Книги 2011 г.
Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year
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Selected bibliography in the field of Bulgarian Studies published in the current year
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Highlights from our coverage region: asylum seeker abuse in Croatia; opening up in Uzbekistan; Telegram abandons blockchain; stunning fossils in Bulgaria; and a friendly reminder for Georgia.
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The prehistoric complex of Provadia-Solnitsata is located close to the modern-day town of Provadia in Northeastern Bulgaria. The remains represent the oldest salt-production site in Europe (5600 – 4350 BC) from which emerged the earliest prehistoric urban settlement on the continent (4700 – 4350 BC). The complex occupies an area of approximately 30 hectares. The emergence and development of the site were closely related to the largest and in fact the only rock salt deposit in the Eastern Balkans, the so-called Mirovo salt deposit on which the settlement sits. Salt production on the site was based on the brine (thick saline water) that flowed out of this salt deposit. Brine boiling in ceramic pots at Provadia-Solnitsata is the earliest example on record in Europe for the use of this technology in salt production. It was practiced on this site for longer than one millennium. The heat needed for the process was generated in advance in a special installation or alternatively, was directly provided мby an open fire, in both cases by burning firewood. At the end of the Chalcolithic, a change of technology had to be introduced – the water from the brine was then evaporated in a large ‘basin’ by using heat from solar radiation. The development of the five parts of the complex is presented: the tell with deposits from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic, a cemetery from the Early Bronze Age, a Thracian ‘ruler’s residence’ from the 2nd – 1st centuries BC and a very large tumulus on top; a salt-production center from the Late Neolithic and the Chalcolithic together with ritual facilities from that time; a Late Neolithic pit sanctuary and a cemetery from the Middle Chalcolithic over it; a pit sanctuary from the Late Chalcolithic; a cemetery from the Late Chalcolithic.
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Digital learning has long been talked about. Unfortunately, an undesirable situation brought this idea to the fore. History is a subject with wide possibilities for visualization, which process occupies a central place in the digital learning. This publication examines some aspects of history teaching in the transformation of the learning process from a present to a digital environment, based on observations and personal experience over a year.
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The article deals with the peculiarities of use of presentism as an approach in historical knowledge connected with the relationship between the past and the present. The essence of presentism, its cognitive potential, types, strengths and weaknesses are revealed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the cognitive capabilities of presentism as a research strategy in history of education, the identification of the risks that arise in connection with its use. It is shown that the main reasons for using presentism in historical and pedagogical research are as follows: substantiation of the relevance of the chosen topic; construction of a methodological research project; substantiation of the practical significance of the results obtained. The emphasis is made on the fact that the presentist approach, the use of which is inevitable, can lead to the distortion of the past, generate bias and tendentiousness in historical analysis, conclusions, generalizations, interpretations, assessments and, thereby, reduce the objectivity, scientific character and theoretical potential of the results obtained. Overcoming the negative consequences of the use of peresentism requires balance and attitude to the historical and pedagogical experience as a unique, inimitable phenomenon that cannot be transferred and repeated in the present in order to solve up-to-date educational problems.
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On the entire territory of the eastern regions of the Republic of North Macedonia, archaeological research and historical sources confirmed only the Bishopric of the city of Bargala as the first and so far the only bishopric. Beside the bishopric as the main church seat, there were also 453 Christian centers with lower rank than that of a bishopric, which have great merit for the spread of Christianity in other parts of the eastern regions of the Republic of North Macedonia. Based on the number of discovered basilicas and early Christian single-naved churches on the territory of the eastern regions of the Republic of North Macedonia, as Christian centers we can distinguish the following: - Maleshevija – Pehcevo: three-naved basilica on the site St. Petka and the three early Christian churches on sites: Skalata – village Ciflik, Manastir and Lesje in the village Spikovo. - Vinica with the two three-naved basilicas at the sites: Gorica and Kale. - Pijanec: Dulica with the three-naved basilica at the site Begov Dab, and the single-naved churches at the sites: Manastir, Seliste – St. Ilija, Keramidnica and Crkva. - Demir Kapija with three-naved basilicas at the sites: Manastir and Crkviste and the single-naved church at the site Kale – Strezov Grad – village Celevec. - Nov Dojran: the early Christian centre Nov Dojran with the three-naved basilica at the site Crkviste, and the singlenaved church at the site Manastir. - Vraninci (Kocani), with single-naved churches at the sites: Gramadi, Grobista and Seliste. - Kochani: Morodviz, has been discovered the church complex Crkvishte with two early Christian churches and one medieval church, dating from the 5th to 12th century, and the early Christian center Vraninci, in the area of which three single-church early Christian churches have been discovered, Gramadi, Grobista and Seliste. - Kratovo with Konjuh, on the territory of which three basilicas were discovered, two at the site Golemo Gradiste and one at the site Kshla. - Strumica, we will separate the city of Strumica with two early Christian basilicas, discovered at the sites of St.15 Martyrs of Tiberiopolis and Orta Mosque. - Stip, besides the Bishopric of Bargala, a great contribution to the spread of Christianity, there is also an early Christian center of Krupishte, 454 located in the middle of Bregalnica, in whose territory are discovered: the cathedral temple and the single-naved Early Christian church at the local church Kale, the three-naved church under the foundations of the medieval church of St. Nicholas. Early Christian centers (basilicas and single-nave churches) were demolished during the increasingly frequent attacks by the Avar – Slavs, late 6th – early 7th century. From the 8th century until the 14th century, until the arrival of the Ottomans in this region, нew sacred buildings were built above the foundations of most basilicas and single-nave churches, which continued to spread Christianity in the eastern areas of the Republic of North Macedonia.
