Да си ученик на Фотинов

Author(s): Nadya Danova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The study is dedicated to Constantin Fotinov (1785-1858) - one of the most important and influential figures in the history of the Bulgarian intellectual life in the 19th century. Fotinov did not write a special treatise on childhood and his account of childhood is not to be found explicitly and systematically expressed in a single work therefore it has to be extracted from scattered remarks. The study focuses on Fotinov’s activities as editor of the review “Luboslovie” and teacher. It offers concrete examples which reveal that Fotinov may be placed at the beginning of a tradition of a child-centred education. Special attention is paid to the philosophy of the Enlightenment which strongly influenced the formation of the Bulgarian literati during the 18th and 19th centuries.

Училищното наказание или за властите на/в институцията

Author(s): Elena Tacheva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1-2/2016

The research is directed to the school culture of the Bulgarian Revival. It is based on the conviction that the school punishement was important element of this culture. From the point of view of the punishement an important reading of several important cultural facts situated in different spheres of the social life of 19th century has been achieved. Punishement was interpreted as a sign of long cultural memory including relicts from Antiquity and Middle Ages. Different punishement practices and the school legislation legitimizing them have been researched. Parallels between disciplinary functions of the panishement in the school and in some professional societies have been done. The evolution of the school punishement reflects the development of the school institution and describe its efforts for modernization.

Note despre restaurările coordonate de Lecomte du Nouy la Trei Ierarhi şi Sf. Nicolae Domnesc

Author(s): Alexandru Istrate / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2014

The Capital of Moldavia was the only town in the Kingdom where two emblematic historical monuments were restored: the Three Hierarch Church, the Saint Nicholas Princely Church. The two churches in Iasi were part of the much too short list of restoration works conducted in the second half of the nineteenth century, next to Curtea de Argeș, the Metropolitan’s residence in Târgoviște and the Saint Demetrius Church in Craiova. All these interventions, which met with violent opposition in the public space, were coordinated by a foreign architect, Lecomte de Noüy. Blasphemed and equally admired, a ferment for original passions in the local architectural landscape, rightfully considered by many a ‘spoiled foreigner’, Lecomte de Noüy was one of the most important specialists involved in the art of restoration of Romanian monuments in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

The Emergence of the Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities. Romanian Historiography of the Twentieth Century

Author(s): Laurenţiu Rădvan / Language(s): English Issue: 51/2014

This study shows how and why the interpretations of various historians from Romania were influenced by the times in which they lived and the ideologies they lived under. Before World War II, the Romanian historiography had a solid connection to the European one. In that period, the view that gave great credit to Germans in the urbanization process gained ground, thanks to major scholars such as Nicolae Iorga or Gheorghe I. Brătianu. However, a trend that supported a “local path” in the development of towns had also begun to gain popularity, with Constantin C. Giurescu as its advocate. This interpretation may be explained by taking into account the decades that followed the year 1918, after Greater Romania emerged and the country sought to establish an identity within the new European background. The Communists’ rise to power also led to a single ideology being enforced, which determined dramatic changes in historiography. The historians had limited freedom of movement, and historical creations had to be regulated by the authorities. The “autochtonist” current suited the regulators of historiography, especially since the regime was seeking for a way of its own to evolve in the Eastern bloc, but this time from a different perspective.

Staroşti francezi din Moldova în prima jumătate a secolului XIX

Author(s): Ancuţa Vlas / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 51/2014

Less known in the historiography, the so-called staroști were the consuls representatives in the most important towns in Moldavia. Chosen among the most notable foreign sudits, their activity, unpaid, was to protect the French sudits of the Consulate. That does not mean that they limited their activity to only this one matter, as we could notice in the period of the union of the Romanian Principalities. Among the most important staroști of the French consulate in Iași we can mention Cesare Scotto, Jacques Caillol and Jean-Jacques Bitrou.

Crusades as viewed from Venice. The case of the chronicle transcribed by Gasparo Zancaruolo

Author(s): Şerban Marin / Language(s): English Issue: XXXIII/2015

Among the around 2,000 codices representing the Venetian chronicles written between the 11th and 18th centuries, we selected the chronicle transcribed by Gasparo Zancaruolo around 1519. The present paper focuses upon manuscript M 2570 at Marciana National Library in Venice, presenting a history of this codex and getting involved in the clarifications referring to the paternity and the dating of it. It also insists upon the sources and influences that this work had in connection with other Venetian chronicles.This paper presents in extenso the fragments in the chronicle that deal with the crusading phenomenon, with the mention that the term of ‘crusade’ does not refer exclusively to the so-called ‘classical crusades’, but also to the various military confrontations between Christians and Muslims both previously and afterwards.

