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Solvay’s Centre de Recherches d’Aubervilliers (CRA) is one of the oldest active private-sector research centers in industrial chemistry in France. During the seventy years of its existence it collaborated with some of the most significant French and European chemical companies. Established in 1953, the center’s research and development organization around huge discipline-oriented laboratories proved itself remarkably resilient. Not merely reflecting the R&D policy of the company that owned it at a given moment, the evolution of the center’s research organization followed its own particular path. The research priorities in any given moment were always a place of encounter between top-down requirements of the company’s directorship, and bottom-up thematic trajectories. The CRA’s organizational history gives us unique insights into broader tendencies in chemical research in the second half of the 20th century, such as specialization of laboratories, introduction of market-driven research as well as decentralization and multiplication of hierarchies. The case study can be of interest to historians of science, due to the fact that the history of private research centers remains largely understudied, and to science policy scholars who want to understand the interconnectedness of factors that influence the organization of R&D structures in an institution.
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The article attempts to analyze the functioning of the Charitable Society in Konin in the years 1933-1939. The realization of the research objective was made possible primarily by manuscript materials collected in the State Archive in Poznań. Branch in Konin. It was a book of protocols, documenting the Society’s board meetings. It was established that the Charitable Society in Konin took care of poor children and adults. It provided total care as well as ad hoc support. They were looked after by the Sisters of Mercy, and after 1937 by Albertines brought from Kraków. The wards stayed in a shelter and an orphanage.
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On July 26, 1963, a calamitous tremor struck Skopje, the capital of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, the southernmost Yugoslav federal unit. The politically nonaligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for its thirdlargest city. The call was initially picked up by the Yugoslav republics, who were then followed by more than 80 states across the globe and a high number of international organizations, all providing help to Skopje and Skopjans in the aftermath of the catastrophe—an episode of human solidarity many contemporaries described as unprecedented. This paper aims to provide an overview of commemorative activities held in Skopje from 1964 to 2020 related to the 1963 Skopje earthquake. I aim to reconstruct both the commemorative events and commemorative narratives about the 1963 Skopje earthquake in Skopje as well as its major memory agents and agencies by triangulating archival materials, media and institutional discourses, and secondary literature. I identify and discuss three commemorative phases, 1963–81, 1981–2000, and 2001–20, and I structure the argument on the multidirectionality of the notion of solidarity in the public domain.
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In the history of every place there are people who have distinguished themselves in some way. For example through work or social activities. In the case of Rychwal there is also such man. Wacław Jedyński was certainly one such figure. He was a teacher and headmaster. He was also active in the ranks of the fire brigade. He was politically active and was active in the municipal administration at city and counrty level. He was not a flawless figure. He had conflicts with other residents of the city. Those often ended with a warning from the education authorities and sometimes even legal proceedings. One can say that he was a colorful figure, and a memory of his biography is very advisable.
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The aim of the article is to present the lives of two landowners from Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) region. Brothers Mieczysław Seweryn Kwilecki and Stanisław Kwilecki were participants in the Greater Poland Uprising and ardent Polish patriots. As landowners, they played an important role in the activation of local community, of which they were natural leaders. Consequently, a lot of information can be found about them, but it is not always confirmed by documents. Therefore, facts known so far have been collected and verified in this article. Personal records kept in the Central Military Archive in Warsaw-Rembertów were of great importance here. Both brothers died during the Second World War. On 10th November 1939, Stanisław was executed by the Germans as part of Intelligenzaktion (Intelligentsia mass shootings). Mieczysław was murdered by the NKVD in April 1940 and is buried at the Cemetery for Victims of Totalitarianism in Kharkiv-Piatykhatky. The article also describes the fate of the closest family members of both landowners.
