Nomina Agentis in the language of Shakespearean drama

Author(s): Aleksandra Kalaga / Language(s): English

William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the most fruitful neologists in the history of the English language. Although Shakespearean scholars are at variance in their estimates of the exact number of his neologisms,1 they are in agreement that he was “a most prolific coiner of words” (Willcock, 1934, p. 12). It seems surprising, therefore, that there are so few systematic, analytic studies of Shakespearean word-formation. Such established books as Evans (1952), Jorgensen (1962), Hulme (1962), Joseph (1947) portray the vocabularyof Shakespeare merely as a tool for achieving stylistic artistry, and they are not truly linguistic in their approach.2 The most celebrated linguistic accounts of Shakespeare’s language either disregard the word-formational component altogether (Abbott, 1883; Blake, 2002), or present only a brief, general discussion of the most productive processes (Brook, 1976; Blake, 1989). The most detailed word-formational accounts are studies by Garner (1982), Dalton-Puffer(1994), and Salmon (1987). These, however, are article-length and thus do not exploit the subject in full. The present monograph is an attempt at delivering a comprehensive studyof one aspect of Shakespearean word-formation, namely the category of Nomina Agentis. The greatest weight is attached to the morphological and semantic aspects of agentive derivation. The formal analysis, which covers the combinatorial properties of the agent-forming suffixes with respect to the etymological and syntactic features of their bases, is supplemented with the study of semantic effects of a given type of nominalisation. Although the approach is primarily synchronic, diachronic information is also provided where it seems beneficial in supplying a wider context, for instance, for the further attestations of a given Shakespearean neologism, or for a contrastive juxtaposition of a Shakespearean agentive formation with the Modern English one. Conceptually, the monograph falls into two parts: the theoretical-descriptive, whose main aim is to formulate a working definition of an agent, as well as todevelop an appropriate model within the frameworks of which the study could be conducted, while the second part is the proper morphosemantic analysis of the sampled data. Structurally, the work is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on the problem of nominalisations in selected linguistic theories, such as, among others, TGG, GS, and Cognitive Linguistics. Attention is drawn both to those aspects of a given grammar which could profitably be employed in the study of nominalisations, as well as to the problems and difficulties stemming from the holistic application of a given model. The selection of the frameworks discussed in the chapter has been made with a view to develop the methodology that could be successfully applied to the analysis of the data sampled in the corpus of Shakespeare’s plays.Chapter 2 discusses the notion of productivity in word-formation. Different modes of the conceptualisation, operationalisation, and evaluation of productivity are surveyed, and a special emphasis is put on the problem of estimating the productivity of a given process in historical language studies. The following two chapters (3 and 4) relate Nomina Agentis to the theory of categorisation. It is shown how the prototype semantics, developed originallyby Eleanor Rosch and subsequently borrowed by cognitive linguists, can be employedto deal with fuzzy boundaries between some linguistic categories, like, for example, Nomina Agentis and Nomina Instrumenti. The theory also proves effective in incorporating denominal performers of actions into the category of agents (the problem is discussed in Chapter 4). Chapter 4 also discusses finer distinctions within subject nominalisations, for example, the notion of an experiencer. A brief survey of Modern English methods of deriving agent nounscan also be found here. Chapter 5 presents a linguistic and extralinguistic background of EarlyModern English. It provides an insight into external and internal factors that shaped the language of the Shakespearean epoch. The chapter focuses on issues directly connected with word-building and word meaning, hence the discussion of internal features of the language has been restricted to word-formation and semantic changes.Chapter 6 is the empirical part of the study, where Shakespearean agent-forming techniques are presented and analysed. Each suffix is studied from both the formal and the semantic perspective. An attempt at evaluating the productivity of a given process is also made.Since, as has been shown in Chapter 1, none of the currently available theories is inclusive enough to deal with the complex aspects of nominalisations, I have adopted a rather eclectic approach, the core of which constitutes the Generative Semantics framework enriched with the prototype theory attitude towards category membership, while the formal analysis is performed in conformity with the basic tenets of TGG.The corpus has been compiled from The first folio of Shakespeare: The Norton facsimile (2nd ed.), and the Arden Edition of Shakespeare’s Plays (second, and, where available, third editions). The etymological information, as well as the glosses, are cited after the OED. Line numbering and quotations are from the Arden Shakespeare. The glosses are illustrated with exemplary references. I have not provided references to all the occurrences of a given sense in the corpus, as presenting a complete typological compilation is not the aim of this study. (Introduction)

