Vrijedno ostvarenje vrijednih istraživača
The review of: Jure Beljo i Danko Dugandžić, O Brotnju i Brotnjacima, OMH Čitluk, 2019.
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The review of: Jure Beljo i Danko Dugandžić, O Brotnju i Brotnjacima, OMH Čitluk, 2019.
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The current Covid-19 pandemic has brought the past epidemics to our attention, as a source of valuable knowledge. This paper reviews the information available on epidemics in Transylvania in the modern era, underlining the need for an extended investigation of the related attitudes and behaviors displayed by the people. This research should follow two directions: the people’s representation of epidemics, how these were perceived, explained, integrated into daily life, with all their aspects (causes, methods of transmission, symptoms, treatments, attitudes towards doctors, towards the state authorities etc.); the demographic behaviors and aspects affected by epidemics: how soon and how often the lives lost were “compensated for” by the afflicted families (remarriage of widows and widowers, new births in families who lost children to epidemics); the correlation between contagion and social networks (extended family, godparents), the existence of mortality clusters in some families etc. Such research would provide useful insight into the struggle and resilience of a society plagued by infectious diseases.
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Since the existing research on migration from Turkey to Western Europe does not employ multiple theoretical perspectives, this article, based on two field studies, focuses on the changing phases and forms of this human mobility by utilising a number of relevant international migration theories. The article examines the uncovered socio-economic, demographic, and political aspects of migration from Turkey to Germany and the United Kingdom and unpacks how the parameters and motives for these two routes have changed from a comparative historical perspective. In this way, it deepens the discussion on the factors and circumstances leading to migration and demonstrates that while individual, household, and historical-structural distinctions and conflicts initiate human mobility, it is perpetuated by ongoing differences, a culture of migration, networks, and ethnic economies.
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Newspaper Pravi hrvatski sokol represents the main source for researching organization of the homonymus movement. It was issued on the first day of the month, for one year exactly, from December 1911 to December 1912. This paper is based on a review of the content and accents from the newspaper itself, which reveals the importance of the newly created organization. Pravi hrvatski sokol as a movement emerged in the time of social political turmoil before WW1 when tendencies of forming a legal entity with Serbs are created. Position of Sokol societies primarily depended on the current political situation, so most of members adjust to those changes, but part of them didn’t want to take part so they decided to establish new movement so they add a word real (“pravi”) in it’s name. It was a Christian – righteous fraction of members who did not want to accept the idea of Slavic mutuality and approaching Serbian Sokol societies, forcing for traditional Sokol organization based on patriotism and faith. They considered idea of Slavic equality completely destructive for the further development of Sokol organization, presenting themselves as saviours and protectors of Croatian patriotic ideals. Insufficient support of clerics, Party of right and Sokol members resulted in financial difficulties. Lack of finance has marked the cessation of the release of the newspaper. In the context of studying history of Croatian Sokol movement, Pravi hrvatski sokol represents an interesting appearance, but also an inevitable component in understanding such a socially and politically strong movement as Sokol.
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Review of the Collective Work ‒ Gordana Miolin: Zbornik Knjiga i društvo: dijalog o intelektualnoj povijesti Hrvatske, Književni krug u Splitu, 2020. / Collective Work "Book and Society: A Dialogue on the Intellectual History of Croatia", Književni krug Split, 2020.
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It is a common belief that the first partition of the Commonwealth came as a shock for the noble society. Source studies, however, do not confirm this thesis. On the contrary, they show that the nobility reacted calmly, staying unexpectedly long under the delusion that this situation was only temporary. The published volume of Jędrzej Kitowicz’s Correspondence and Handwritten Pamphlets from 1771–1776 is an excellent source of information about the moods, expectations, and illusions of noblemen throughout the broadly understood era of the first partition.
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The main objective of this research is to establish the dynamics of the natural movements of the population of Kyustendil during the Revival period. The analysis of the available source material allows us to determine that during the investigated period the dynamics of the processes that define the natural movements of the population have a significant impact on Kyustendil’s demographic potential. In particular, the high numbers of births lead to a positive natural growth which in turns, guarantees the preservation of the available local human resources and is a precondition for their future prosperity.
