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The text presents the policy of the Bulgarian Tourism Association (BTA) toward children and youngsters during the first period of its existence (1899 – 1914) г. One of the main priorities of the BTA was, through tourism and in cooperation with the state authorities, to make the young Bulgarians become patriots who will know the nature resources of their country and its cultural and historic achievements. The feeling of being bound to the destiny of the own country and the responsibility for working for its prosperity were encouraged. BTA fulfilled these intentions by a purposeful activity program including outings and discussions on particular tourism themes as well as construction of necessary equipment for the implementation of this program.
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Legalization of abortion as an instrument of family planning was one of the greatest changes affecting family life in the 20th century. The Soviet Union was the first country which allowed abortion (1920); after WWII most of the other socialist countries followed: in 1956 Bulgaria and Hungary, in 1957 Romania. In Western Europe, it was legalized in 1967 in England; many of the European countries followed within about the next 15 years. The consequences of this legal change were enormous: in 1995, in all of Europe, there were 7.7 million legally induced abortions, compared to 8.3 million births. In the period 1960-90, the officially reported levels of legally induced abortions in Central Eastern Europe were among the highest in the developed world. Only countries such as Japan in the early 1950s and Cuba since the mid-1960s have experienced similarly high abortion rates. However, after a decade of liberal abortion policy countries such as Romania and Bulgaria changed this policy drastically. To ensure an expanding labour reserve, an increase in the birth rate was considered essential. Romania was the first socialist country that prohibited abortion except on medical grounds in 1966, followed by Bulgaria one year later. What followed was a period of harsh pronatalist policy. My paper will investigate the success of this policy as well as its consequences for mothers as well as for institutions being in charge for the upbringing of a drastically increasing number of children.
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Nowadays child in the family acquires different roles that depend on and are negotiated between the family as an institution and the norms set by the state institutions. In some communities the concept of childhood does not comply with the generally accepted by the state idea. For example among the Roma people in Bulgaria, the interaction between family and state institutions has great influence on the child. This text aims at presenting a case in which the child performs different roles in the family as a strategy "inside" and "outside" the community. The child (under the law) and parent at the same time is influenced by the family relationships, but also by the communication with "the others" who do not belong to the community. The case study from my field work carried out in Plovdiv and the region is used as a basis of discussion of the question when a person is a child and when an adult.
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W Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX w. nastąpił wzrost patologii społecznych. Zasadniczą rolę w walce z nimi odgrywały działania różnych grup społeczeństwa. Towarzystwa dobroczynne zajmowały się zakładaniem placówek opiekuńczo-wychowawczych dla starców, chorych, dzieci z ubogich rodzin i sierot. Ważnym obszarem działań była walka z alkoholizmem i prostytucją, w tym zapobieganie tym patologiom wśród młodzieży. Duża część działań w tym zakresie była prowadzona pod auspicjami Kościoła katolickiego i innych kościołów chrześcijańskich; w dziedzinie tej zwiększała się także aktywność inteligencji. Działania te były formą realizacji haseł solidaryzmu społecznego.
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The “Better Baby Contests” started in the USA at the beginning of the 20th century. The first one was organized in Iowa in 1911. These competitions were initiated as one of the many biopolitical inventions in the modern struggle against infant mortality. In the 1920s such “Better Baby Contests” started also in the Balkan states. The struggle for hygiene, health, cleanness, mother’s enlightenment and modern children care became stronger in the 1930s. The “Better Baby Contests” is an expression of this struggle in the context of other biopolitical measures and media discourses. For its agents: public health nurses, mothers, educators, politicians, journalists this competitions had different general meanings. In the children health centers, where the public health nurses were the main agents of this struggle, they aimed to propagate the activities of the centers as new form of communication between health administration and families, to attract the poor families and to improve the conditions for child rearing in the visited homes. Drawing the line between “dirty” and “clean” in their documentation about home visits they aimed to stimulate the poor parents for a better child care including them in the competition as well as in different forms of social support. The important message of those social reform attempts was that not the babies from the wealthy families background were targeted, but first of all the babies, whose mothers were cooperative, ready to know and practice the modern norms of child care and are ready to fulfil the advises of the health stations.