Testimonia najdawniejszych dziejów Słowian. Seria łacińska, t. 1: Starożytność. Pisarze najdawniejsi

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The volume presents excerpts from writings by Ancient Roman authors of the turn of the Christian era which concern Slavs as well as, more generally, the Ancient Roman geography of Central-Eastern Europe. Each excerpt – accompanied by a note about its author and the work from which it originates, including an overview of the text’s manuscripts, editions and critical studies – is presented in its Latin original as well as in Polish translation. The second part of the book is devoted to historiographical commentary to the excerpted sources and comprises a geographical lexicon of the Barbaricum: the Northern, Central and Eastern Europe with adjacent Asian territories. Presented and discussed in it are over 1.000 Ancient ethno- and toponyms.

Hyperejdes Mowy

Author(s): / Language(s): Polish

The Athenian orator Hyperides of Kollytos (389–322 BC) was considered by ancient critics as second to none other than Demosthenes himself, and in many respects even praised as his superior. His work, however, suffered a very different fortune: his speeches all lost, for a long time he was known only from a handful of fragments quoted by ancient and Byzantine authors. The 19‑th century, however, brought about a series of astounding papyrological discoveries, which, among other things, gave us six of his speeches, preserved in considerable portions, and in one case, in its entirety. These are: 1. Against Demosthenes; 2. Indefence of Lycophron; 3. In defence of Euxenippus; 4. Against Philippides; 5. Against Athenogenes; 6. Funeral oration. The first decade of the 21‑st century saw another major discovery, which brought to light substantial fragments of two other speeches, Against Diondas and Against Timandrus. The present volume provides the first Polish translation of all these texts, followed by a selection of culturally and historically significant fragments.While doing full justice to the high opinion the ancient critics had of Hyperides, this relativelymodest (he is said to have composed seventy two speeches in total) anthology also providesthe modern reader with a unique glimpse into Athenian politics, institutions and mores in theperiod which followed the defeat at Chaeronea (338 BC). This book aims therefore not onlyat offering an accessible translation of Hyperides’ work, but also seeks to flesh out variousquestions and problems raised by these texts (too frequently preserved in a far‑from‑perfectcondition). Its main concern lies in political, social and cultural history, prosopography, andmost importantly – since with only one exception we are dealing here with forensic speeches – Athenian law and its vagaries. The entire corpus of Hyperides’ translated work is prefaced with general introduction which deals with political events in Athens and Greece after Chaeronea, with the biographical tradition of Hyperides, and finally with selected issues in Athenian legal history. Each of the translated speeches and fragments is in addition accompanied with a generous commentary and a detailed introduction, which aims to provide specific background to the case from which the text takes its origin.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS IN MONGOLIA

Author(s): István Erdélyi / Language(s): English

The volume presents the results of the excavations of the joint Mongolian-Hungarian expeditions: among others the relics of the Late Bronze Age - Early Iron Age, the stag steles and the tombs of the Asian Hun (Hiung-nu) people from the 1st-2nd centuries A.D. Besides the scientific description of the finds, it also gives the details of their historical-archaeological background, on the basis of the data in the earlier literature, including foreign parallels. He also reflects on the theory of the Turcs in a distant connection with the Khazar and Avar archaeological relics. In Appendix: New data on the palaeoanthropology of northern Mongolia by Tibor TÓTH; The palaeosomatology of the Naima-Tolgoy population by Ildikó PAP; A pathological study of the skeletal material from Naima-Tolgoy by Antónia MARCSIK.

Roman Republican Coins and Their Imitations from the Territory of Ukraine and Belarus.

