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Am Abend, als wir die Macht übernahmen...
A conversation with Andor Kovács, President of the National Committee in Csurgó district
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A conversation with Andor Kovács, President of the National Committee in Csurgó district
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An interview with the eyewitness and participant István Vizinczey
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Ján Čaplovič (1780 - 1847) was one of the major figures of the Slovak national-revivalist generation, in large part due to the role he played in bridging the professional and language gaps during the reform course of the rulers of the Austrian monarchy, and the struggle of the Hungarian nobility for Hungarian independence in the late 18th and early 19th centuries due to the search for soft but effective forms of nation-defence activities. This study presents the enlightenment and nation-defence profile of the Slovak patriot Ján Čaplovič who has received minimal attention from the Slovak academic community after 1990s. Although he is not considered a prominent national revivalist, his publishing devoted to ethnographic and national defence issues significantly contributed to Slovaks taking their stance in the multinational Austrian monarchy, in strengthening their ethnic identity, and in fostering the process of codification of their literary language as the most important national identification sign in 1843. The study is divided into three relatively separate but interrelated sections. The first part outlines his enlightenment profile, with special attention paid to its most important component, which was used in his ethnographic and patriotic works. The second part profiles the Slovak national defences of the first four decades of the 19th century of authors such as Pavol Senický, Juraj Rohonyi, Samuel Hoič, Matej Šuhajda, Ján Chalupka, Jozef Meltzer, Ondrej Soltys, Ľudovít Štúr, Ján Francisci, and Michal Miloslav Hodža. Their defences played an important role in supporting active political forms of enforcing the ethnic-emancipatory demands of the representatives of the Slovak nation-forming elite for a more democratic settlement of the contemporaneous conditions in the monarchy, especially in historic Hungary. The last part analyses in detail the national defences of Ján Čaplovič and evaluates their expressive value.
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Romanian toponymy evolved over the years and millennia from a linguistic point of view. Topical names appeared at certain historical moments and are associated with certain moments in the material and spiritual life of people, leaving a trace of society from different eras. The research of Dobrudgean toponymy highlights current problems and aspects in the general and Romance linguistics. These problems and aspects have materialized in analyses and interpretations of distinct toponymic facts and phenomena, as a result of the complexity of investigation methods and principles at the contemporary level. The way of life of the inhabitants, the relations and the direct links between people and society, etc. played a special role in this process. We can assert that the cities in Dobrogea are very stable, regardless of their ethnicity, and the toponymic names provide an additional proof of the continuity and stability of the Romanian society in medieval and contemporary Dobrogea.
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The funeral rite is a fundamental aspect of the process of a person's passage from this world to the underworld. Throughout history, each culture and society has developed its own representations of this important moment of transition. In modern society, depictions of funerary ritual have evolved in accordance with social and technological changes. Individual traditions and increasing cultural diversity have brought with it a number of changes in the way people face and express their grief of loss. Currently, funeral rites can range from traditional religious ceremonies to personalized civil burials or even commemoration actions. Many beliefs and traditions we inherited from our ancestors, the Dacians and Romans, and as testimonies over time are the customs and rituals that we still find in rural life. Each civilization emphasized its own values and beliefs about the afterlife. Depictions of the funeral rite give us insight into human values and understanding in the face of the inevitable – death. The funeral rite among the Greeks, as in Romanian culture, involved certain practices of preparing the body of the deceased for the burial rite. The last road to the Greeks was marked by certain offerings and sacrifices, where the community expressed its regrets; they organized memorial dinners to honor the memory of the departed, a custom that is still practiced today among Romanians. In Ancient Rome, there is also that custom of purifying the family home. The ancient Romans used certain aromatic plants to banish all the energies left after death. From the Dacians we do not have so much information regarding the funeral ritual. However, following discoveries and historical accounts, a different aspect catches our attention: cremation, burning of the body of the deceased. We also remember the Dacian tombs where various personal objects were placed, traditions that we inherited and which are practiced today.