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The festivals in honor of Jupiter, celebrated in the Roman province of Lower Moesia, have not been studied extensively. Fourteen precisely dated Latin inscriptions have been analyzed for this purpose. The 13th of June is defined as a fixed feast in the calendar of vicus Quintionis, and probably to one more village in Northern Dobruja. Most of the monuments were dedicated on different days and it is impossible to determine whether they were consecrated on a holiday in honor of the god. Some villages in Dobruja, such as vicus Secundini, vicus Clementiani and vicus classicorum performed regular, perhaps even annual dedications to Jupiter, but the day of the consecration of the altars is not specified in the inscriptions. The cyclic recurrence of this act presupposes observance of a certain holiday calendar with a fixed festival of Jupiter.
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Review of: Vjenceslav Herout, Željko Karaula, Mirjana Jakčin Ivančić, Goran Jakovljević, Zdravko Palavra: Povijest Daruvara: prapovijest – rimski temelji – naseljavanje – moderni grad. Zavod za znanstvenoistraživački i umjetnički rad Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti u Bjelovaru, Grad Daruvar i Ogranak Matice hrvatske Daruvar, Zagreb – Bjelovar – Daruvar, 2021., 514 str. Reviewed by Vlatka Dugački
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There are many records throughout the Empire from the imperial provinces dating to 1st and 2nd century AD that mention dispute settlements between tribal communities in which the Roman provincial administration had significant role. The intention of the Romans to intervene to such disputes was not so much motivated by the need to ordain how the dispute should be settled, but to ensure all the prerequisites that the dispute was ended quickly and efficiently. Romans intervened to all disputes that they perceived as potential dangers to their smooth administration of the province. The more dangerous the dispute was the higher provincial official was concerned with its settlement. Such approach to dispute settlements resulted with a high degree of standardisation of such procedures throughout the Empire which can be qualified as some kind of administrative arbitrations. Moreover, such approach reflected a consistent policy to disputes in those provinces where stabilisation of Roman government was still going on, or where tribal communities did still not fully adapt to the new Roman administrative system and territorial divisions. In their attempts to bring such disputes to an end, the Roman provincial magistrates used certain powers which were typical for their criminal jurisdiction, especially in initiating the dispute settlement and the enforcement of the award.
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Servus vilicus was slave placed at the head of a Roman villa rustica. The main sources in which we learn about the content of the duties and the powers of the vilicus are provided by Columella, De re rustica, I.8, XI.1, and XII.1, Varro, De re rustica, I. and the Cato, De agri cultura, CXLII–CXLIII. Having in mind that legal framework of his occupation is pretty unknown, it is justified to ask a question: was he (or maybe she) the institor? In the Digest, we find only the incidental remark that anyone appointed to cultivate the land may be considered as an institor (D.14.3.5.2). In addition, the institor was primarily engaged in trade, while the vilicus performed a wide range of the work. Beside that fact, vilicus was not exclusively engaged in agriculture, but also in some state services, which makes this notion even more complex and contradictory. However, the main question remains to be answered, whether the servus vilicus was a person who also legally obliged his master or his job was reduced to the actual management of the property?
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This article attempts to show if the entire story of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa is perhaps a narrative which is a subtle depiction of the interplay of the three guṇas of sattva, rajas and tamas which are cardinal principles in the ontology, cosmology, psychology and soteriology of the Sāṅkhya-Yoga system of classical Hindu philosophy.
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Space and Time are parameters of the universe. They are also the basis of the ideas of ancient societies about the world, which are reflected in the archaeological monuments. The article presents an anthropomorphic menhir from Midwestern Bulgaria, which contains information about an anthropo-cosmological model of the world from the age of megalithic cultures.
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The article is focused on a specific type of artifacts, made on the terrain from clay and then roasted. In most cases they have been created in Thrace in the period III-I cent. BC. In our archaeological literature they are denoted by the Greek word “eskhara” (platform for sacrifices), but we shall use here the term “altar”. In the process of the archaeological excavations many factors directly affect the stability and integrity of the altar and determine the appropriate restoration methodology. In the Bulgarian archaeological practice over the past decade restorers are usually not included in the terrain work. This approach brought to extremely negative results and irreversible loss of valuable information. Incompetent treatment and storage of the altars makes the archeological study senseless, hinders the identification and scientific interpretation of the altars. The author insists that a change in the treatment of the Thracian altars has to be done.
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