Author(s): Kyrylo V. Myzgin / Language(s): English,Russian

The book contains the analysis of coin finds from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Belarus, but only those found outside the borders of the antique world, excluding the Greek and Roman towns in the Northern Black Sea Coast region. The key objective of the study (prepared within the Coins of the Roman Republic in Central Europe project implemented 2014–2017 at the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw) was to settle the most important questions concerning the finds – of the date, routes and source areas of their influx.The book consists of two parts: analysis of the coin finds and their catalogue. Although the author often had to draw his conclusions from indirect data, where information about the archaeological context of a coin find was, at best, limited, he managed to recognize the main trends in the distribution of the numismatic material in the territory under analysis.Публикация cодержит анализ нумизматических находок на территории сегодняшней Украины и Беларуси, однако учитывает лишь монеты найденные вне границ античного мира, с исключением греческих и римских городов расположенных на северном побережье Черного моря. Монография подготовлена в рамках проекта «Монеты Римской республики в центральной Европе», осуществляемого в 2014–2017 гг. в Институте археологии Варшавского университета. Ее автор ставит важные вопросы об датировке, путях распространения и местопроисхождении находок.Книга состоит из двух частей: анализа нумизматических находок и их каталога. Автор неоднократно был вынужден формулировать выводы на основании посредственных данных, а во многих случаях сообщения об археологическом контексте находки были, в лучшем случае, ограничены. Однако eму удалось восстановить основные тенденции распространения нумизматического материала на изучаемой территории.

Могилен некропол от римската епоха край град Стралджа, Ямболско

Author(s): Ivo D. Cholakov,Sirma Alexandrova,Victoria Russeva,Natalia Peeva / Language(s): English,Bulgarian

The volume presents the results of the archaeological survey of a Roman age tumular necropolis in the administrative territory of the town of Straldzha, Yambol region. The investigation was carried out as a rescue excavation due to the construction of the “Trakia” highway. Five tumuli of the necropolis have been thoroughly researched. A total of thirty one graves have been discovered, of which nineteen are cremations and twelve are inhumations. Nineteen complexes related to commemoration practices have been surveyed. There are two horse burials. Eight of the studied inhumations are secondary, and one grave is from the Bronze age and predates the necropolis. The excavation of the necropolis has revealed the skeletal remains of thirty-four individuals, and for twenty-two of them age and sex have been determined. The entire ceramic material and all small finds discovered at the site have been investigated in detail. The date of the researched necropolis near Straldzha is based on the coins found and the various objects put as grave goods. The period of its initial heaping and use is the early 2nd until the first decades of the 3rd century.

Nummi serrati, bigati et alii. Coins of the Roman Republic in East-Central Europe north of the Sudetes and the Carpathians

Author(s): Arkadiusz Dymowski / Language(s): English

The publication presents the results of research completed within the ‘Coins of the Roman Republic in Central Europe’ project implemented at the Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw. The author discusses the coins of the Roman Republic found in East-Central Europe north of the Sudetes and the Carpathian mountains (the territories of Poland, western Belarus and western Ukraine) – issues from the period of the first Roman emissions until 27 BC.The region of interest was never a part of the Roman state. This means that all of the Roman coins found in this territory must be treated as imports. The main aim of this study is to specify the time, causes, circumstances and directions of the import of Republican coinage to the study area, and to determine its uses in this region.The book contains the inventory of the finds with a comprehensive commentary. It is both numismatic and archaeological in its subject matter, placing itself somewhere on the border between these two disciplines.

Maat. Sprawiedliwość i nieśmiertelność w starożytnym Egipcie

Author(s): Jan Assmann / Language(s): Polish

Different aspects of Maat, a key concept in ancient Egyptian culture – translated as truth, justice, law, order, wisdom, honesty. Ancient Egyptians considered Maat to be the foundation of both the earthly world and cosmic harmony. The author analyses the notion of Maat found in ancient texts: in wisdom literature (the so called Instructions), in funeral autobiographical inscriptions, in other texts connected with the dead, in hymns to the Sun-god and in other royal inscriptions.

Lampes antiques, byzantines et islamiques du Nil à l'Oronte. La Collection Bouvier

Author(s): Laurent Chrzanovski / Language(s): French

The Bouvier Collection presents a corpus of almost 800 clay oil lamps from Egypt and the Near East, collected by the Swiss Maurice Bouvier in Alexandria in the first half of the 20th century. Far from collections reflecting their owner’s aesthetic taste or iconographic predilection, the series of lamps published in this volume builds a true panoply of almost all the typologies attested in Egypt from the Phoenician period to the Mamluk sultanate, with a large appendix on Near Eastern types, acquired during trips to Lebanon and Syria. This Swiss collection today is second only to the holdings of the Benaki Museum in Athens. The volume is a milestone of Egyptian, Syrian and Lebanese lychnological studies. The presentation of the material offers in effect a long awaited synthesis of a field that is both difficult and still understudied. The corpus of lamps in the catalog covers all the major historical periods, bringing to the fore many local specificities of Egypt and the Near East, from Phoenician times through the Mamluk period. Complementing the catalog are reviews of the producer’s marks on the bases of the lamps and of the iconographic motifs decorating the discuses of Roman lamps. These will be a ready aid for studies of the actual lamps, both produced locally in Egypt and imports, as well as of the dissemination of decorative motifs. This synthetic and diachronic approach is illustrated by a set of exceptional photographs taken by the collector’s grandson, Marc Bouvier. Students of this category of objects from Egypt and the Near East are also given an exhaustive bibliography on the subject collected by the author, an expert lychnologist, who has dedicated the past twenty years to research on lighting devices and ancient oil lamps in particular. He has given voice to his interests, including the anthropological, social, religious and macro-economic aspects of lighting in antiquity, in an extensive introduction preceding the catalog. The volume is prefaced by Tomasz Waliszewski and introduced by Jolanta Młynarczyk.