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The study "Aspects regarding the application of Article 8 of the Armistice Convention with the United Nations of September 12, 1944 in Satu Mare County" presents some novel aspects regarding the organization and operation of the County Office of Enemy Property in Satu Mare County. Structured in three parts, the paper presents, in the first part, brief general considerations regarding Article 8 of the Armistice Convention and the establishment and organization of the House for the Administration and Surveillance of Enemy Assets (C.A.S.B.I.). The second part is also the most consistent and is actually the purpose of this article. Based on unpublished archival documents studied, the organization and activity of the County Office of Enemy Assets in Satu Mare County is presented in detail, chronologically, with the emphasis placed especially on the first two years of activity. The final part contains the author's observations and conclusions. They refer to the ethnic situation of Satu Mare county in 1945 and the consequences of this situation on the application of art. 8 of the Armistice Convention, to the difficulties encountered in the organization and operation of the County Office of Enemy Assets, to the impact of the measures taken by the authorities to regulate the situation of absentees, etc.
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The union of the Principalities through the double election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza (1859) represented the foundation of the modern Romanian state and was followed by numerous legislative initiatives aimed at ensuring full unification, among them a new education law, namely the Law of Public Instruction. The new law was promulgated by the ruler on November 25, 1864 and represented the brick that was the basis of the construction of the modern Romanian education system. Since the beginning of the reign of Al. I. Cuza, the problem of the education system, its organization on modern and unitary principles was a priority not only of the ruler, but also of the politicians around him. That is why the Law of Instruction (1864) was the result of the long-term work of numerous political and cultural people, but nevertheless caused, from the beginning, two great controversies regarding its content as well as the context in which the normative act was developed. The first of these controversies was related to the wider circumstances of the adoption of foreign models in the Romanian society, and the second referred to the short time in which the new education law was drafted (June-November 1864). The adoption of the foreign models in the Romanian society was a problem that referred not only to education, but also to other fields, being one of the ways through which the modernization of the Romanian society was achieved. The Law of Instruction from 1864 represented a synthesis of the principles included in the Romanian political projects developed at the end of the 18th century and in the first half of the 19th century, but also of some principles taken from the Western models, all adapted to the realities of the Romanian society from the second half of the 19th century, a society in constant change especially after the Union of the Romanian Principalities in 1859. More than that, this law was the fruit of solid concepts and principles and that is why it lasted a long period of time, despite all the appeals and attempts of abolishment that have existed.
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Thanks to its destiny as a "royal residence", Sinaia was, at the end of the 19th century, the fastest growing town on the European continent. The first house was built in 1872, the settlement acquired its own administrative status in 1874, and became a town ten years later. All the attributes of a thriving town also emerged and grew rapidly. In 1890, the first printing press and the first newspaper were established here. The newspapers that are printed in Sinaia until the beginning of the First World War are varied, with different periodicity and highlight two distinct aspects, addressing different groups. On the one hand there are the inhabitants of the town (those who live here all year round, as well as those who have holiday homes in the resort), on the other hand there are the tourists who need information. Discovered at the Romanian Academy Library, these periodicals, published between 1890 and 1914, deserve a dedicated research in the context of the era.
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This thesis deals with the image of the Hungarians as they are depicted in the work of Joachim Wittstock. Firstly, there is a theoretical part that presents the main concepts of the Imagology: image, auto-image, hetero-image, stereotype and prejudice. Secondly, there is a part that elicits the personal and the professional life of the author. Furthermore, the Nation of the Hungarians is illustrated, followed by an imagologigal analysis of the Hungarians in the work of Joachim Wittstock.
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The paper is a synthetic presentation of the contents of parish websites and Facebook profiles in terms of historical information posted online. For the purposes of the analysis, a representative group of one-third parishes of the Archdiocese of Przemyśl has been selected (125 out of 392). The research lasted from April to early June 2022. The analysis showed that 64% of the parishes had their own websites, another 8% (without a website) had a Facebook profile, and 28% of the examined parishes remained offline. Within the group of parishes with their own websites, 84% included historical information in the form of texts of considerably varied size and quality, prepared for the purposes of the website. Some of the texts had a quality of reliable scientific monographs. In rare cases calendars of events from the parish life or parish chronicles were found. Parish Facebook profiles were hardly ever used for publishing historical content.