«Je vais donc narrer les grandes actions du prince Michel, dire comment il tailla les Turcs en pieces»: Michel le Brave, champion de l’Orthodoxie des chroniqueurs grecs

Author(s): Alexandra Laliberté de Gagne / Language(s): French Issue: XXXIII/2015

This study focuses on the figure of the Wallachian voivod Michael the Brave and his glorification in the light of the Greek chronicles of Matthew of Myra, Stavrinos the Vestiar and Georges Palamades. The Romanian prince is an emblematic figure of the Balkan region under the Ottoman yoke in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. His case is very evocative for the use of heroes embodying the struggle against Ottoman rule in modern Greek literature. However, the fight is led by a prince of Vlach origins, who’s participated in the unification of the Romanian principalities and their emancipation. This study is to determine the reasons for its appropriation as a symbol of liberation by Greek authors, despite tensions between Greeks and Vlachs.

Tanácsok Báthory Zsigmondnak...

Author(s): György Gömöri / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2013

Antonio Possevino alakjával viszonylag keveset foglalkoztak a magyar irodalom-, illetve mûvelõdéstörténészek. Barlay Ö. Szabolcs ugyan ír arról, hogy a mantuai születésû szerzetest Grazban „olthatatlan vágy” szállta meg a törökök által elfoglalt országok megtérítésére, és megemlíti, hogyan segített Possevino Báthory Andrásnak a bíborosi cím elnyerésében, de fõként magyar (és a lengyel) történészek írtak róla, kiemelve a Báthory István és Rettenetes Iván közötti béketárgyalásokban játszott szerepét. Ezenkívül Veress Endre, aki az erdélyi jezsuita misszió iratait is feldolgozta, kiadta Possevino Erdélyrõl írt feljegyzéseit Transylvania címmel.

Mozaikkockák a fejedelemség kori Kolozsvár mindennapjaiból

Author(s): Gyöngy Kovács Kiss / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 03/2013

The study examines different segments of everyday life in Kolozsvár during the 16th and 17th centuries, including leisure activities and phenomena of social interaction and communication, while regarding the city – viewed as a process in itself – not merely as a location of the discussed events, but as a place which influences citizens as well as outsiders. The discussed domains include guild life and the function of guilds in closed and characteristically self organizing communities, certain types and specific locations of pastimes and games, gossip and insult as the warrants of publicity, and the regulation of costumes.

Zapreke za sklapanje braka u glagoljskim matičnim knjigama i ostalim dokumentima sa zadarskoga područja od 1565. do sredine 19. stoljeća

Author(s): Grozdana Franov-Živković / Language(s): English,Croatian Issue: 49/2015

The article focuses on marriage impediments as identified in marriage registry books, as well as other registry books containing data on weddings, or secondary documents required in order to perform the act and achieve the ratification of marriage, preserved at the parish archives. Special marriage licences thus concerned the following cases: blood relations, spiritual relations and relations-in-law, legal relations, concubinate before marriage, marriage of widows and widowers, marriage of persons of different confessions, marriage of minors, marriage between persons from different dioceses, liberation from the “three mandates”, and permits to perform the wedding in the bridegroom’s parish. The article analyses the frequency of impediments as attested in various parts of the Zadar area: the islands, the littoral, and the hinterland. In the Zadar area, a considerable number of Glagolitic registry books have been preserved from the period between the Council of Trent (1565) and 1825, the year in which tabulatory registry books were introduced. The article focuses on 102 Glagolitic registry books from the 240 that have been found in the Zadar area, as well as a number of secondary documents mentioning various marriage impediments and the position of women in the society, especially in Zadar’s hinterland and the littoral, as well as on the islands.

