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Еще в работах Н. П. Анциферова было показано, что классические произведения русских писателей о Петербурге отличаются высокой степенью общности, позволяющей рассматривать их как некое единство. Б. В. Томашевский подчеркнул, что речь идет не просто о «петербургской теме» как таковой, а о важных особенностях поэтики произведений, линия которых протянулась от Пушкина к Достоевскому и литературе нач. XX в. (особая роль городского пейзажа, «идеологического и эмоционального отношения» к городу, образа героя, «живущего, мыслящего и страдающего» в Петербурге).
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The paper is an English translation of Prejudykaty jako źródło prawa ziemskiego w dawnej Polsce by Bogdan Lesiński published originally in “Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne” from 1990. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Faculty of Law and Administration” devoted to the achievements of the late Professors of the Faculty of Law and Administration of the Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań.
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Іn the context of іnternаtіonаl lаw аnd іnternаtіonаl relаtіonѕ, the Vаtіcаn Ѕtаte іѕ а true "coіncіdentіа opoѕіtorum"1 , а ѕmаll terrіtorіаl but іmportаnt аnd іnternаtіonаlly recognіzed аctor through the Cаtholіc Church, whіch іt repreѕentѕ. However, few people know thаt the ѕаme terrіtory repreѕentѕ, ѕіmultаneouѕly, not one but two аctorѕ of іnternаtіonаl lаw: the Vаtіcаn Ѕtаte аnd the Holy Ѕee (the іnternаtіonаl perѕonіfіcаtіon of the Cаtholіc Church іn іnternаtіonаl relаtіonѕ). Even іf both entіtіeѕ аre ruled by the Ѕovereіgn Ponfіt (Pope), they do not іnterfere or replаce eаch other. Crіtіcіѕmѕ of the Cаtholіc Church ѕuch аѕ thoѕe relаted to fіnаncіаl іnveѕtmentѕ or the Vаtіcаn Bаnk would ѕeem juѕtіfіed іf we dіd not know thіѕ ѕepаrаtіon аnd the fаct thаt the bаnk belongѕ to the Vаtіcаn Ѕtаte аnd not to the Holy Ѕee. For theѕe reаѕonѕ, іn the followіng we wіll аnаlyze theѕe two entіtіeѕ both from the poіnt of vіew of theіr hіѕtory, but eѕpecіаlly of the clаrіfіcаtіon of the functіonѕ аnd roleѕ they plаy on the іnternаtіonаl relаtіonѕ ѕcene.
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The article contains the analysis of Church history in the historical texts of Wincenty Zakrzewski (1844–1918). In his considerations, the historian of the sixteenth century places a heavy focus on the role of Polish clergy in the Polish past. The field of his scientific interests also concerns the relations between Poland and the Holy See. The views of Wincenty Zakrzewski are presented against the background of contemporary historical thought.
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The article illustrates the importance of business diplomacy practised by free agents, who navigated and negotiated between northern European empires for widespread commercial, legal and administrative developments. Abraham Cabiljau’s career is an example from the early modern Swedish empire, which stands on the threshold of a new era. In the Swedish empire, Cabiljau was involved in several different sectors, from military recruitment to the development of state accounting and administration of international trade. He represents the Swedish empire’s vast economic relationships with international merchant networks operating in a broad spectrum of military and commercial arenas. The Swedish empire was economically dependent on the financial resources of the merchants in Amsterdam, and economic prosperity was not the sole contribution of these merchants. The education, knowledge and connections provided by Cabiljau greatly enhanced the administration and organisation of Sweden’s international trade by importing a new legal mindset and organisational culture. In return, northern mining resources and Baltic commerce were alluring for Dutch merchants. We argue that the modelling of international organisations was an essential part of Swedish economic development. However, the first Swedish trading companies remained an experimental attempt to transplant the Dutch East India Company (VOC) model to Sweden. Individuals like Cabiljau represent key actors who ignited, taught and promoted commercial law development in Sweden, on which international commerce was later built upon, with long-lasting impacts.
