Emergence and Development of Vaqf Çiftliks during the 16th – Early 18th Cenrturies. The Case of Sofu Mehmed Paşa and His Vaqf Çiftlik

Author(s): Paulina Andonova / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2015

Sofu Mehmed Paşa became a vezir during the reign of Sultan Süleyman I (1520 – 1566). He served as beylerbey of Rumeli, Bosna, later – of Budin. He was the founder of a vaqfwhich included a mosque, a medrese and an imaret in Sofia to which he dedicated revenues from villages and mezraas in the regions of Pleven, Drama and Dimotika, numerous buildings in Sofia, Edirne, Selanik. The vaqf immovable properties included also a çiftlik in the village of Vrajdebna, the kaza of Sofia.The case of Sofu Mehmed Paşa’s çiftlik is worth examining closely because it gives a chance to trace the genesis and characteristics of that type of land-holding and its transformation from mülk to askeri çiftlik via vaqf çiftlik. It means that the sources allow us to investigate the three çiftlik modifications – mülk, vaqf and askeri çiftliks. This case demonstrates the possibility for a small plot of land to develop into a market-oriented and profitable farm-estate in the course of time through the medium of the religious foundation, vaqf, and other favourable conditions.

Młyn zbożowy w Oksywiu. Geneza – funkcjonowanie – upadek (XIV–XVIII w.)

Author(s): Jędrzej Szerle / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2015

Jednym z nieopracowanych dotąd zagadnień dotyczących dziejów wsi Oksywie w średniowieczu i nowożytności jest założenie i funkcjonowanie młyna zbożowego, położonego przy ujściu potoku Chylonka do Bałtyku. Obiekt ten powstał najprawdopodobniej w okresie reformowania dóbr klasztoru Norbertanek w Żukowie, do którego należało Oksywie, w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku, a na pewno przed 1346 roku, kiedy po raz pierwszy pojawia się on w źródłach. Więcej informacji o młynie posiadamy z dokumentów i kontraktów z XVI i XVII wieku, które odnoszą się do jego funkcjonowania, pokazują zmiany własności oraz częste odbudowy. Upadek obiektu wiązać można z wojną o sukcesję polską w latach 1733-1735, podczas której wojska rosyjskie oblegające Gdańsk zniszczyły Gdynię i prawdopodobnie również inne nadmorskie miejscowości. Artykuł pokazuje jednak nie tylko dzieje młyna, ale również zarządzanie dobrami przez żukowski klasztor Premonstratensek oraz wpływ wojen polsko-szwedzkich w XVII wieku na stan gospodarki Prus Królewskich.

Egy humanista mecénás a 16. század közepén Magyarországon. Verancsics Antal (1504–1573), a műértõ

Author(s): Árpád Mikó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2015

Antal Verancsics (1504-1573) was born to a noble family in Sebenico (Šibenik), and moved to Hungary because of his family connections. He started his political career in the court of King John Szapolyai. In 1541, he followed the king’s widow, Isabella Jagiellon to Transylvania, and only in 1549 moved to the side of Ferdinand I where he held several high positions. As an ambassador of the Habs burg king, he spent two longer periods in the Ottoman Empire and negotiated the Treaty of Adrianople of 1568. At the apex of his career in the Church he was nominated Primate of Esztergom (1569), then went on to become cardinal (1573). He was a historian who also wrote poetry in Italian and Lation and was a connoisseur of painters and sculptors of the era. He invited Martino Rota to Hungary. There are numerous sources regarding his love for portraits, e.g. he wrote a paraphrase of the epigram of Dürer’s Melanchtonportrait. His personal portraits were painted by Melchior Lorck, Martino Rota and Antonio Abondio.