Antitrinitáriusok, reformátusok és jezsuiták Gyulafehérvárott, 1557–1588

Author(s): András Szabó / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

Alba Iulia (Gyulafehérvár, Karlsburg) became the capital of the Principality of Transylvania just being born. Its Hungarian inhabitants became Protestant, and from 1565 on they became the owners of the former Catholic episcopal dome. Influenced by prince Sigismund John and his court-physician, Giorgio Biandrata, the leading pastors and professors of the town (István Csázmai, Pál Gyulai, Benedek Óvári, Gregor Wagner) had chosen the Unitarian Church, instead of the Calvinist one. At this time the print of Raphael Hoffhalter was working in the town. The above mentioned prince wanted to found a new capital and a university, but his early death didn’t let him to fulfill all these plans. The next prince, István Báthory, who belonged to the Catholic Church, wanted to restrict the spreading of the Unitarian faith. First he gave over the dome and the school to the Calvinists and invited from Hungary Benedek Ilosvai who became the leader of the collegiate church. The second step of this tact was – after 1579 – the appearance of the Jesuits in Transylvania and also in the capital; a Jesuit, János Leleszi became the tutor of Zsigmond Báthory before he became of age. In Alba Iulia the Jesuits founded a schola aulica and also a public school, and they got the building of the monastery and the church of the city, out of use since a long period. The plague year of 1586 destroyed brutally the intellectual circles of Transylvania and the noble orders of the country radically got rid of the Jesuits. Though the Jesuit order returned after three years, and the dome was also given to them, but the war years didn’t support their activities, and for the long period of István Bocskai’s Protestant rule they had to leave this region.

A városvezető és gazdasági elit összetétele Nagybányán 1569 és 1581 között

Author(s): Petra Mátyás-Rausch / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2015

The study examines the leading groups of Nagybánya (Baia Mare) in the area under chamber administration. The most important source was the town-minutes; it includes names of elect officials. Examining the early modern area elite of Nagybánya several basic conclusions may be drawn. In these times three groups belonged to leading political group: craftsmen, miners, and other citizens who couldn’t be categorized. The group of craftsmen had the most important effect on the town’s political life, this stratum could give most jurors and councilors to the government, but at the end of 16th century their influence was forced into background, there were so many reasons for this occurrence. During the area of chamber administration the miners’ participation wasn’t significant in the leading staff in spite of the fact that Nagybánya was a well-known mine town, and there were the mining chamber with the mint, so this town was the centre of mining administration. To the third group belonged citizens in connection with them there aren’t enough information, so they couldn’t be categorized, but “intellectuals” represented this stratum, they could take over the leading role in Nagybánya from craftsmen at the end of 16th century.

Galib Šljivo: Historija Bosne i Hercegovine 1788. – 1878. (edicija u 12 knjiga)

Author(s): Izet Šabotić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 41/2016

An Unknown Late Variant of the ‘Naissance du Roi de Rome’ Medal

Author(s): Agnieszka Fulińska / Language(s): English Issue: 10/2015

The paper examines the iconography, chronology and possiblecircumstances of the production of a medal belonging to the collection of the NumismaticCabinet of the National Museum in Krakow, which combines the diesknown from Napoleonic-period original medallic production to produce an obverse/reverse type absent from existing catalogues and literature on the subject. Themedal relates to the birth of the King of Rome (after 1818 known as the Dukeof Reichstadt), son of Napoleon I and Marie-Louise of Austria, in 1811 but wasstruck in the mid-19th century, most likely under the Second Empire.

Az ormányi református templom kutatása

Author(s): Tamás Emődi,Loránd Nagy / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: I/2006