Wizerunek władców bizantyńskich w Historii kościelnej Ewagriusza Scholastyka

Author(s): Kazimierz Ginter / Language(s): Polish

The book has been dedicated to the reconstruction and analysis of the image of Byzantine emperors (from Theodosius II to Maurice) as seen in the sixth-century Byzantine historian Evagrius Scholasticus’s “Ecclesiastical history”. The author perceives the image of emperors as consisting both of their direct description (personality, virtues and vices, as well as their appearance etc.) and indirect depiction – extrapolated from their policies and events that took place during their reign, which could be treated by Evagrius as the result of their rule. The book is not only a rich source of our knowledge on Evagrius Scholasticus, his literary craft and inspirations, but it also constitutes an interesting panorama of the history of the eastern part of the Roman Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries. “When characterising the work, one more aspect of the research methodology should be mentioned. Kazimierz Ginter belongs to the generation of scholars who eagerly employ modern instruments of scientific work, thus enlarging the set of research tools for late antiquity. Analysing the written material, he opted for an instrument designed for identifying convergent points and specifying their provenance (via the Thesaurus Linguae Graecae project), which enabled him to establish links between the main source and other ancient and Byzantine texts. I am convinced that Kazimierz Ginter’s work . . . presenting Evagrius and his work from the new perspective deserves to be published.”

U boku bazyleusa. Frankowie i Waregowie w cesarstwie bizantyńskim w XI w.

Author(s): Szymon Wierzbiński / Language(s): Polish

The protagonists of the book are the Varangians and the Franks serving in the Byzantine army in the 11th century. The author comprehensively presents the reasons why they came to Byzantium, he follows their participation in battling external enemies, and shows their importance in the inner life of the empire. The reader is treated to picturesque accounts of the fate of individual mercenaries, such as Harald Hardrada, who later became King of Norway, or Hervé Frankopula. On the basis of a close examination of sources, the author characterizes the Byzantines’ attitude towards the Varangians and the Franks, as well as their mutual relations. The reader will find a wealth of information here not only about the heroes introduced in the title, but also about Byzantium itself in the 11th century, its army and the monetary system. The book is based on a doctoral dissertation, written under the supervision of dr hab. Teresa Wolińska, prof. UŁ in the Department of Byzantine History of the University of Łódź, defended in 2013.

Ab inferis ad rostra. Przywoływanie zmarłych w retoryce rzymskiej okresu republikańskiego

Author(s): Damian Pierzak / Language(s): Polish

Symmachia cesarstwa rzymskiego z Bogiem chrześcijan (IV-VI wiek). T. 1. „Niezwykła przemiana" – narodziny nowej epoki. Byzantina Lodziensia XXVII

Author(s): Sławomir Bralewski / Language(s): Polish

Since the 4th century AD, a firm conviction existed among Christians not only regarding the breakthrough occasioned in the world by the revelation of Jesus Christ, but also as to that associated with the reign of Emperor Constantine the Great. Contemporary scribes often referred to the “extraordinary” or “miraculous transformation” that had happened to the world by virtue of God's arrangement, and had led to the abandonment of both the previous religion and native traditions. Christians believed that it had all taken place as a result of the alliance of Emperor Constantine I with the Supreme God – the emperor’s guardian and ally. This book is devoted to some aspects of this particular alliance, or symmachia, in which the military dimension played a significant (and initially even dominant) role. It is the first part of the two-volume dissertation and contains reflections on the broadly understood genesis of the alliance of the Roman Empire (Imperium Romanum) with the God of Christians. It contains deliberation on the search for the Supreme God by Constantine, the ideology of victory adhered to by the rulers, or the birth of monasticism treated as a new (and typical at the time) way of practising the love of wisdom, i.e. a kind of new philosophy that would replace the philosophy of the previous era. “This publication is a scientific work on the history of Christian antiquity. S. Bralewski has devoted many years to exploring the subject, and in that time has managed to consolidate his position as a respected researcher in the field of Christian antiquity. The subject of the dissertation has an international and interdisciplinary character. It is well-chosen and bespeaks the author's desire to present his readers with an original approach to the long-researched topic. This book will likely be of considerable interest to experts and lovers of antiquity alike, which suggests it is going to fare very well in bookstores.”

