extends nationally and internationally. This type of pandemic has destructive potential through the created health crisis, followed by the economic crisis, aggravated by the information crisis (infodemics) and finally the social crisis with unpredictable consequences

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DIGITAL DISINFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 AND THE IMPACT ON GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH

Author(s): Dana Drugă (SÎRBU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The purpose of this article is to analyze, based on the scientific literature, the main effects on global health security of the spread of disinformation about COVID-19. At the same time, this article illustrates how digital disinformation poses the risk of canceling credible sources, which can lead to mass public confusion and an increased risk of spreading and transmitting the virus. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current trends and insights into disinformation activities related to COVID-19/Coronavirus.

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THE DIGITAL SCARS LEFT BY THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Author(s): Ion Alexandru Manoliu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Correlating the economic prosperity of a nation with the quality of its cyber infrastructure is not a game of chance. Improving cybersecurity in society, the industrial system and public administration will become increasingly stringent. The lack of security professionals makes companies, organizations and social services more vulnerable. As the global health emergency from Covid-19 taught us, coordination from the top of the chain of command is important. Whether it is to minimize intrusions, data loss or the spread of malware, the collaboration of all state institutions and private sector is essential. Developing new capabilities and tools to improve the cyber security of the country system is a challenge of the utmost importance for the growth and well-being and security of all. Cyber security education in the conscious use of the network therefore will play a central role in both the defense and development of a country.

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STRATEGIC CULTURE AND SECURITY CULTURE – A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS – THE RELEVANCE OF SECURITY CULTURE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Author(s): Antonia Teodora Mariș / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The present material proposes, in its first chapter, a conceptual delimitation for the terms strategic culture and security culture, starting with security. Further on in the paper, we will make a comparative analysis between the two, at the same time dwelling on the shift from strategic culture to security culture and arguing the relevance of the latter, in the context of the current century, making specific remarks to Romania. The 21st century outlines new challenges in developing and consolidating security culture by introducing a myriad of factors that need to be taken into consideration. Spectacular changes in technological progress, the ubiquity of digital technologies, the digital revolution, the global digital order, the increasing importance of digital platforms, the speed with which information is transmitted, algorithmisation of personal life, the power to change and direct public opinion, cultivation and aggravation of disputes are only a few of the characteristics of the 21st century.

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THE EVALUATION AND DETECTION “A MAN IN THE MIDDLE” CYBERATTACK

Author(s): Meda UDROIU,Mihail Dumitrache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Abstract – How common is a man-in-the-middle type of attack in the wild today and how can it be detected and prevented? What is the security impact of HTTPS interception given that more and more organizations and antivirus products intercept and inspect traffic? This paper aims to provide an answer to these questions by presenting results and conclusions of the study conducted to detect man-in-the-middle attacks on a number of popular internet websites.

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USEFUL TOOLS FOR MEASURING AND MONITORING CYBERSECURITY

Author(s): MANTEA Paula-Diana / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Cybersecurity is one of the new dimensions of security, the one responsible for ensuring a secure online space, a space which can be used safely in all areas of people’s lives - from finance to social media, education, economy, politics, information, debate and even military. Because over 50% of the population is connected in 2020 to the internet, both for work and personal purposes, as numerous transactions are being registered in the cyberspace every second, government and private sector alike need to work together to secure this space to develop early-warning systems and protect the IT infrastructure of any kind of attacks. There are tools for measuring and monitoring cyber-attacks, which need to be explored and constantly improved. But this is not enough as the use of these tools needs to be completed by the joint efforts in raising the users’ awareness in protecting against any attacks. Additionally, exploring and taking advantage of the benefits a digital economy and society can offer should be supported by investments in education and training while maintaining an updated and secure infrastructure.

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PHYSIOGNOMY OF INTERNATIONAL MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE CURRENT OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT

Author(s): Cosmina-Andreea Neculcea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In an ever-changing world, national security systems must recurrently adapt their capabilities to meet the new challenges of the international security environment. The way of approaching conflict and the physiognomy of military actions can be configured only through a thorough understanding of the current operational environment. Studies on demographic trends suggest that most future armed conflicts will take place in urban areas, whereas urbanization and unrestricted access to the Internet make the world become increasingly interconnected and interdependent.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING IN THE SECURITY AND DEFENCE. WHAT IS MISSING IN THE ROMANIAN CSDP RELATED TRAINING?

Author(s): SIMINA Ovidiu Laurian,Bogdan MARINESCU,Grigore SILAȘI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The paper discusses the importance of training for the success of Romania’s contribution to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) of the European Union. At the time when the EU Member States are taking concrete measures to implement the European Compact for a Civilian CSDP (2018) and the second annual progress report is planned, Romania is still struggling with the inter-institutional negotiation of the would-to-be National Strategy for the Implementation of the Civilian CSDP Compact, not yet approved by the Government. However, training is not seen as a strong point in the future strategic document, probably because there is not real coordination in the field. Despite the increased interest in CSDP related training (the number of the Romanian members of the European Security and Defence College multiplied five times in just two years), the training institutes are not working in a coordinated way and most of their CSDP training seems mostly related to individual projects or targets and not following a national policy, nor national objectives related to the Civilian Compact implementation. The debate opened by this paper aims to increase the awareness at the national authorities’ level and to suggest the way ahead in liking training to the Romanian policy on CSDP.