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Dyplomacja XVIII wieku od kuchni (Paweł Zając OMI, Paweł Hanczewski) - W tej sekcji tematycznej interesować będzie nas przede wszystkim prywatne życie najwyższej rangi dyplomatów, sieć powiązań pozaprotokólarnych, prywatne sympatie i antypatie w kraju, do którego zostali posłani z misją dyplomatyczną, a także ekonomiczne aspekty ich funkcjonowania. Następnie — kariery wybitnych figur osiemnastowiecznej dyplomacji, poprzedzające nominację do służby dyplomatycznej. Wreszcie — szerokie zaplecze niższej rangi urzędników, którzy służyli ambasadorom (i ich odpowiednikom), praktyczne strony działania placówki (zakres obowiązków, kompetencje, szyfry i deszyfrowanie depesz itp.). Mile widziane będą studia źródłoznawcze, dedykowane archiwaliom zgromadzonym przez dyplomatów, poza głównym nurtem oficjalnej korespondencji, z uwzględnieniem instrukcji dla dyplomatów (z natury tajnych), które stanowią dobry punkt wyjścia do oceny ich publicznej i niejawnej działalności. Nie bez znaczenia będą także studia poświęcone wyobrażeniom dyplomatów i dyplomacji w literaturze, malarstwie i powieści XVIII wieku.
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Book-Review: Joanna Ostrowska, Przemilczane. Seksualna praca przymusowa w czasie II wojny światowej. [Verschwiegen. Sexuelle Zwangsarbeit während des Zweiten Weltkriegs.] Marginesy. Warszawa 2018. 461 S., Ill. ISBN 978-83-65973-73-3. (PLN 44,90,–.) ‒ Maren Röger
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Book-Review: Anne S. Respondek, „Gerne will ich wieder ins Bordell gehen …“. Maria K.’s „freiwillige“ Meldung für ein Wehrmachtsbordell. Marta Press. Hamburg 2019. 280 S., Ill. ISBN 978-3-944442-73-0. (€ 34,–.) ‒ Maren Röger
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Our present coronavirus crisis caused “the state of exception” in two respects. On the one hand, as Giorgio Agamben points out, social restrictions introduced in the name of protection created the state of exception in the Schmidtian sense, as in a case of wars. At the same time, this state of exception is not only about the pandemic but about an inherent element of the present regime of biopower that lays the foundations of the capitalist mode of production. The fact that the virus could appear globally and could become a part of our everyday lives is related essentially to these agents above. As the economy uses more and more areas for production, it pushes the natural habitat of animals closer to the regions of the human population, resulting in forced and unexpected amalgamations among the two spheres. However, the coronavirus could be considered as a state of exception in another sense as well. The uncertainty it creates forces us, both at the individual and at the societal level, to reflect on what had been “normal” so far. Therefore, we could regard the virus as an opportunity that makes us think about what we have to do, not only against the pandemic itself, but also against the ecological crisis that underpins the virus. The study attempts to describe the underlying social and economic factors of the virus, while it emphasizes that if we could regard it as an event, we have the potential to initiate societal change.
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The role of cultural and disciplinary intermediary of the rural teacher was not easy at all. The conservative world of the village hardly accepted the changes, including those related to schooling. In a world where the lucrative spheres were rigorously and rigidly established, the teacher had to enter the family status quo and educate the children for the benefit of the community and national values. The essential pedagogical requirements of the teacher were good professional training and morality. In relation to the parents of the schoolchildren, the teacher was urged to be always kind, impartial and sincere. For financial reasons, in many Transylvanian villages the community paid only one person to be both a singer (church singer) and a teacher. In some localities, the villagers were the ones who decided to separate the two positions, of singer and teacher. Being in the middle of the community, the teacher had the obligation to extend his beneficent influence to the farthest corners of the village.
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The issue of the study on the collectivized rural life in Romania brought to the fore numerous topics that can be framed interdisciplinary (history, sociology, political studies and economic studies). Discussions related to this have been a central point of debate in the academic world. Our discussion will be based upon the research of Howard Bekker, Pierre Paille, Max Webber, Pierre Bourdieu, Alex Mucchielli and we will gather all their work around one methodological matter: how the qualitative research may be relevant for the description of the collectivized rural life in Romania. Thus, we will follow several major themes: the dissolution of the Romanian traditional village, the end of peasantry, the emergence of the new values imposed by the communist regime in that period, the widening gap between the urban and rural world and the symbolic representations of work and property in the rural world. This study begins with the idea that the 1970s and 1980s did not allow for a reductionist research, based only on a “game of numbers” and an analysis of local rural documents, but required a much more complex analysis. In other words, qualitative research methods must complement the quantitative ones in order to address the subject from a subtler perspective. The focal point of our research is the property. This concept played a key role in the reconstruction of the mechanisms of “social articulation” at the time, which created new phenomena and subjects like the role of land ownership in the mentality of the collectivized rural world.