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Hanna Gumpricht (1927–2016) was the first daughter of Icchak Majer Gumpricht and Estera née Taubenfligel. She spent the first years of her life in Grodziec. From the beginning of the war, she lived in Lodz with her parents and siblings (Dwora - 1929, Hersz Szmul - 1930) and in the Lodz Ghetto from the moment of its establishment. In 1941 her father Icchak Majer died after a gunshot due to hunger and body weakening. In 1942 her younger brother Hersz died in the gas chamber in Chelmno-upon-Ner. After the liquidation of the ghetto in 1944 she was transported to Auschwitz‒ Birkenau together with her mother and sister and then, after a few days, to Mittelsteine and in April 1945 to Graffenfort (sub-camp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp). After the war she came back to Lodz. She was quickly left alone as her mother and sister emigrated to Eretz Israel. She felt Polish therefore she decided to stay in Poland and not to leave with them. She joined the Polish Workers’ Party (later the Polish United Workers’ Party) and the Assotiation of Youth Fight. In 1948 she began studies at the University of Warsaw but after the first year she went to Leningrad to continue studies. From the perspective of time she regretted this decision. The most important period of her professional life was the time of her work at the University in Siedlce (now the Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities), where, for 17 years, she lectured on the history of philosophy. At that time she was carrying out her pedagogical mission by conducting discussions with students on existential and ethical issues and tolerance. A few months before her death she donated all her savings to fund the Hesio Gumpricht Scholarship, named after her younger brother. She was buried at the Okopowa Jewish Cemetery in Warsaw.
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Biskupia Górka (Bishop’s Hill) is a part of Gdańsk located in the historic city centre. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the area was densely built up with tenement houses, which survived the battles of 1945 almost intact. During the communist era, most of the historic buildings slowly deteriorated, and the district itself gained a bad reputation, which lasted until the 1990s. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Biskupia Górka began to undergo changes for the better. They were initiated by the spontaneous activities of church communities and schools in the area, and later by the methodical work of the non-governmental organisations gradually emerging there. One of the most important continuators of this activity today is the Biskupia Górka Association, founded on 10 October 2016. Over the course of five years it has collected, among other things, several thousand different artefacts, photographs, documents and memories associated with the district, organised dozens of meetings, several exhibitions and searches for monuments in the Biskupia Górka area.
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On 9 May 1990, the founding meeting of a new Gdańsk society was held in the Main Town Hall – the Uphagen House Society (Towarzystwo “Dom Uphagena”). The idea behind the initiative was to gather people who wanted to support the reconstruction of the Uphagen House and restoring it to its previous function of a museum (which it was in 1911–1944). It was only in the 1990s that it was possible to start reconstructing the interiors; the work was financed from the funds obtained from the Foundation for Polish-German Cooperation. The Society focused on popularising the history of the pre-war museum by organising concerts, literary meetings and exhibitions. The next stage came in 2005, when the Society, after changing its statute (constitution), expanded its activities to popularise the history and culture of Gdańsk; a series of lectures called “The Culture of Old Gdańsk” was initiated, which is continued to this day (as of 2021 there were 167 lectures held altogether). The Society has managed to create a circle of loyal supporters who regularly attend the monthly lectures, and it also tries to attract new ones.
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This article considers the scientific achievements of several distinguished scholars coming from northern Poland. The first one is Nicolaus Copernicus, born in Toruń, who authored the seminal work on the heliocentric system De revolutionibus and helped usher in the scientific revolution. In Gdańsk, Johannes Hevelius performed pioneering observations of the Moon and planets and gained international recognition; in 1664 he was admitted as the first foreign member of the Royal Society of London. On the initiative of Daniel Gralath, a scientific society called Societas Physicae Experimentalis was established in Gdańsk in 1742; later renamed as the Naturalist Society (Naturforschende Gesellschaft), it continued the research on electrostatic phenomena initiated in Kamień Pomorski by Ewald von Kleist, the constructor of the first capacitor. The article devotes considerable attention to two scientific societies established in the nineteenth century in Toruń: the Copernicus Society of Art and Science (Coppernicus Verein für Wissenschaft und Kunst zu Thorn) and the Toruń Scientific Society (Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu). The study also notes that Jan Śniadecki (astronomer and mathematician) and his brother Jędrzej Śniadecki, the creator of Polish chemical terminology, were born in Żnin in the Pałuki region. The town of Kcynia in the same region, in turn, is the birthplace of Jan Czochralski, the inventor of the method of crystal growth that changed the world electronics. The author notes some connections of Czochralski with the Nobel Laureate Walther Nernst, born in Wąbrzeźno, who developed the third law of thermodynamics. The profiles of distinguished scholars born in northern Poland presented in this article indicate the genius loci of this part of the country, a phenomenon which manifests itself also in the form of scientific societies active there.
