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The article presents Nicolaus Copernicus as a clergyman against the background of the momentous epoch in the history of Europe – the transition period from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. It depicts the great astronomer, lawyer and economist against the background of the substantial cultural and religious event which took place in connection with the Reformation. In the text the author justifies why Copernicus, as a canon of Ermland, had a lower ordination, even when he took over the canonry of Ermland. The author also presents the context of Copernicus’ origin in Toruń and Royal Prussia.
More...Przyczynek do autonomii prawno-ustrojowej miast w Prusach na początku XV wieku
The article is devoted to the conflict between Peter Steynort, a miller from the Dzierzgoń [Christburg] commandry and the inhabitants of the Old City of Elbląg in the years 1411-1412. The details of the conflict are known from the claim put forward by Steynort to the Grand Master. In the first part of the article the conflict is described against the legal and political conditions in Elbląg at the beginning of the 15th century, while the second part includes the edition of the source. In June 1410 Peter Steynort purchased on credit an inn in the village of Myszewo [Mausdorf] situated in the patrimony of the Old City of Elblag. A month later the inn was burnt down by the Lithuanian-Ruthenian troops taking part in the siege of Marlbork [Marienburg]. In March 1411 Peter Steynort returned to Myszewo, but refused to pay off 140 marks for the inn and two hides of land saying that the commander had not agreed to the transaction. The essence of the conflict was the discrepancy between the rule of territorial jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction along with the right to exemption. The authorities of Elbląg had full rights to execute the judicial power on the territory of the city and the patrimony. On the contrary, Peter Steynort believed that he could not carry out legal actions without the permission of the commander. The source material published here shows the daily activities of the city’s courts and the belief shared by the Elbląg elites about the right to the legal-political autonomy of the city.
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The article presents the hitherto unknown correspondence of the inspector of the general assembly of missionaries Piotr Hiacynt (Jacek) Śliwicki to the papal nuncio in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – Alberic Archinto, which is now preserved in the Vatican Archive. It includes three letters – two letters of 1754 and one of 1757, which are the evidence of the cooperation between the Church dignitaries. In the first letter Śliwicki referred to the conflict concerning the tithe, which lasted in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the years 1752–1753. In both letters of 1754 he described to the papal nuncio the situation at the court of the bishop of Poznań Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski, who was surrounded by Lutherans. In the letter of 1757 Śliwicki characterized the situation of Lazarists in Krasław, requesting some support (including financial help) from the Pope. The article was complemented by the source edition of the above-mentioned correspondence in the original language – French.
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Royal Prussia;17th century; history of botany; historical herbaria; herbarium vivum; ethnobotany Jacob Breyne, who lived in Gdańsk in the 17th century, was one of the most important botanists in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was fascinated with the exotic flora and was also interested in the flora at home. Like many other botanists in Gdańsk in the 17th century, he planned to publish the work devoted to autochthonous plants of Royal Prussia and Kashubia, but his plans were interrupted by his death. In the collection of Naturalis Biodiversity Centre in Leiden there are preserved two of his horti sicci prepared correspondingly in 1659 and 1673, where specimens of indigenous plants from Gdańsk Pomerania were included. They are the oldest sources of this kind to be found in the territories of early modern Poland. The author of the article presents the botanic interests of Jacob Breyne in the Pomeranian local flora. The edition of the texts from the Leiden herbaria was enclosed.
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Edward Rosen was born on 12 December 1906 in New York. His entire life was connected with this city; it was in New York that he was educated and worked. He is the author of 11 books, over 160 scientific articles and over 90 reviews. In his works he dealt with the 16th and 17th century astronomy and physics; his main interest was the activity and work of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. He was considered to be one of the leaders of the research on Copernicus and early astronomy. In 2012 Professor’s daughter, Carla Rosen-Vacher, presented the manuscript heritage of his father to the University Library in Toruń, which was finally developed in 2017. The archival documents given by Carla Rosen-Vacher are of significant scientific value. It does not include any private or family materials. The heritage consists of manuscripts and typescripts of Rosen’s scientific works, technical materials, documents of his professional activity, rich correspondence with other representatives of the world of science and edition of sources. The heritage was catalogued under entry numbers from Rps 4792 to Rps 4849. In total, it consists of 58 inventory units preserved in 42 files. The materials take up 1.6 linear meter. The greatest value of the archive are inedita – unpublished works and a large collection of correspondence. It seems that the materials may still have some value for historians of the early modern times. All the preserved materials shall be exploited in order to get acquainted with the figure of Professor, the area of his research and his taller. Particularly useful should be manuscripts and typescripts of his works, his notebooks, flashcards and six cassette tapes including Rosen’s lectures.
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The Author recalls that 250 years ago in the British scientific circles appeared theorem of probability of causes, now called Bayes' theorem (formulated in 1763 by Thomas Bayes). It refers to the situation where there has been some events and once need to assess the probability of another incident which was the reason, i.e. what is cause and what is the effect of this event. Despite the passing years Bayes' approach in statistical surveys for the conditional probability of occurrence is constantly confirmed and important.