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The article presents the construction and the consumption of the memory about Vela Peeva. In the heroic martyr canon of the propaganda of cultural memory during the time of communism in Bulgaria she presented the most promoted female image in national scale. Up to 1989 hundred of institutions, streets and even one town (Velingrad) were named after her. The home-museum “Vela Peeva” in Velingrad is one of the many special museums of the “new” heroes after 1944 and the only one which survived up to now with unchanged exposition. In the paper the mechanisms of establishing her propagandized image of heroine and martyr at the same time are followed. A specific example of establishing “memory landscape” in Velingrad has been analysed.
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Stephen Nissenbaum’s famous Salem Possessed: The Social Origins of Witchcraft is not interpretable in its entirety without contextualising it in the period of American history and the state of historiography at the time of its conception. Lévai suggests that the genesis of the book can be interpreted in the context of four major approaches: microhistory, anthropology, psychohistory, and American history. Establishing that the original intent of the authors cannot be fully grasped without the latter, Lévai first interprets the book in the context of historical events in the 1960s and 1970s and then in that of the state of the American historical profession in the same period. Finally he proceeds to investigate the book’s role in the debate about the historical mission of the United States. Lévai undergirds his inquiry with the systematic analysis of the subcontexts and discourses that constitute his interpretative framework.
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Contemporary Federal Republic of Germany defines itself as an immigrant country, and the statement fully corresponds with the actual situation. As a result of a mass inflow of foreigners, which began in 1950s, one out of every five German citizens can tell his/her own or family history of immigration. These facts serve as a basis for the question concerning the extent to which immigration that turned the FRG into a multicultural country, has become a part of the German collective memory. While referring to the concept of cultural memory by Jan and Aleida Assmann, the author presents and analyzes modern ways of preserving the immigrant past as well as expressing remembrance about it in the public sphere (jubilees, exhibitions, and monographs on culture). The process of including migration in the national history is highly dynamic, with its initiators being most often the descendants of immigrants who demand greater pluralism within Germany’s cultural memory.
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Recunoscându-le existenţa, homo ludens trăieşte un sentiment de alienare în faţa rezultatelor unui progres tehnologic fără precedent; confruntat cu imagini prezentate într-o succesiune rapidă, el nu întelege nici contextul, nici conexiunile; rezultatul este că toate ideile îi par la fel de bune. Astfel, semnul distinctive al postmodernului devine non-problematizarea, manifestată prin complicitate la consumism şi lipsa accentelor critice. Fiinţa postmodernă înregistrează totul, dar nu crede în (aproape) nimic, pentru că a devenit ea însăşi un ecran. În condiţiile acestea, cine poate cere unui ecran să creadă ceea ce redă?
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This paper presents a discussion about the way the theme of violence is represented in the poetry attributed to Alvarenga Peixoto, in order to demonstrate its coherency and cohesion in relation to literate and political assumptions of the late 18th century. During the discussion, his famous Ode to Marquis of Pombal will be analyzed and related to other four poems in wich this theme is recurrent.
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W niniejszym szkicu autorka spróbuje przybliżyć fragment wczesnośredniowiecznej debaty nad porządkiem wszechświata, u której podstaw leżał szeroko pojęty symbolizm chrześcijański. Stanie się to możliwe dzięki wybranym przyrodniczo-teologicznym refleksjom karolińskiego erudyty Rabana Maura zawartym w obszernej summie o świecie - De universo. Analizie zostanie poddana VIII księga wspomnianego dzieła, swoistego rodzaju bestiariusz. Czwarty rozdział tej księgi, zatytułowany De vermibus - O robakach, otwiera przed czytelnikiem świat owadów, pierścienic, mięczaków, a także odstręczających ludzkich pasożytów, których istnienie oraz bytowanie miały - zdaniem Maura - nieoceniony wkład w zrozumienie tajemnic niewidzialnego Boga. Królestwo przyrody kryło w sobie moc alegorycznych kierunkowskazów. Ich umiejętne zinterpretowanie mogło otworzyć drogę do zbawienia. W każdej z ksiąg De universo odnajdujemy harmonijne zespolenie elementów z zakresu historii świata, człowieka i zbawienia. Maur z naukowym zacięciem i niepodważalną wiarą we współzależność świata doczesnego oraz niebiańskiego komentował i interpretował wszelkie zjawiska i mechanizmy z otaczającej go rzeczywistości. Wszechobecne dzieło stworzenia przybliżało go do samego Stwórcy. Przyroda stanowiła niekończące się źródło hierofanii. Ukryte w niej kody, klucze i metafory pozwalała rozszyfrować Biblia, a także rozum kierowany przez wiarę. W ten sposób Maur - tak jak i wielu innych współczesnych mu uczonych - docierał do satysfakcjonującego poczucia poznania i zrozumienia świata. Zbliżenia do sfery sacrum. Poprzez widzialne obrazy, dźwięki i nazwy we wszystkich wymiarach człowieczego bytu możliwe stawało się poszukiwanie i - w efekcie - odkrywanie Boga. Szukajmy więc „cienia prawdy i życia”1 w świecie krwiożerczych pijawek i pająków tkaczy. Wszakże prawdziwym „filozofem - w opinii Maura - jest ten, kto posiada wiedzę rzeczy boskich i ludzkich”2.