Polityka zachodnia cesarzy Marcjana (450–457) i Leona I (457–474). Byzantina Lodziensia XXIX

Author(s): Łukasz Pigoński / Language(s): Polish

The third quarter of the 5th century defines one of the most interesting periods in European history. It turned out to be a breakthrough during which the Theodosian dynasty that had ruled the Roman Empire for over seventy years finally became extinct, while the pressure of barbarians augmented by civil wars led to the collapse of the western part of the empire. In this crucial time in the history of the entire Mediterranean region, two Byzantine emperors, Marcian (450–457) and Leo I (457–474), came to power. The present book is devoted to their Western policies. The author analyzes the diplomatic and military maneuvers undertaken by these rulers against the Western Roman Empire, the Vandal Kingdom in Africa, the Hunnic Empire and the Pannonian Goths. Throughout his book, Łukasz Pigoński discusses not only the policies of emperors Marcian and Leo I, but also the activity of other outstanding figures such as Aspar, Basiliscus and even Flavius Ricimer.“The reviewed publication is an interesting and valuable offer for anyone interested in the history of late antiquity. A solid analysis of sources, the base of which is well selected while the analysis itself performed in accordance with all germane principles, bespeaks a substantive work of high quality. The methods used as well as the mode of inference and presentation of research results are all accurate, which makes the publication a new and original contribution of the author not only to Polish, but also to European historiography.” prof. dr hab. Marek WilczyńskiPedagogical University of Cracow

Primordia Romana. Mityczna przeszłość Rzymu i pamięć o niej w rzymskich numizmatach zaklęta.