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DEFENSIVE SYSTEMS AND POLITICS. THE VAUBAN SYSTEM AND THE CASE OF THE ALBA-IULIA FORTRESS

Author(s): Elena-Loredana Florescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Italian fortress of Palmanova, built in 1593 and designed by Gulio Savorgnan represented a turning point in the studies of the military engineers of that time. The French engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, through the fortress of Neuf-Brisach, created the “Vauban defence system”, reminiscing of the layout provided by the fortress of Palmanova, approximatively 100 years later. In this paper I intend to analyse the reason why, in 1711, the appointed architect Giovanni Morando Visconti used the Vauban defence system in designing the Alba fortress in the present-day Romania. Following the political and historical background that led to the building of these fortresses and the strategical points that they represent, I intend to identify the similarities between them and whether following an architecture that is based on the ideal city of Renaissance represents a political statement.

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CAPITALISM: WHERE TO?

Author(s): Ionel Stoica / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Mankind is at present at a crossroad, and this fact is valid from a political, economic and social viewpoint. Strong and opposed political and social forces, by the goals they seek, are engaged into a though competition, whose result will decide the way of life for several future generations. From the political point of view, the battle takes place between democracies, on the one hand, and the autocratic regimes, on the other hand. As for the economic and social aspects, the battle develops between the super-rich or the dominant class, and those who struggle to survive. Another facet of this last aspect is represented by the competition that is being carried out between the free market capitalism, combined with the liberal democracy, and the state capitalism, often associated with the illiberal or autocratic political regimes. This paper intends to present and explain the factors that underpin the success of the state capitalism, the way that free market capitalism and the state capitalism coexist at present, as well as the potential for conflict that can appear between the two models of capitalism, with its consequences for global stability. Understanding these aspects is important because the two models of capitalism support distinct models of development and security. We will be focusing more on the state capitalism because we consider that this represents an important force that will shape the global economy in a significant way during the following decades.

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MEASURING GOVERNANCE AND ASSESSING TRENDS IN DEMOCRACY DURING TIMES OF PANDEMIC

Author(s): Alexandra SARCINSCHI / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Bringing to attention the main theoretical landmarks regarding the national governance is a necessity since there are heated debates on the role of the state in the management of phenomena that transcend its borders such as international migration and the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the paper aims to carry out a non-exhaustive analysis, but focused on recent trends in the study of governance, correlating them with the latest events and determining phenomena that manifest themselves in the international security environment. The goal is to determine whether or not and to identify how the pandemic has influenced governance as a whole, the decline of democracy in particular, as well as national security, especially in the case of European states.

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THE ROLE OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND PUBLIC SAFETY FORCES FACING BIOLOGICAL THREAT

Author(s): Iulian-Constantin Manailescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that both state structures and citizens have not been prepared to face up a biological threat. The hesitant way in which, at first, action was taken to limit the spread of the new virus led to the emergence of situations that changed the relationship between the state and the population. The trust of a part of the citizens in the state structures has been altered, especially because of the restrictions imposed to limit the spread of the virus. Those who are in direct contact with citizens and who apply these restrictions are the law enforcement and other forces protecting public order and safety. At present, the countries of the world are in a position to think over some strategy meant to restore the confidence of their population in these forces. This distrust, along with conspiracy theories, endangers national and regional security because it is the ground for the proliferation of populism and extremism. The paper presents the sticking points of the relationship between the citizens and the law enforcement and public safety forces that a strategy at the state and regional level should solve in order to restore a level of trust at which security is ensured.

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CHALLENGES AND VULNERABILITIES OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND MIGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

Author(s): Delia Mihaela Marinescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Respect for equal opportunities and control of migration are the basis for the development of any democratic society, the magnitude of these phenomena and their importance on the state balance determining an analysis consistent with the very identity of states and the European Union as a whole, especially as they can influence the values and cohesion of a state. The objective of the research is to present the challenges and vulnerabilities identified in relation to equal opportunities and migration from the perspective of education, their impact on the environment, but also the challenges that may arise in the current global context, caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The article starts from the exposition of the importance of equal opportunities and migration in a complex security environment with rapid evolutions and significant implications on multiple levels of social, economic, political and security life, and the main conclusion is that at EU level joint efforts must be made to adopt and respect unitary measures to ensure respect for human rights, in order to ensure security.

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THE DEGRADATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREE PRESS THROUGH THE PEGASUS SOFTWARE IN THE ERA OF SURVEILLANCE, AS A THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL SECURITY. A DEBATE OF CIVIL LIBERTIES AND CENSORSHIP

Author(s): Maria PÎRVU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The evolution of cyber spying technology presents new and rising dangers; coupled with the easy justification for use of the on-going terrorist crisis these dangers have now become major threats to the international security system. This article aims to provide analysis of these threats, using the new software Pegasus as a focal point of discussion. Developed by the Israeli ‘cyber-warfare’ company ‘NSO’, this spyware signals a danger not only to security but freedom of the press and journalistic integrity. This paper’s focus will centre on how this software is used for censorship rather than to combat terrorism and will examine the social and political ramifications of said use. As highlight, the case of UAE activist Ahmed Mansoor and his contemporaries who were writing against authoritarian governments will be discussed. This article will urge that strict global legislation is needed to stop the abuse of spyware as a tool of censorship

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