Nagy-Britannia 1945-ben

Author(s): Róbert Barta / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 05/2015

The study focuses on the immediate post- WWII British history, especially the effects of war, the general election of 1945, home policy events and imperial foreign political aspects. Direct effects of the war were controversial in Britain in a sense that as a winner country her economic, political and military issues were subordinated to U.S. interests. The general election of 1945 was won by the Labour Party because the majority of voters expected them to introduce the long delayed welfare state administration. The Labour government has appeared as nationalist and imperialist, and due to economic and financial considerations they did not urge the dissolution of the Empire. London’s interests were more and more subordinated to Washington’s policy in the forthcoming framework of the Cold War, so she could not do anything to stop the process of East European sovietization, and it became a necessity to accept the policy of Western European integration.

Around the Bloc: Monumental Dispute Over Ivan the Terrible Statue

Author(s): TOL TOL / Language(s): English Issue: 07/26/2016

Plans to build a statue of the controversial 16th-century tsar draw the ire of residents.

РЕАЛИИ ЛИВОНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В ПОКАЗАНИЯХ РУССКИХ ВОЕННОПЛЕННЫХ. ДЮНАБУРГ, ГОД 1577

Author(s): M. B. Bessudnova,Marina Borisovna Bessudnova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (19)/2016

This article contains text, translation and commentary records of the interrogation of Russian prisoners in Dünaburg (1577) from National Archives of Sweden. These events took place during the Livonian War (1558–1583). It was a war of Ivan the Terrible for the Baltic states. In 1577 Ivan the Terrible went to the big march on Livonia ended taking almost 20 castles. Events in Dunaburg werea part of a campaign in 1577. From the contents of the document, you can get some information about the structure of the Russian army, the nature and direction of hostilities, the plague and measures to combat it, the strategic plans of Ivan IV.

АЛХИМИК, ЯНЫЧАР И «РОДИЧ ВИЗАНТИЙСКИХ ЦАРЕЙ»: ПАЛЕОЛОГИ В РОССИИ КОНЦА XVI – ПЕРВОЙ ПОЛОВИНЫ XVII ВЕКА

Author(s): Tatyana Anatolyevna Oparina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1 (19)/2016

Based for the first time introduced archival sources, this article examines the presence in Russia of immigrants, identify themselves as Palaeologus. Dynasty of the last Emperor of Byzantium was interrupted by the beginning of the 16th century and from that time began to appear numerous «descendants». They were considered the true heirs of the Imperial family by the Christian patriarchs of the East, rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia and Western Europe. Some of them moved to Russia, hoping to use the famous name to enter the privileged class. Russian authorities readily responded to similar requests for Russian citizenship. However, most Palaeologus did not reach a significant status in Russia. One Paleologus turned out to be an alchemist and was exiled to Kazan and his companion after 30 years in exile declared himself a direct descendant of Alexander the Great. Another Paleologus, a former Janissaries, couldn’t keep the corporation of Moscow nobility. The real success of the promotion in Russian society made other immigrants: Murzas. They and their descendants joined the ranks of the Russian nobility.

Troska o matkę i dziecko w pruskim dokumencie życia społecznego z końca XVIII w.

Author(s): Zdzisław Kropidłowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 28/2011

Dzieciobójstwo było zawsze potępiane. W końcu XVIII w. włączył się do tego król pruski, który wydał kilka zarządzeń chroniących samotne matki i ich dzieci. Na terenach zaboru pruskiego wydawał je w języku niemieckim i polskim. Zachowało się tylko kilka egzemplarzy druku. Król poucza w nim społeczeństwo i administrację, jak ma się zachować wobec samotnych matek, aby nie dochodziło do dzieciobójstwa i ustala kary za przekroczenie zarządzenia.

A múlt arcai és a jelen harcai

Author(s): Gyöngy Kovács Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 08/2015

A gyulafehérvári székesegyház déli tornya

Author(s): Balázs Halmos,Katalin Marótzy,Gergely Domonkos Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: VI-VII/2012

In 2008–2009 the Department for History of Architecture and of Monuments of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics had made a true-to-form architectural survey on the southern tower of the Cathedral of Saint Michael in Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia, RO). The true-to-form architectural survey is based on the method used in “Bauforschung”, the building archaeology practice developed and widely used in Germany. In this context, survey is not only a tool of documentation but is considered as a research method in itself. We had the possibility to piece together the on-the-spot analysis with the research of archives, too. In the following study we try to add new opinions and to modulate the formerly known building-history of the southern tower. The building of this part of the Cathedral begun in the second part of the 13th century, the last bigger work was taken in 1856. Our research makes an attempt to divide the different periods of the design, and the various restorations on the facades. The work undertaken is not completed, we expect to carry on the survey of the interior in the immediate future.