Author(s): Agata A. Kluczek / Language(s): Polish

The focus of this study is the mythical-ideological content of iconography introduced on Roman coinage, giving us an idea about the ancients’ perception and understanding of the past. This past is a construct emerging from the founding myths, or stories about heroes from Rome’s beginnings set in the early, legendary phase of its past. Among them was Aeneas — the forefather, who was a reminder of Troy, and Romulus and Remus, the sons of Mars and founders of the city (conditores Urbis), whose childhood fate heralded a great future of Rome and whose deeds led to the birth of the City (Urbs).The past evoked by monetary representations of these characters is reconstructed, the origins and early history of the Romans are explained. In coins, whose content draws on that past, one can see monuments to Rome’s ancient history: memoria rerum Romanarum. Allusions to the earliest beginnings stemmed from the expectations and goals of the issuers of coins. Elements of the Roman myth were brought back from tradition to create an image of gentes or individuals by metaphorically erecting their monuments. In this way, a strong bond was forged between the mythical past conveyed in myths and the issuer’s contemporary times. The past captured on coins changed according to the expectations and goals of their issuers, while coins were primarily „monuments in miniature” to polititians and emperors and were their way of showing recognition for Rome’s tradition and past.Starting from the 3rd century BCE and continuing to as late as the 4th century CE, on Roman coinage there appeared imagery invoking Rome’s origins and early beginnings. Hidden in this imagery was the knowledge about select episodes from the founding tradition possessed by the Romans of that time.More importantly however, these monetary depictions prove the attractiveness and significance of particular mythical themes. At the same time, the contents on coinage provide exceptional examples of the updating and politicizing of the Roman myth. It was manipulated by means of confining it to certain themes while abandoning others. Modifying the themes drawn from myths was to a certain extent determined by the limitations imposed by the numismatic vehicle itself, where there was no room for lengthy inscriptions or elaborate iconography. As a result, only simplified, symbolic versions of stories about Rome’s beginnings were depicted on coinage. They primarily involved images of divine, human, and animal heroes: Mars and Rhea Silvia, Aeneas, Romulus, a she-wolf, etc.Interestingly, however, the message concerning Rome’s origins and early history has not lost any of its vividness over the centuries. These images were presumably not seen as solely mythical episodes but served their issuers’ current goals and interests. Their evolving consisted in a gradual deepening of the significance of singular iconographic themes as they were linked with universal values. These values were either expressed directly in inscriptions accompanying depictions or emerged from the images of the mythical heroes preserved by tradition and transposed into the needs of state ideology. Herein lies the uniqueness of the imagery referring to Rome’s earliest beginnings and most ancient history, as well as the attractiveness of this material for study.The first part of this book discerns the themes featured on coinage of the founding myth from Aeneas to the royal epoch. Rather than reconstructing mythical stories or, based on them, delivering a conceivably consistent and logical lecture, the author attempts to explain the sense of images featured on coins and medallions through references to the literary tradition. This part points out the similarities, originality, or uniqueness of solutions applied to coinage in relation to a broader iconographic tradition. Each successive chapter is devoted to the following heroes: Aeneas, the parents of the founders — Mars and Rhea Silvia, next the she-wolf, Remus and Romulus, and the heroes from royal times — anonymous Sabines, Tarpeia, and Roman kings. The myth reflected on Roman coinage boils down to these characters who — represented in the iconography of coins and medallions — evoke associations with events from the origins and earliest history of Rome.Part two orders the source materials chronologically from the Republic to the years of the Constantine dynasty rule. Succesive chapters address who, when, why, and what particular mythical themes were chosen for their issues. During the Roman Republic, attention was drawn to familial issues, where the Trojan myth was one of the many possible themes articulating the noble background of a gens. The high status of the Julii, especially Gaius Julius Caesar (C. Iulius Caesar), then Augustus, and generally the Julio-Claudian dynasts changed this state of affairs: the private Trojan myth advanced to the status of a state myth. The coin imagery reflected this proces to a certain extent, in it, primarily connecting the themes of Aeneas and Romulus with depictions of the Temple of Divus Augustus. Subsequently, rulers mainly used the theme of Rome’s she-wolf. It was used on a large scale especially in the reign of the Flavian dynasty (69—96) and Maxentius (306—312), but also by other emperors, who sought ideological support for their reign and thus demonstrated their attachment to tradition.This part also shows the reappearance of various mythical themes in the context of anniversaries in the reign of the Antonine dynasty and the “Crisis of the Third Century”. Celebrating the foundation of the City (dies Natalis Urbis) during Hadrian’s rule (117—138) and its subsequent anniversaries, the 900th anniversary in the reign of Antoninus Pius (138—161), and the millennium in the reign of Philip the Arab (244—249) was a favorable occasion for remembering Rome’s beginnings in monetary propaganda.The focus of part three is imperial virtues, virtutes, which were illustrated by three principal iconographic themes, bringing forth the heroes of Rome’s founding myth. They are: Aeneas, mostly depicted as the one who carries out the father and leads out the son, saving them from the danger of death (Pius Aeneas); the she-wolf who takes Romulus and Remus under her care, nurtures and rescues them (Lupa Romana); Romulus depicted as a warrior and a triumpher in one (Romulus tropaeophorus). These three iconographic themes, featured in numerous variants, served as representations of the three values. They are the following: pietas, aeternitas, and virtus. The extent to which the images of Aeneas, the Roman she-wolf, and Romulus were presented in this sense shows their emblematic character. It also proves an immanent connection between the sense of such depictions and primary values in the Roman state, important for the continuity of the empire.Part four begins with references to the origins and earliest history of Rome and their representations on medallions, that is occasional issues, and to a special group of imperial coins bearing replicas of images previously used by other issuers, called imitation and restitution coins (nummi restituti). They offered an exceptional opportunity to comment on the rulers’ approach to the mythical past. In part four, there is also room to discuss the character and scale of images concerning the myth of Rome’s foundation in depictions on provincial coins and the contorniate. Next, the book provides a synthesis of the studied imagery. The numismatic representations have been discussed in terms of their themes and originality. The words inscribed on coins have been analyzed along with the significance of inscriptions as commentary to images.Finally, in the concluding chapter, the determinants and regularities in the selection of themes from the Roman myth have been indicated. Firstly, it has been noted that favorable conditions were created by the then current situation in the empire, emperor’ s personality, and issuer’s own interest, the latter being the interests of gentes during the Republic and those of rulers — the strenghtening of their power — during the empire. Secondly, it has been emphasized that the choice of mythical themes was not random. They were not commonly used, but were always part of political agenda of the issuers.Focusing on the three leading themes: Aneneas, Lupa Romana, and Romulus tropaeophorus, one can discern three periods of their appearance on Roman coinage. The first comprises, generally speaking, the 1st BCE and the second half of the 1st CE. The popularity of the Aeneas theme in that period is well-documented and unprecedented before or after. All the three themes coexist on the coinage from the years c. 120—160. At that time, not only political circumstances and emperors’ tastes determined the choice of those themes, but, as can be inferred from other contemporaneous artifacts, they were also part of certain artistic-ideological convention. The beginning of the next period is marked by Rome’s millennium and its end in the middle of the 4th century. An extremely popular image during the first half of this long period of time was that of a warrior striding with a tropaeum on his arm, while the theme of Lupa Romana, characteristic for this late period, remained a long-lasting preferance.