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This article is devoted to the history of the Polish Oriental Society (PTO) Section in Gdańsk – its establishment, development and the pioneers who led it to transform into a PTO Division. The establishment of the Section was related to the presence and activity in Pomerania of representatives of oriental ethnic minorities: Tatars, Karaims, etc., and members of PTO – oriental scientists living in the Tri-City. The first years of its activity coincided with the formation of Gdańsk University. The new university and the PTO Section (soon transformed into a Division), became centres of oriental studies in Pomerania.
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This article refers to the history of the Gdańsk Scientific Society (GTN), shown from the perspective of the phenomenon of resilience. This phenomenon, starting from the physical sciences, through psychology, initiated a scientific debate on resilience, leading to adapting the term in the social sciences, although it originally comes from physics. The study reflects on selected moments from the history of the GTN, which, while experiencing difficulties itself, became a setting, a place, and even a home for building its own resilience and that of its members. With this paper, I would like to express my gratitude for being a part of the scientific community of the Society, of which I have the honour and privilege to be a member under the guidance of Professor Maria Mendel, Head of the First Division of GTN.
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This article outlines the history of the Art Association of Gdańsk (Kunstverein zu Danzig) from its origin in 1835 to 1945. The aim of the Society was the popularisation of art, which was pursued through organising exhibitions and painting lotteries. Another goal was to enlarge the city’s painting collection; some of the exhibited paintings were bought for the future museum. The Society’s activities contributed to the development of local artistic circles and art market. Its role was also important in creating the City Museum in Gdańsk (1870), with which it cooperated closely to the end of its activity (1945).
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In the Republic during the times of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, the intensity of work regarding the preparation of maps of the state grew. This was connected with the personal interest of the king in cartography and his inspirational role in this field. Emphasis should be given to the activities of the Pontonier Corps, established by the Convocation Sejm in 1764, and the services of the governor of Nowogródek Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, patron of the map of the Republic created by G. A. Rizzi Zannoni. The development of Polish cartography in the second half of the 18th century can also be credited to the work of Ferdynand Nax and Karol Perthées, among others. In the opinion of Tadeusz Czacki, the creation of updated maps was significant for the economy of the country as well as for the facilitation of transport and trade. As the commissioner of the Bullion Committee and the Crown Treasury Committee, he was engaged in work on the map of the Nida and Słupica carried out by Jan Mehler. As attachments to his reports in 1788, he included maps of the Dniester, Dnieper, Horyn and Sluch, the Crimean peninsula and the Mukhavyets Canal. Among the maps given to the Crown Treasury Committee by T. Czacki was a hydrographic map of Poland, w
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In October 1939, Army Bishop Józef Gawlina arrived in France. A few days earlier, he had received official confirmation from Pope Pius XII of his pre-war assignment to organize military pastoral care. At that time in Paris, the head of the Polish pastoral ministry was Fr. Franciszek Cegiełka. This article addresses the issue of their mutual cooperation. It discusses the reasons for conflicts and rivalries between these two ambitious, intelligent and zealous priests. It also reveals Cardinal Hlond’s role in the dispute between the two clergymen.
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In the article, the author discusses one of the typical biographies of a candidate for bishop, whom Jerzy Stroba nominally was - the suffragan for the Archdiocese of Gniezno, or in fact, the suffragan in the Gorzów Ordinariate, alongside Bishop Wilhelm Pluta. The biography has a chronological order and presents the Silesian clergyman who was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Adolf Bertram, during the war, and who worked in various positions in the Katowice diocese, after the end of the war. In 1958, he was assigned to help another Silesian bishop, Wilhelm Pluta, the governor of the Gorzów Ordinariate, which became the apostolic administration in 1967 and next it was elevated to the rank of a diocese in 1972. What is more, the author puts forward hypotheses on the circumstances of the election and nomination of Stroba as bishop.
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The construction of the main water supply system of Kolozsvár started in 1894. However, the laying and use of pipelines has been a source of many annoyances, which made the daily lives of the city dwellers troublesome. The study presents the inconveniences caused by the construction of the water supply system and how it affected the daily lives of the city dwellers through some contemporary examples.
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