„Mert Könyvet lehetne arról írni sokat …tsak a’ míg épitett ólly’ fényes Házakat”

Author(s): János Orbán / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: VI-VII/2012

Diese Studie nimmt die Baugeschichte des Hauses aus dem 18. Jahrhundert unter die Lupe, die der Baronin Zsigmondné Rhédey, geborene Katalina de Wesselényi gehört hatte. Das Gebäude ist heute ein Teil der Baueinheit der Teleki-Bibliothek. Nachdem das Haus durch Erbschaft in den Besitz von Sámuel Teleki gelangte, hatte er 1799–1802 seine berühmte Bibliothek hinzugebaut (das alte Gebäude diente weiterhin als städtisches Wohnhaus). Es galt aber auch noch vor der Erweiterung als imposantes städtisches Gebäude, und während der zwei Jahrzehnten lange Existenz als selbständiges Wohnhaus hatte es schon das Stadtbild der damaligen Szent-Miklós-Straße geprägt und zählte 1778 unter den wertvollsten Häusern der Stadt. Die Gestalt der Baronin Zsigmondné Rhédey, geborene Katalina de Wesselényi (1735–1788) ist vor allem aus kulturhistorischer Hinsicht von Bedeutung: die einschlägigen Forschungen preisen ihre Bibliothek, ihre Dichtungsversuche und ihre Bemühungen für die Unterstützung der reformierten Kirche. Ihr Leben ist von mehreren Tragödien beschattet: sie war erst 23 Jahre alt, als zuächst ihr Mann, Zsigmond Rhédey nach 6-jähriger Heirat, dann 1770 auch ihr einziger 15-jähriger Sohn, Ferenc, gestorben hat. Die letzten 30 Jahre ihres Lebens waren von unendlichen Prozessen verbittert. Die Bauarbeiten wurden am diesem Wohnhaus an der Ecke der damaligen Szent-Miklós-Straße und der Fazekas-Straße (heute str. Ştefan cel Mare und Borsos Tamás) um 1775 begonnen und es war um 1778 schon bewohnbar. Die Arbeiten wurden von Meistern aus Marosvásárhely geleistet: die Zahlungsbelege bewahren die Namen des Maurerpaliers Paul Schmidt, des Zimmerpaliers Josef Rosenstingl und des Tischlers Thomas Henne. Dieses Bauvorhaben sitzt organisch in der Städtebaugeschichte der Stadt und der Epoche: die Aristokratie aus Siebenbürgen begann um die Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts in dieser Stadt, deren Bedeutung stets wuchs, sich Häuser bauen zu lassen, diese Mode führte eigentlich zur Entwicklung des Barockbaustils in Marosvásárhely. Es ist wichtig in Bezug auf die damalige Innenausstattung des Hauses zu betonen, dass gemäß den lakonischen Inventurblättern das Haus der Baronin aus Marosvásárhely schon während der 70-er Jahre mit zahlreichen „Bildern” geschmückt wurde: eine Inventur aus 1777 erwähnt insgesamt 47 Gemälden, deren Großteil wahrscheinlich aus Portraits bestanden hat. Die meisten Gemälden gelangten mit dem Haus in den Besitz von Sámuel Teleki, und diese Werke, die einst Frau Rhédey gehörten, bildeten im 19. Jahrhundert den Kern der Portraitgalerie aus dem Empfangsraum der Teleki-Bibliothek.