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This article discusses the empirical data obtained from the study on the sport shooters in the Zachodniopomorskie Voivodship. The authors describe this sports discipline and the community of shooters in West Pomerania, including the procedures of acquiring sports qualifications, and the activity of the sports clubs and their associations. The discussed results include the socio-demographic characteristics of a sport shooter, the sports events, the expenditures incurred for sports, and motivation to go in for sports. The authors consider the activity of the sport shooters in the context of repeatedly diagnosed unsatisfactory condition of the civic society, and the discussion, recurring in the public sphere, on the access to firearms.
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The article presents infant mortality in Polish historical research and points towards more important works focusing on the above issue. The author analyses approximately seventy academic works in order to answer the fundamental question as to what extent they deal with the issue of deaths in children under the age of one. The research shows that, in particular groups of research papers, infant mortality is most often presented in a general and formulaic manner. A dozen or so papers present this problem as a side issue in their research and only a few Polish studies have infant mortality as their main issue and discuss it in a multi-faceted and broader context.
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Based on relevant historical documents, statistics, contemporary journals and nationalist propaganda, the following paper explores a series of fundamental aspects related to the political geography of Romania’s interwar Western borderland. I first examine how demography and state power are used in order to defend the border and to invent it as a marker of Romanian territorial sovereignty. Further, I explore a series of political and social practices destined to strenghtened the bordering process and the security of the borderland in the 1930s, before briefly highlighting the geopolitical changes that took place during the Second World War and its aftermath. I argue that throughout the interwar era this borderland was ideologically and socially constructed as a distinct region through various practices of nationalisation, as its demographic and territorial structure became central to Romanian projects of political engineering.
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Conversion into Islam in general is anyway an important historical question, sufficiently illuminated so far. From the studies that had been published by now, and which dealt only with Bosnia and Hercegovina, one could notice several view points. These have to do with the begining, intensity, motives and circumstances under which this process developed, as well as ethnical and confesional structure of the population, that was converted to Islam. To illuminate the question in its entirety it was necessary in our oppinion to do some research into the individual narrow areas, which are also limited terms of time. Therefore, this study deals only with this problem in the region of the North - East Bosnia and a part of the Bosnian Posavina, including the period till the end of 16ct. Examining turkish inventory defters which are the most important source and have not been utilized so far in the papers at all, one can say that from our view point the Moslems of Bosnia and Hercegovina accepted Islam from the Bogumils, as well as some stand points after which mainly Catholics accepted Islam, should be corrected.
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This is the second part of a paper that contributes to knowledge about the relationship between Brod and the people of Brod and Archbishop Josip Stadler. Through his example it is possible to acquire a clear view of how politics dictates and forms the consciousness of citizens towards their fellow citizens, even those whom may be ranked among the most prominent. The political struggle at the national level was also reflected at the local level. Stadler was a great opponent of the Yugoslav option and the entry into a joint state with Serbia. His political option was Western, “trialistic” with a reliance on the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy; in social matters his option was Christian-social with a distinct feeling for the poorest citizens, regardless of religious affiliation. “Materinska riječ - The mother tongue” as the newspaper of the Croatian-Serbian coalition (whose leader was Dr. Vatroslav Brlić) and “Posavska Hrvatska-Posavina Croatia” as the rightwing newspaper of Frank’s side, are two papers that take a completely opposite position towards Stadler. For the Materinska riječ, Stadler is a “dangerous man” because of his opposition to their political program of “one nation with two names” and a common state with Serbia. As most of the newspapers published in Brod between the two wars represented Yugoslav ideology, Stadler was rarely mentioned and practically forgotten in them. His values for Croatian people were temporarily recognized during the Independent State of Croatia. After the advent of the communist dictatorship, primarily in the newspaper Brodski list, he was not even mentioned. With the collapse of the dictatorship, Brod and the people of Brod got to know their great fellow citizen. The biggest credit for this goes first of all to the Sisters of the Servant of the Infant Jesus, a religious community founded by Archbishop Stadler.
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The Craftsman-Laborer’s Association “Banovac”, as the first association in the territory of Petrinja and Banovina, founded in 1885, and functioning until 1945, significantly contributed to the development of the crafts industry in this region, and in elevating the technical, cultural and humanitarian awareness of its members. Until the beginning of the 20th century, it was the only association in Banovina that significantly influenced craftsmen and laborers in this region, especially in its efforts surrounding the foundation of similar associations in Glina and Kostajnica. Not a single political party could secure significant support from the association. After a meeting of the association in Sisak in 1889, relations with “socialist circles”, whose ideas governed the agenda of the Craftsman-Laborer’s Association in Zagreb, became visibly chilled. In the meantime, the Association remained open to cooperation with associations, which were called worker’s associations, and under the influence of socialists, as well as with organizations under the influence of other political parties, particularly the Pure Party of Right. The Association was not burdened with Croatian-Serbian relations, which were present in a large portion of Croatia, especially in Banovina, right at the turn of the century. Considering that at that time, a total of 90% of tradesmen in Petrinja were of Croatian ethnicity, and only 10% of Serbian ethnicity (while in Petrinja the proportion of merchants of Serbian ethnicity was much more favorable), it is clear why “Banovac” from its foundation, until 1905, did not witness any conflicts with national omens.
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