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Post-communist landscapes are undergoing continuous process of transformations, more dynamically than many others types of cultural landscapes. One interpretation is followed by another reinterpretation; from the early festive anti-communist cleansings, thought discreet minor re-interpretations, infused by local and national political transformations, to contemporary ‘deep peeling’ or second wave of landscape purges. It looks like, contrary to the progressive van Gennep model of liminality, tradition oriented Polish society has been stacked up in a liminal limbo, unable or/and unwilling to go further and forget or assimilate the real or alleged communist landscapes. Since the 2016 election and the rise of populist-right powers, the Polish landscape has been haunted by the ghosts of communist past and it became clear that the past is still lives here now. New landscape modes of interpretations has been imposed and the spectre of communism, as Marx said almost 170 years, is still haunting over Central and Eastern Europe.
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VAJDA, BARNABÁS – GAUCSÍK, ISTVÁN (EDS.). VÁROSTÖRTÉNETI FEJEZETEK A CSEHSZLOVÁK SZOCIALIZMUS KORÁBÓL : AZ URBANIZÁCIÓ FORMÁI DÉL-SZLOVÁKIÁBAN. DZURIKANINOVÁ, NIKOLETA (ED.). VOJENSKÉ KONFLIKTY V DEJINÁCH EURÓPY. STRETNUTIE MLADÝCH HISTORIKOV V. ČOVAN, MIROSLAV. HISTORICKÉ NÁPISY ZO ŠARIŠA DO ROKU 1650. CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM SLOVACIAE 1. NÁPISY NA SLOVENSKU. LAURENCE, RAY. ŘÍM V ROCE 300 N. L. – TURISTICKÝ PRŮVODCE PO STAROVĚKÉM SVĚTĚ. TATRANSKÝ, ADAM. STOROČIE KOŠICKÝCH ELEKTRIČIEK, 1913 – 2013. GLEJTEK, MIROSLAV – LABANC, PETER. CVIČENIE Z HISTORICKEJ CHRONOLÓGIE : SPÔSOBY DATOVANIA V STREDOVEKOM UHORSKU. GLEJTEK, MIROSLAV – LABANC, PETER. CVIČENIA ZO STREDOVEKEJ LATINSKEJ PALEOGRAFIE : UHORSKÉ LISTINNÉ PÍSMO V 13. - 16. STOROČÍ.
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Arabian peninsula was brought under Ottoman rule after the conquest of Egypt by Sultan Selim the Grim in 1517. From this date onward it was ruled by Ottomans about 400 years. The only exception of Ottoman rule, were Egypt’s invasion by French under Napoleon Bonaparte (1798-1801) and later annexation by Britain in 1882. Ottoman existence in Arabian peninsula ended due to the revolts during the first years of World War First. Arab revolts were the last uprising against the Ottomans that they had to face with. The revolts were plotted during the most difficult days of World War First during the Dardanelles Wars, because of which Turkish soldiers confronted considerable losses and damages in Arabia. Therefore after the very foundation of Turkish Republic, World War First experiences, fueled by politicized Arabian nationalism also paved the way to mistrust of Turkish decision makers. Despite a few periodical betterments of the relations between both sides due to hesitant approaches, for a long time it could not be possible to establish mutual confidence building measures in diplomatic relations.
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The legendary cycle of the ritual hunt of the so-called guiding animal (das wegweisende Tier, l’animal-guide) benefited from an ample diffusion in space and time, as it was identified among numerous ethnic groups within Europe and Asia, in Antiquity and in theMiddle Ages, sometimes with unblurred echoes in the subsequent eras. The myths circumscribed to this thematic conglomerate do not represent a simple episode within the current ritual practices, but they embody insightful connections with the overall ancestral religious beliefs, with implacable demographic restructurings and with profoundly meaningful political moments. The essence of the legends related to the ritual hunt of the guiding-animal consisted of pursuing and even sacrificing a wild mammal (more rarely a domestic one), by a human community, led by the animal towards a convenient place. In this place, an important settlement, a city, a house of worship, a state body or one that provided appropriate standards of living was founded. Either the animal was tracked down within a hunting enterprise, or the animal itself assumed the guidance of a community; the latter accepted this position because it felt that it would be profitable for its destiny. The purpose of involving the animal in the life of the human group was to help it get out of a precarious condition and to offer it better standards of living. Hence, the larval state, without any horizon, was surpassed and a preponderant position within the terrestrial universe was acquired. The animal in question was endowed with condescendence, with an infallible sense of orientation and a miraculous force, which induces the idea that it was an emissary of the divinity. Although ritual-hunt legends were created in several places of the world, one cannot exclude influences and borrowings – mostly concerning details – among neighbouring communities, stimulated mostly by the migration of human masses and by the improvement of the commercial, confessional or other types of relations. As the migratory waves crossed transcontinental routes and they adopted foreign idioms, going through acculturation, confessional proselytism and activating other complex interconnection networks, they transferred and proliferated customs, myths and rituals of highly diverse origins. That, all the more as humankind has never and nowhere had an evolution with autarchic attributes.
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In the light of the official statements made by the capitals of its coastal states, there is probably not a single centimetre of free space left in this sea, to which a claim has not been issued. In some parts of the sea, the claims of three, four of even five states overlap, creating a truly Gordian knot. The significance of the South China Sea causes that if the dispute over the archipelagos is not settled by implementing peaceful methods and means, at the negotiation table, East Asia region is likely to become a potential source of destabilisation and conflict whose size, in respect to the location and the number of parties directly or indirectly engaged in the dispute might turn out to be extremely hazardous.
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The development of the civil society in Poland post-1989 has put the LGBT movement on the map of the country’s social landscape. As a corollary, it has also led to a greater social engagement of the non-heterosexual community striving for recognition of its demands. The establishment of the Campaign Against Homophobia (KPH) and the spread of the Internet in Poland have raised the Polish society’s awareness of the LGBT movement and made it part of the country’s political discourse. On the other hand, the perceived threat to the established conservative values of the Polish society has galvanised the opponents of the non-heterosexual community and its demands. The resulting dispute between the supporters and opponents of the LGBT movement and its professed ideas has placed the issue on the agenda of the Polish political parties.
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The gradual joining of the post-socialist states to the European Union turned out to be a long and comparatively difficult process. The inclusion of these states in the structures of the Union is not just a political, economic and juridical act, but also an act containing cultural dimensions. It is important to know the historically determined social and cultural specifics of these states and to evaluate the possible impact resulting from them in order to understand and analyze the specific route of development of the post-socialist societies within the European Union. The present article aims at the revealing of some of these peculiarities present at the level of the everyday culture and stemming from the social logic of everyday life. They are integral elements of the cultural system and of the identity, being at the same time not constant and, as the practice shows, liable to change under certain conditions. The text analyzes the apprehension and the attitudes to the private and public sphere, the ways to build trust and social capital, as well as the role and the meaning of the informal nets of relations in the post-socialist societies. It also follows the changes in the mentioned above cultural characteristics after 1989 and studies the reasons for the dissimilarities in the processes of change in the different states.
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