Nép – nemzet – zsidó

Author(s): Ágnes Harkai / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 01/2016

Mit amerykańskiego Zachodu na łamach czasopisma „Wędrowiec” (1863–1906)

Author(s): Anna Stocka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

In the article I have examined the way in which the American West of 1863–1906 was shown in the Warsaw magazine “Wędrowiec”. I have mainly focused on articles published from the late 1870s to the year 1906, when the last issue of the weekly appeared. I have chosen this specific magazine, because it specialized in issues concerning geography and travel. Throughout the period when “Wędrowiec” was published, the subject of the American West of 1863–1906 appeared in over 150 issues. Thus, one may risk a statement that the subject was quite popular with the readers. It is also to be stressed that no other region of the USA was given so much attention as the West. The magazine published the highest number of articles in the 1870s and 1880s. In the 1890s and at the beginning of the twentieth century the subject appeared only sporadically, which was due to both the change in the nature of the magazine and smaller interest of the readers in the United States. The subject of the American West, complex and exotic, was very attractive. However, with time and with the progress in the colonization process, it was difficult to find topics which had not been discussed up till then. Despite that, all major changes taking place in this region were duly observed. Also regions which earlier had not caused much interest among readers started to be reported on. The readers could also observe changes in the image of the Far West. Articles appearing in “Wędrowiec” throughout the period it was published dealt mainly with: Indians, Mormons and the Chinese. Other inhabitants of this area did not attract so much attention.

Pod polską banderą w portugalskim Makau

Author(s): Edward Kajdański / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2014

Count Maurice August Benyowsky is well-known though controversial figure in the Polish and Hungarian history. He took part in Polish military confederacy aimed to rid Poland of a Russian yoke. Benyowsky has been wounded in the fight and taken prisoner by Russians, being sent into exile to Kamchatka by the personal edict of Catherine II, the Empress of Russia. He managed to put most of the deportees under his control. They hatched a plot which resulted in the successful revolt against the authorities of Kamchatka and conspirators took control over Bolscheretsk, the main city of the peninsula. After capturing the Russian ship „St. Peter and Paul”, Benyowsky left Kamchatka with 85 people on board and after nearly 5 months long voyage through the Pacific Ocean reached the Portuguese Macau on the south coast of China. This incredible voyage through unknown regions of the Bering Sea and the North Pacific is described thoroughly in Benyowsky’s diary entitled Journal de sont Voyage par Mer, depuis la Presqu’ile de Kamchatka, jusqu’ à Canton dans la Chine in the French manuscript, later edited and published in London in 1790. During their 4 months long stay in Macau some of Benyowsky’s people died, among them was the 16 years old daughter of Kamchatka’s governor – Aphanasia, who helped Benyowsky to regain freedom. She was the only person among Russians, who – according to the Journal – was buried in the garden belonging to a certain Chevalier Hiss, probably somewhere near to the present Camoes Garden. All other people who died in Macau were buried within the city, supposedly on the mountain which later became known as Montanha Russa (this means Russian Mountain in Author’s opinion) and this confirms that at least several conversions of Russians into Catholicism really have taken place. According to the Swedish traveller who visited Macau in the early nineteenth century, he saw Aphanasia’s tomb in St. Paul Church and in the paper the Author is discussing some questions concerning her burial and the possible fate of her remains after St. Paul Church was destroyed by fire in 1835.

Samorząd szlachecki województwa kijowskiego w połowie lat 80. XVIII wieku (1783—1785)

Author(s): Witold Filipczak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2016