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The article deals with the image of post-war administration in the eyes of the authors of the parish chronicles from Oleszyce and Przeworsk. The influence of administration on life of both authors was examined, and a comparison was made of administration in both chronicles at the same time. Its assessment in the period up to 1947 is completely different for both circuit breakers. Rev. Penc from Przeworsk was struck as a foreign element imposed on the authorities. Rev. Mroczkowski from Oleszyce, who operates in an area where the main threat of the OUN/UPA exists, has a completely different opinion about the supreme authorities. A counterweight to the Ukrainian underground are Home Army soldiers, who are expected to join the ranks of citizen militias, as well as district and municipal administrations. He is also the author of the Oleszyce family chronicle, which is responsible for its development because it includes members of the Polish anti-communist conspiracy. In comparison to the situation in Przeworsk, this power is not exerted oppressively towards the parish priest. What’s more, Rev. Mroczkowski co-created it himself, sitting on the Presidium of the District National Council in Lubaczów. The situation changed dramatically in 1947, when the administration in Oleszyce, as in the entire Lubaczów district, was taken over by communists. Since then, the threats of both chroniclers, as well as their basic power, being active.
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In 1929 Karol Lanckoroński (1848–1933) donated his collection of scientific photographs to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. Among the photographs of works of art and archeological relics in that collection we can also find prints of ethnographic nature, including photographs by Alfred Silkiewicz, a photographer with connections in Ternopil. On 6 July 1887 the heir to the throne Archduke Rudolph visited Ternopil and saw an ethnographic exhibition designed specially for his visit in the municipal garden. The central figures of the exhibition were residents of minor towns of Eastern Galicia brought to Ternopil, dressed in regional costumes. The text focuses on the circumstances of taking those photographs and on their significance as a source for researching the history of Galicia and its residents.
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Local history, including histories of parishes as centres of religious but also social and cultural life, have long been the focus of interest of both historians, history lovers and local patriots. This is also the case of the parish in Rybna, which has recently become the theme of a monograph – of popular-science nature, though based on extensive archive research. Even though it does not exhaust the theme of the history of that village and parish near Cracow, it is a perfect point of reference for this paper. The 19th century was very significant for the history of the Rybna parish: among others, a new church was built there in the first quarter of that century. That is why the sources from that period are pretty significant, if not fundamental in many aspects. The documents developed at that time are now kept in several institutions, of which the most important are the Archive of the Metropolitan Curia in Cracow and the National Archive in Cracow. This paper discusses the materials kept there.
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The mariavitana, i.e. archive materials and book collections on the Mariavite Church are the focus of interest not only of the researchers of that denomination but also other Christian currents. They are a valuable source of information on the doctrine, history and context of functioning of minority churches in the mosaic of denominations in Poland. Although there are no Mariavite centers in Galicia, we can find mariavitana both in Galician archives and publishing houses. On the other hand, Galician printed works are an integral part of the remains of Mariavite libraries. This paper is a contribution to the research on the links between the Mariavite activity in the then Congress Kingdom of Poland and its reception in Galicia. Another suggestion for further research is the reception by the Mariavites of theological literature published in Galicia.
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The paper presents an eminent Polish librarian and historian Fryderyk Papée (1856–1940). He was a long-time staff member and later deputy head of the University Library in Lviv. In the years 1905–1926 he was the head of the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków. The paper discusses Papée’s services as a reformer of those two libraries as well as the Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Czartoryski Library in Kraków. The author also presents Papée’s contribution to erecting new buildings of the University Library in Lviv and the Jagiellonian Library.
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The villages of Dobrzechów, Wysoka Strzyżowska and Oparówka were the property of the Cistercian monastery in Koprzywnica since the Middle Ages. After the First Partition, these areas were taken over by the Austrian authorities as chamber estates. In 1789, as a result of the exchange, the villages became the property of Ignacy Skrzyński, and then of his son Franciszek Ksawery Skrzyński. In 1842, the daughter of the latter - Teofila Koźmianowa née Skrzyński - was installed as the owner of the village. As a result of her premature death in 1852, an economic inventory was prepared in favor of court inheritance proceedings, covering all farms and manor buildings, with a detailed description of the buildings located within them. The source is the only such detailed description of the villages in question preserved, and a significant part of the objects listed in it were destroyed in the 19th or early 20th century.