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The author briefly gives an overview of events in the occupied provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina related to the position of the Orthodox Church from the Austro-Hungarian occupation to the signing of the Convention in 1880. The state-legal situation in the occupied provinces required changes in the structure and activity of the Orthodox Church. The Occupation authorities were particularly disturbed by the right of the patriarch of Constantinople to appoint metropolitans and the right of Turkish sultan to invest in berats. The cooperation between Vienna and the Patriarchate of Constantinople was not conditioned solely by the fear of strengthening the influence of the Serbian Orthodox Church, but also by the common interest in suppressing Russian post-Slavist politics. The conclusions of the Convention were the biggest blow to the religious self-rule of the Serbian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which caused severe protests among Serbian church and school districts. The convention did not solve the problems with the Serbian Orthodox Church, as they thought it would happen in Vienna and Sarajevo, but it hardened relations with Serbian church-school municipalities that would later turn into a movement for church-school autonomy.
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Тhe author tries to point out the continuity of physical punishment of a child that lasts from the first civilizations to modern times. From ancient civilizations, from the beginnings of literacy, corporal punishment has been an inseparable companion of children’s lives. The first mention of a child is related to his corporal punishment. The author states the argued oppositions of important pedagogues to this treatment of children. Important thinkers and pedagogues (Quintilian, Montaigne, Neil) strongly opposed the application of corporal punishment of children, believing that it was the wrong educational procedure. In many cultures, punishing children is ritual in nature. The roots of such customs go back to the distant past and were undertaken because they were believed to be able to promote the growth and development of the child. Also, there were prohibitions on which objects children should not touch, all in order to prevent the transfer of negativism from those objects to the child. Studies indicate that the use of corporal punishment is viewed differently in different areas.The position of the child in the past has not been easy. Children were punished, abused, trafficked and treated inhumanely. Such practices have been present since ancient civilizations, through the Middle Ages, and even today in some countries physical punishment of a child survives in some forms. The period of humanism and the Renaissance brings different views on the child and the nature of children. This period brings an increased interest in children’s individuality, emotionality and authenticity. In all epochs, there are authors who argue against corporal punishment of a child. In Serbian traditional culture, physical punishment is a common educational technique, and punishment and upbringing in patriarchal culture have often been equated. Important pedagogues in the 20th century are of the opinion that corporal punishment is harmful and that it is not in accordance with the humanistic concept of education.The existence of physical punishment of a child has been noticed in the Serbian culture and history of school and educational circumstances. This kind of treatment of a child dates back to the distant past. The phenomenon of ritual punishment of a child was also noticed. Ritual punishment of a child is associated with mythical-magical actions aimed at promoting the growth and development of the child. At the beginning of the 19th century, due to the observed cruel treatment of children at school, the educational authorities in the Principality of Serbia tried to limit corporal punishment, which resulted in the adoption of written regulations and instructions. Proponents of Herbartian pedagogy, which has prevailed in our area for almost a century, allow the existence of punishment in school practice, but also the physical sanctioning of student behavior. Personal histories of individuals, personal narratives, show that corporal punishment of a child ‘s life in our area and during the twentieth century.
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The article focuses on the importance of the Danube River in the unification and modernization of the Romanian state, using a multidisciplinary approach. Thus, using geographical, sociological, ethnopolitical and geoeconomic arguments, the axial character of the river is outlined, relevant for the formation of the Romanian people, along both its banks.
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This article has sought to provide a brief summary of the concept and changing methodology of sacralization and presented a new space taxonomy, where materiality of religion plays a significant role in creating, shaping and maintaining a large variety of sacralized spaces. In my space taxonomy of space sacralization, human, divine and material agencies are interconnected and shaped by the three major spatial categories which often overlap. This provides a large variety of analytical tools for researchers to understand the complexity of spatial religion and the role of the human, material and divine actors within, breaking some traditional spatial categories, such as “private” or “public” and peripheral or central. My thesis shows that Roman religious communication in Dacia is more than just a consequence of Romanization: it is the dynamic interaction of individuals and groups in three space categories which often overlap.
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The analysis conducted here is an attempt to characterize and determine the scale of references made to objects conferring prestige on their owners in noble post-mortem inventories from the first half of the eighteenth century. The author has examined how prestige was regarded in magnate circles and to extent to which the middle and lower nobility — whose inventories dominate in the analysed source material — imitated the lifestyle of the most wealthy. A thorough analysis of the preserved sources is a contribution to the characterization of the standard of living of the nobility and an attempt to determine the importance attached to the possession of certain kinds of movable property.
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Review of: Maria Bogucka - Michał Salamonik, In Their Majesties’ Service. The Career of Francesco De Gratta (1613–1676) as a Royal Servant and Trader in Gdańsk, Stockholm 2017, Elanders, ss. 347, Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations 133
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