Pachoras. Faras. The wall paintings from the Cathedrals of Aetios, Paulos and Petros. PAM Monograph Series 4

Author(s): Stefan Jakobielski,Małgorzata Martens-Czarnecka,Magdalena Łaptaś,Bożena Mierzejewska,Bożena Rostkowska / Language(s): English

The publication documents the relics of the wall paintings from the Early Christian cathedral discovered in Faras by the team of Polish archeologists led by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski in 1961–1964 in connection with building the Aswan Dam. For each painting, metric data, location and state of preservation are provided. The catalogue is richly illustrated with the photographs of paintings before they were taken off the walls and after conservation, and a table of all the ornaments and patterns depicted in the paintings as well as concordance tables and index.

Porphyreon. Hellenistic and Roman pottery production in the Sidon hinterland. PAM Monograph Series 7

Author(s): Urszula Wicenciak / Language(s): English

The pottery workshop in the town of Porphyreon on the Phoenician coast (modern Jiyeh in Lebanon), a site midway between Beirut and Sidon (modern Saida), operated on a local scale, producing mainly amphorae and kitchen vessels. It was an important cog in the wheels of the region’s economy from the middle of the 2nd century BC to the 7th century AD. A Polish–Lebanese rescue project in 2004 probed a Hellenistic and Roman pottery production zone in the town. The assemblage of ceramic vessels and wasters that was recorded supported an extensive study of the local repertory of vessels produced, as well as the clay of which the were made. Porphyreon, thus, became the second, after Berytus, Hellenistic and Roman pottery production site to be excavated on the Lebanese coast, whereas laboratory analyses of the chemical composition of the clay have supplied a key criterion for distinguishing locally made vessels from other ceramic production in Phoenicia. The study presents the ceramic assemblage from Jiyeh, including a typological and chronological classification of the vessels, and discusses the finds in relation to trends and phenomena typical of Phoenician pottery production in the periods in question. The overall picture of local workshop output contributes important insights into the history of ancient trade and craftsmanship in central Phoenicia. A formal examination of the ceramic material, combined with a review of ancient sources, written and other, sheds light on the administrative status of the settlement in the Hellenistic and Roman periods, placing it convincingly in the hinterland of Sidon rather than Berytus. Moreover, it has added a unique small-town perspective to the study of the economy of ancient Phoenicia, based so far chiefly on data from the large urban centres like Sidon, Tyre and Berytus.