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The Calvinist church from Fântânele (Mures County, RO) proves to be one of the most important architectural monuments in the upper part of the Târnava Mică Valley, due to its construction in the 13th and 14th centuries and to its special artistic details, preserved through the decorations and interior furnishings. It was built on a nucleus of Romanic origins that can be detected in the elevation of the nave and also in the tower attached to the western façade. Later on, the church was subject to several modifications that can be ascribed from a stylistic and chronological perspective to the Gothic period and Transylvanian late-Renaissance. Imprints of the Gothic building-phase can be identified in the polygonal apse, consolidated with buttresses displaying features similar to those found on the side walls of the nave. These additions date back to the 15th and 16th centuries and this intervention represents the most important alteration of the edifice. Even though smaller in size, the elements introduced in the 1600s are remarkable due to their esthetic and stylistic quality. The modifications of that time culminated in 1625, when the construction of the coffered ceiling, which is still present in the apse, was carried out. The painted plafond, financed by János Gáspár of Szöverd, exceeds the importance of local heritage, as it is the only in situ example from Transylvania dated during the first half of the 17th century. Later interventions lack any well-defined stylistic qualities, however their impact on the recent evolution of the church proves to be significant. Examples to be mentioned here are the painted coffered ceiling placed in the nave of the church in 1782, along with the Southern portico, erected in 1835 and 1836. Between 1980 and 1983 an extensive restoration took place, accounting for the largest action of this type in the recent history of the building. The ecclesiastical building valued primarily due to its mural paintings (to be discussed by the author of this study in a forthcoming paper), also raises other questions pertaining to art history, along with the problems identified by specialists in the second part of the 20th century. The advances in the research of the Transylvanian built heritage over the past decades resulted in an extensive amount of new data, thus, widening the perspectives of the analysis of the Calvinist church from Fântânele. Therefore, we find it necessary to make several corrections to a previously formulated theory concerning the authorship of the church’s coffered ceiling. Contrary to the idea presented in 1945 by the historian Lajos Kelemen, one cannot make a well-supported argument for the association between this feature and the painter János Kepíró of Egerháza.
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The article describes the process of studying gentry archives by Professor Adam Skałkowski (the 1919 founder of Poznań historiography) and his students. These vast source materials perished along with the gentry class itself in 1945, and the works of the Poznań historian and his followers are the last trace of them. The main source material is the correspondence between members of the gentry and Skałkowski’s students, stored mainly in the Manuscript Department in the Library of Adam Mickiewicz University, but also in the Archive of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and the Ossolineum in Wrocław. This is complemented by Skałkowski’s memoirs from the author’s collection. The inquiries and trips of Skałkowski and his students to palaces and manors helped create dozens of source articles and monographs. The article aims at reconstructing these researchers’ work in archives. The series titled “The lives of esteemed Poles in the 18th and 19th centuries” (written by Skałkowski) alone included 34 book publications — the fruit of these investigations, including multiple papers by MA and PhD students.
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The last decades of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century were also marked in the Romanian space by the agglutination and crystallization of two apparently contradictory processes: the establishment of the Romanian national identity and the organization of the national struggle, and the organization of civil society, with the mission of democratizing and making the political life of society transparent. In order to dislodge the old political arrangements based on police control, censorship, etc., the national elites resorted to various forms and means of action; on the one hand, to the politics of conspiracy and plotting, after the Italian Carbonari model, or to masonic lodges and fraternities, i.e. secret associations and societies, fashionable throughout Europe. They replaced the political activity carried out in legal forms (the political opposition in the Public Assembly) because the civil society was in the process of being organized and was still proving fragile, and they offered their members (conspirators, conjurers, freemasons) a space of freedom and personal security, for the spread of new ideas and new programs for social and national emancipation. As such, although secret or discrete structures of a special nature, surrounded by an imaginary conspiratorial halo, secret societies, masonic lodges fortified civil society and contributed to the realization of the ideals of this time (the decades of the middle of the 19th century).
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Hivzija Hasandedić is one of the scholars who got their degree at VIŠT (degree in Islamic-Sharia theology), where he received theological, universal education, but in a later phase in their life made an eminent contribution in the field of Bosnia and Herzegovina cultural heritage studies. Hivzija Hasandedić left almost an entire library of valuable research contributions and authentic documents which are indispensable in studies of the history of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most dominating aspect of his method was the micro-historical approach to his studies that can be explained as the history from beneath or the research that takes for its subject, not some large-scale events, but rather focuses on those small, marginalised spaces and topics. These small topics as such create a mosaic which provides a better and more wholesome view of the entire historical process. The present article aims to study and present Hasandediće’s methodology of the approach to studies of culture and history. We tried to observe what heritage was the subject of his study, in what way and in what volume, believing that in that way we would gain a better understanding of his attitude towards cultural history and what enabled him to produce such a remarkable volume of works.
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