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In the article, a 19th c. device for manufacturing candles, exhibited in the Kraków Museum of Pharmacy, is described. The article discusses also the tradition of producing candles and wax for seals by European apothecaries in the period from 13th to 19th century
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The Museum of Spanish Pharmacy is a university museum with more than sixty-five years of history located in the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Complutense University of Madrid. It forms part of the university’s extensive historic-artistic and scientific technical heritage, and is one of the most important museums in terms of age, history and quality of collections housed. Although it was primarily created for teaching purposes, it now also offers guided tours to a diverse public searching for cultural enrichment. It receives more than four thousand visitors a year, who learn about the history of the pharmaceutical profession, the preparation of medicines, and the decorative arts, an area that has always gone hand in hand with the pharmaceutical trade. In spite of the limitations imposed by a low budget and a small staff, it is an active museum which continues to enlarge, conserve and restore its collection, while becoming ever more widely known through an ongoing participation in temporary exhibitions. The museum is approximately seven hundred square meters in size and is housed on two floors, as well as having an additional space in two other buildings that make up the present faculty. The five original pharmacies, two dating back to the 18th century and three from the 19th century, are without a doubt the most striking exhibits, and are also supplemented by recreations of an Arabic pharmacy, an iatrochemistry laboratory, and a replica of a 17th century hospital pharmacy. The rest of the collection is made up of exhibits representing very different techniques and uses: paintings, sculptures and numerous display cabinets with 18th century medical material, pharmaceutical advertising, amulets, scientific instruments, mortars, apothecarial tools for preparing pharmaceutical compounds, ceramic and porcelain pharmaceutical jars, flasks and other glass utensils, wooden boxes, medicines, medicine chests and travel pharmacies, and much more, all totalling more than nine thousand objects that illustrate how medicines have been prepared, stored and dispensed throughout history.
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Volksdeutsche, i.e. Germans who lived outside the Reich occupied a key place in the plans of the Nazi leadership for the organization of the eastern occupied territories. They were the main human reserve for the Germanization of Poland and some areas of the USSR. The primary task for the German authorities was to bring the multicultural and multilingual contingent of Volksdeutsche to the linguistic and ideological standards inherent in the population of the “old” Reich. The level of German language proficiency played an important role in determining the status of Volksdeutsche in the new social situation for them, and their bilingualism made them an important link in the mediation between the occupation authorities and the local population of the occupied territories.
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Migration is a phenomenon that is present in every country. For some countries, emigration is more typical, for another immigration. In the past, Slovakia was typically the emigration. Recently, however, more and more immigrants arrive in Slovakia, especially in terms of looking for work.The aim of the study was to explore how foreigners perceive their integration process and the provision of social services in Slovakia. We particularly focused what social services they used during their integration process, How do they assess the approach of the staff of the institutions that provide social services.The survey sample was composed of immigrants living in Slovakia for at least one year. We used a snowball technique to select the participants. The survey sample consisted of 25 people from different countries of origin.Qualitative research strategy was used. Semi-structured interviews with immigrants living in Slovakia at least one year were conducted. The data were analyzed using the program Atlas.Ti.Findings describe how immigrants perceive their integration process and how they perceive the provision of social services were mainly positive with a few of negative experiences.This paper was prepared as a part of the project The Identity of Social Work in the Context of Slovakia [APVV-0524-12] funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency.
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