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The Scanian War fought between Sweden and Denmark (1675–1679) is an example of an armed conflict, which uncovers the clash between the commercial and political interests. This article analyses the dispute between the political allies, the Danish Crown and the Dutch States General considering the trade with Sweden. The Danish naval officials had captured and confiscated the cargoes of seven Dutch tar vessels, heading to Amsterdam from present-day Finland in 1677, which resulted in a major political dispute between Denmark and the Dutch Republic. By drawing upon the methodology of new diplomatic history, the article analyses the negotiations between the diplomatic actors involved in the disputes relating to the confiscation of the ships, all of whom represented the various powers involved in the Baltic export trade.
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Par la suite d’étude avec le meme titre publié dans la revue Carpica, XXVI, 1997, p. 59-75, l’auteur suivre l’évolution d’ ”Ocol” princier Trotuş pendent le temps de XV-e - XlX-e siècles. L’étude continuera son apparition, comme troisième partie. dans une proche numéro de la revue.
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This paper offers an Iberian perspective on Sweden’s ‘Age of Greatness’ by looking at the intersection of international politics and trade involving Portugal and Sweden after Portugal regained its independence from Spain at the end of 1640. Sweden’s exports of timber, naval stores, iron, copper, and weapons to Braganza Portugal are seen in the context of the Portuguese wars for overseas trade and colonial settlement against the Dutch Republic and the struggle for autonomy against Spain in its home turf. By revisiting the accounts of diplomatic actors, this contribution will discuss how Portugal turned to Sweden for diplomatic recognition and new consumption markets and carriers for its export sector. It will also be shown how Sweden stood to gain by adding a new customer to its military export sector and by tapping into Portugal’s colonial goods and salt, while at the same time it entertained the prospect of using the Portuguese offshoots in West Africa and the East Indies to further its ambitions in overseas trade.
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The article deals with the Renaissance beginnings of Polish stemmata, i.e. compositions consisting of coats of arms and poems that are based on them. The main purpose of the text is to indicate the oldest Polish stemma and to verify previous research results in this area. Answers to this question were sought in Polish and foreign studies as well as in the oldest Cracow and foreign early prints. The article presents and discusses the results of this search – different test criteria lead to different effects. The group of candidates for the author of the oldest Polish stemma includes outstanding Polish humanists from the beginning of the sixteenth century: Jan Dantyszek, Andrzej Krzycki, and Paweł of Krosno.
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The study presents a comparative analysis of encomia included in noblemen’s orations and sermons delivered in the seventeenth century at the funerals of girls and maidens. The juxtaposition of texts belonging to two different genres places the issue of role models in a new light because the way of rhetorical amplification of the same laudatory topoi, which depends on the type of speech, turns out to have a fundamental influence on the model that emerges from the speech.
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The article presents a historical analysis of an anonymous poem from the collection of Kórnik Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences, published in 1891 under a modernised title by Zygmunt Celichowski. He contented himself with explaining the Old Polish words and attributed the authorship to Salomon Rysiński, not having the information currently available due to research progress. Presently, an attempt was made to read the notes on the margins the publisher did not refer to. The introductory part of the article addresses the question of the work’s attribution and characterises the environment in which the poem could have been written. Then, the poem is discussed in terms of its religious content, ideological message, methods of distribution, and usefulness for the study of widowerhood in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
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The article aims to examine the initial phase of the marriage of Jan Zamoyski with Griseldis Báthory, the issue of change of the bride’s name, and the problems caused by the newlyweds’ difference of faith. Despite the plans of king Stephen and hetman Zamoyski, the young bride did not become a Catholic. Her upbringing by her Protestant mother and grandmother overrode the political interests of her Catholic male relatives.
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The article presents the Polish edition of the 1556 catechetical instruction addressed to children known as the Spiritual Milk; its Latin version was edited by Pietro Paolo Vergerio. The first part contains bibliographical information about the printing and the characteristics of the Polish text. It also discusses the question of the audience of the translation and the functionality of its typographical solutions. The second part presents a transcription of the text together with a linguistic commentary and a detailed account of the applied transcription rules.