The article discusses the functioning of the self-government of nobles in the Kiev Voivodeship in the years 1783—1785. The problem was presented against the background of the political situation which arose as a result of the entry in 1783 of the Russian army to the Polish areas of Ukraine. This was associated with Petersburg’s activities whose purpose was to annex Crimea. The article also discusses the influence of the changes in the organisation of the royalist supporters in the years 1783—1784 in the south-western areas of the Polish Republic, which were supposed to be directed by Marshal Michał Mniszech, the Ruthenian voivode Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki and the Kievian castellan Józef Stempkowski (who went on to become a voivode himself). The article concerns the course of the regional sessions of assemblies (sejmiki) and their bills in Żytomierz — the electoral assembly in July 1783, the parliamentary assembly in August 1784, and especially the economic assembly in July 1785. The laudum of the Kiev voivodeship of 16 July 1785 is notable due to the rich amount of problems associated with self-government which are contained in it. In this area it was a second current of regional assembly life, manifesting itself apart from political and personal rivalry which was a marked feature of the parliamentary, deputational and electoral regional assemblies. The nobility that participated in the sessions in Żytomierz was superior in its activity to the Mazovian voivodeship, not to mention the remaining voivodeships of the Wielkopolska province, where sometimes the economic assemblies were not held at all.

Notes… ks. Teodora Wieczorka SDB (1888-1957), cz. I. Autor i tekst

Author(s): Piotr Szlufik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

Many saints have le behind journals of the soul, autobiographiesor spiritual notes. The authors of this kind of writings can also be found among the Salesian Family, e.g.: blessed. Rev. B. Markiewicz, blessed A. da Costa, blessed Rev. J. Kowalski, blessed A. Marvelli and Rev. S. Mannucci. e Notebook..., authored by a Salesian missionary in China, Rev. Wieczorek, is an interesting example of such spiritual writings. This article is the first part of the study of the manuscript. It undertakes two topics: presentation of the author’s biography (family environment, stages of formation) and presentation of the text (physical description, authorship, chronology, purpose and method of record keeping, internal structure, the history of the manuscript, subsequent editions and commentaries).

Najemnicy w armiach XVII stulecia i ich rola w procesach kształtowania narodów Europy

Author(s): Wawrzyniec Miścicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

The aim of this paper is to describe the changes in the warfare that occurred in the 17th century and to outline their social and political implications. During early modern period in Europe, and specially during Thirty Years’ War, several European countries have shifted away from professional, mercenary-based formations and begun creating standing armies, conscripted from the local population. This resulted in changing of the social perception of warfare, and had great impact on the culture of the entire continent. The figure of a mercenary a professional soldier, who was perceived as a type of craftsman deeply attached to his personal honour, became obsolete, pushing it into the area of marginal identities of contemporary and future society. The paper follows the case studies of mercenaries who served in the middle of the 17th century, both actual and fictional, and presents their lives in typical context of early modern warfare. It also explain possible reasons behind the switch to conscripted standing armies, which were the predecessors of current national armies and have direct impact in creating modern societies.

Inna historia berdyczowskich bałagułów

Author(s): Iwona Węgrzyn / Language(s): Polish Issue: 20/2014

The paper is an attempt to reread the history of Volyn balagulas. In Polish tradition these groups of young gentry decadents flirting with peasants culture are the symbol of lost generation. I would like to remind the forgotten discussion held by 19th century conservative writers who described balagulas movement as the threat to Polish identity.

Os portugueses em Macau no século XVIII – considerações sobre um encontro de culturas

Author(s): Natalia Czopek / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 3/2014

This paper presents a part of the history of Macau, namely the political, administrative, economic and social situation in the 18th century, mentioning the most important events in other periods of the Portuguese presence in the region. Due to the unavailability of records of the Creole language used in the 18th century, the study has been enriched with an analysis of the most important features of the Portuguese language in Macau.

Słów kilka o morale i dyscyplinie w komandach w czasie wojny burskiej, październik 1899–maj 1902

Author(s): Michał Leśniewski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2014

One of the key factors during any war is the morale and discipline of the troops. Those two issues are closely interconnected. The same applies to the Anglo-Boer War. The case of the Boer forces, which were composed of irregular militiamen, is especially interesting. The latter did not know the European-style discipline. This was a problem during the regular phase of the war, but paradoxically it was less of a problem in the guerilla phase of war. In fact the high morale was an effect of self imposed discipline, which in turn was an effect of the high morale. The present text constitutes an endeavor to study the correlation between morale and discipline in Boer commandos; its goal is also to shed light on the issue of how the two had influenced one another.