Ptolemais in Cyrenaica. Results on Non-Invasive Surveys

Author(s): / Language(s): English

Non-invasive surveys carried out at Ptolemais are implementation of the concept adopted by Professor Tomasz Mikocki, who in the introduction to the published in 2006 Archaeological Tourist Guide wrote: "Having been offered a wonderful opportunity to conduct research on one of the most important archaeological sites in the word we have decided to carry out mainly non-invasive works (rather than traditional excavations) in order not to degrade the integrity of the ruined Ptolemais". With this in mind, Prof. Mikocki has set an ambitious program of non-invasive investigations being aware of the fact that the research carried out over a wide area require non-standard measures and prepare a new methodology for this type of work. His idea could be realized thanks to a grant program of the Polish National Center for Science, as an interdisciplinary project "Noninvasive mapping of the ancient remains of the city of Ptolemais in Libyan Cyrenaica." The project, whose results are presented here as a successive volume of the Ptolemais in Cyrenaica series, is one of the largest such projects in the Mediterranean basin. More than 150 hectares of land was surveyed via non-invasive prospecting methods. On the basis of satellite images and aerial photography performed for the project, ortophotomaps were prepared for an area of 180 hectares. The maps were georeferenced and fed into the spatial information system for the site. Archival maps fed into the system were also georeferenced (including maps and topographical sketches made by nineteenth-century travellers), as was documentation produced in the course of twentiethcentury excavations by various expeditions researching the site. The resulting digital database allows for a more detailed documentation of archaeological remains visible on the surface. The basic methods of field measurements were magnetic measurements performed with a proton precession magnetometer and a caesium vapour magnetometer, as well as gradiometric readings using transductors. The geophysical maps illustrating the measurements were developed to offer a uniform graphic representation of the data from different measuring devices. Filters and transformations used in commercial software for graphic presentation of geophysical measurement results were used in addition to algorithms developed specifically to allow for a filtering out of defects resulting from the varied topography. This proved particularly difficult in the case of Ptolemais – a site spread out on terraces over a large area and with mutable lay of the land, as well as varied geological composition, with rock straight under the surface in the south of the city and numerous layers of relics of ancient architecture in the central part. An important methodological achievement was to develop the rules of integrating the data gained not just through geophysical measurements, but also photogrammetric documentation, aerial photography and satellite images, topographic measurements (including three-dimensional profiling of the surface areas surveyed). In addition to these, significant progress was also made in studying history of the city at different stages of its development, as well as the role of North Africa against the background of the other centres of ancient civilisation. This allowed for a verification of the existing hypotheses about the history of Ptolemais and setting new directions for future research on this important centre – one of the capital cities of the ancient world.

The Shields of the Empire: Eastern Roman Military Elites during the Reigns of the Emperors Theodosius II, Marcian and Leo I

Author(s): Łukasz Pigoński / Language(s): English

When the emperor Valentinian III murdered the general Flavius Aetius, it has been observed that he had ‘cut his right hand with his left’, and the story of the fall of the ‘last Roman’ has been put in the greater context of the subsequent dissolution of the Roman Empire in the West. However, a similar deed committed by the emperor Leo in the East in 471, when he ordered the killing of the general Aspar, certainly did not gain such a legendary status. The underappreciated story of the survival of the Eastern Roman Empire in the turmoil of the fifth century is however no less dramatic, and the role that powerful military leaders played in those events was certainly paramount.This publication aims to reconstruct the involvement of the Eastern Roman military elite in various matters of the state on the wider background of political history marked by the reigns of the emperors Theodosius II (408-450), Marcian (450-457), and Leo I (457-474). On its pages, the author presents the history of the numerous wars in which the Empire found itself entangled in during that uneasy time, as well as the periods of conflict and cooperation between the generals and the emperors. The focus is not only on the military elite as a group, but also on outstanding individuals, such as generals Plintha, Flavius Zeno, Aspar or Zeno-Tarasikodissa, the aforementioned emperors and their civilian advisors. The result is a comprehensive study and a novel interpretation of the nearly seven decades of turmoil that, contrary to what happened in the West, curiously did not result in the collapse of the Eastern Roman state; perhaps, as the author argues, in no small part due to those military leaders, who were serving and protecting it.

Moccus. Dzik w wierzeniach starożytnych Celtów

Author(s): Agnieszka Bartnik / Language(s): Polish

Celt tribes had a developed system of beliefs. Animals played an important role inCelt cults. A boar was one of the most important animals. Initially, it was worshipped asa manifestation of the forces of nature. Only later, did they begin to worship anthropomorphicgods, a boar being one of their attributes. Celts admired strength, aggression,and fertility of this animal. For that reason they worshipped it as an attribute of a war god.The pictures of a boar were readily placed on weapons, among others, on swords andshields. The figures presenting a boar were a popular decoration of the helmets of Celtwarriors.Celts worshipped a boar as a lunar animal. They also believed in its connections to thespirit world. The sagas and Celt stories include numerous supernatural and magic boarscoming from the spirit world. The monuments of these animals were placed in necropoliesprobably to make them perform the function of a psychopomp.Some tribes worshipped a boar because of its connections with fertility cults and theso called annual cycle. The very animals accompanied many gods and goddesses, as wellas played a role of sacrificial animals. The cases of boar burials similar to human burialsare also known.Unquestionably, boars, irrespective of gender, were one of the most important animalsin Celt beliefs and traditions.