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The article contains an edition of a handwritten occasional piece about the abduction of a maiden. The text comes from a silva rerum by Alexander Minor (ref. no. 691), probably written between 1664 and 1705, and held in the collection of the Baworowski Library (fond 4, section 1) at the Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine.
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Cette étude aborde un sujet moins recherché. Elle examine: Ies connexions entre les invasions des sauterelles et d'autres calamites naturelles, la causalité du phénomène, telle qu'elle résulte des sources utilisées; l'impact sur la mentalité individuelle et collective, sur Ia production agricole du Moyen Âge.
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L'article surprend dans une étude bien documentée les aspects de l'historiographie occidentale d'Ia sorcellerie, étant trait comparatif l'origine, l'évolution et le substrat de ce phénomène complexe.
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The condition of Krasnystaw’s crafts and trade from the mid-sixteenth until the seventeenth century depended on local, regional, and national factors. Royal privileges, beneficial location on trade routes, and good state of the economy all determined the role of Krasnystaw as an artisan-commercial centre in the sixteenth century, although first harbingers of future crisis could already be noticed in the last decades of the century. In the seventeenth century, Krasnystaw’s status was undermined by an accumulation of natural disasters and wars, growth of jurydykas, competition from newly chartered towns, most importantly Zamość, and structural changes in the Commonwealth’s economy. The crisis saw its peak in the 1670s and the 1680s and went hand in hand with the depopulation of the centre. As a result, Krasnystaw was demoted to an agricultural settlement and its trade and crafts became largely marginalised. This negative trend changed towards the end of the Commonwealth’s “Silver Age.”
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The article present reflections on the book Politycy czy klakierzy? Żydzi w krakowskiej radzie miejskiej w XIX wieku (Kraków, 2019) by Hanna Kozińska-Witt. The author of the publication sought to verify the thesis according to which the activity of Jewish councillors in Kraków was not proportionate to their number. For this purpose, she used the theory of arenas developed by Dietlind Hüchtker. The book consist of introduction, four chapters, and an excursus. Hanna Kozińska-Witt’s book is a valuable source of information. In comparison to earlier publications on the participation of Jews in Kraków’s municipal council, it tackles a broader set of issues and offers fresh research outcomes. However, the construction and overall methodological aspect of the book is lacking.
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The paper presents the Reims Gospel (French: Texte du Sacre, which means “Coronation Text”), one of the most important monuments of the Czech − and, Slavic literary culture, in general, whose destiny is linked to two ancient spiritual and cultural centres, which played a decisive role in the history of Slavic writing tradition, namely the Sázava Monastery, situated 60 km from Prague, and the Emmaus Monastery in Prague (Czech: Emauzský klášter, Na Slovanech, Emauzy). The Reims Gospel is an old Slavic Codex, thought to be issued from the hand of Saint Procopius, abbot of Sázava Monastery, and consists of two parts, one written in Cyrillic and one in the Glagolitic alphabet and used to be richly decorated with gold, precious stones and relics, among which a supposed fragment of the Holy Cross. The Codex was brought in 1451 to Constantinople where Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine (Czech: Karell Lotrinský) purchased it in 1574 and donated to the Reims Cathedral. Several French kings − François I, Charles IV, Henri II, Louis XIII and Louis XIV − took their oath on it, reason for which it was called Texte du Sacre. In 1717, during his visit in France Tsar Peter the Great saw the manuscript and recognized the Cyrillic writing. The book disappeared during the French Revolution and when found again it was stripped of all decorations and relics. Tsar Nikolai II funded its first publication in 1843 by Bartolomej Kopitar. Later on the manuscript was thoroughly studied by the Czech philologist Václav Hanka, who published it: Sazavo-Emmauntinum Evangelium nunc Remense, Praga, Ed. Haas, 1846 − for which he received the Order of Saint Anna from the Tsar and a brilliant ring from the Austrian Emperor Ferdinand. The most recent edition was issued by Vladimir Hawryluk: Evangéliaire de Reims, dit Texte du Sacre, Ed. Beaurepaire, Paris, 2009.
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