The village of Ormány in Kolozs county lies west from the Kis-Szamos valley, between the hills on the banks of the river Szamos. In the middle Ages the village belonged to the Interior-Szolnok county. The village church was built between the end of the 13th century and the 1330s, but due to the frequent changes of ownership it is difficult to decide whether its builder was the land-steward Rénold, from the Kökényes-Radnót kindred (before 1322), Simon bailiff of the Széklers from the Kacsics kindred (in the 1320s) or Dénes Losonci and his sons (from the 1330s). The only medieval data about the church that once belonged to the deanery of Szolnok, is the name of the church's cleric, András on the papal title-sheets from 1332-37. Here the reformation might have happened around the middle of the 16th century. In the course of the 19th century its population decreased considerably, and by 1999 its flock died out completely. At the beginning of the 1990s the roof of the church fell in, hence its condition is continually waning, its walls are damaged by rainwater and freezing, and weed grows inside the building. The furniture (and the equipment) was either carried away or it perished. Therefore, there was a great need to exploit and to document the present conditions and its disappearing values, at the same time, and as it turned out, its so far hidden wall-paintings (frescoes) provides further reasons for a hoped-for intervention. From the result of the wall-explorations done in 2002, it can be asserted that the single-aisled church was built in a single building period. The sacristy with a semi-cylindrical vault joins the square shaped cross-vaulted chancel in the north, with buttresses on its eastern corners. This type of plan is identical with that of the churches from Ördöngösfuzes (Fizeşu Gherlii), Bádok (Bădeşti) and Krasznacégény (Ţeghea). The early-gothic profiling gate-frames and its round-arched windows with a considerably large opening are of the same age. Similar gates and windows are to be found in the reformed churches of Boroskrakkó (Cricău), Sárd (Şard), Méra(Mera) and Magyarborzás (Bozieş). During the exploration it turned out that the walls of the chancel are covered with a multi-layer painting. Probably soon after the building of the church consecration crosses were painted on the walls, out of which seven could be identified. The second paint layer from the northern chancel consisted of a figural depiction in a frame of geometrical patterns. From this painting only Christ's head and a cross and a glory lasted, with the HC XC inscription in Greek Ietters and a small detail of a cross with an arched stalk. The frame ornament resembles the frescoes of the churches from Kéménd (Chimindia), Abrudbánya (Abrud) and Néma (Nima) and, it can approximately be dated to the Sigismund of Luxembourg-era. Its theme cannot be identified unambiguously; it might have been a detail of a Vir Dolorum, a Crucifíxion or a Resurrection depiction, which created a composition with the tabernacle and related the sacrament of the altar to the Passion. The next painting displayed on the entire surface of the chancel, was probably a polychrome belt with geometrical patterns stretches, although larger coherent parts were found only on the lower part of the eastern wall. The fourth painting, in black, dates from the protestant period of the church, probably from the 18th century. At this time the margins of the windows and of the triumphal arch were ornamented with decorative stripes, on the sedilia was painted a vase with bouquets of flowers, and on the two sides of the eastern window excerpts from the gospels were placed.

Between London and Hanover. Succession to the English throne from the perspective of the memoirs and correspondence of Sophia of Hanover

Author(s): Pavla Chmelíková / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The present article primarily deals with the personality of Sophia of Hanover and her claims to the succession to the English throne. Sophia and her descendants (specifically George I) were appointed by the Act of Settlement as heirs to the throne upon the death of Anne Stuart. The life of Sophia, as well as her relations with the English monarchs and the Stuart family as such, will be outlined through the memoirs not only of Sophia herself but also of her family members, as well as through the correspondence of Sophie herself, including the English monarchs of the period under review.

Pożary Świdnicy. Gaszenie i zapobieganie na podstawie porządku ogniowego z roku 1682

Author(s): Bogusław Ulicki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 94/2024

The article outlines the most important issues of fire prevention and the organization of firefighting according to the fire order of 1682. The overview of the descriptions and memories about fires from 1313–1762 shows that they rarely had impact (and even then – to a limited extent) on the fire protection legislation issued by the city council. The appendix contains extensive descriptions of events recorded in 1313, 1393, 1420, 1528, 1633, 1716, 1757 and 1758, as well as the municipal guidelines written for street masters and the instructions for operating a fire pump.

Instituții, structuri și unități militare în Transilvania dualistă (1868-1914)

Author(s): Konrad Harris Gergely-Kiszella / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2023

Despite losing its political autonomy after the 1867 dualist reorganization of the Habsburg Monarchy, Transylvania remained an individual entity in the eyes of the armed forces. From an organizational standpoint, there were two level of military administration in Transylvania – the common Imperial and Royal Army, and the Royal Hungarian Territorial Forces. Each of these had their own command institutions and administrative structures, whose task was coordinating the military units stationed in the region, as well as the recruitment process. The Austro-Hungarian military establishment in Transylvania was by no means rigid throughout the dualist era, as it underwent a series of changes in accordance to the general evolution of the Habsburg armed forces.

UN CUTREMUR ÎN MAREA NEAGRĂ (1901), ÎNTR-O ÎNSEMNARE PE UN OCTOIH DIN JUDEȚUL VASLUI

Author(s): Cristina Maria Cîmpianu / Language(s): English,Romanian Issue: 6/2024

Old books are faithful witnesses of the fears and sufferings experienced by people throughout time. The earthquake is one of the geological phenomena that causes the greatest fear among people and animals, the Romanian territory being one of the Earth's seismic zones. This meant that, over time, the area's population inhabited by Romanians suffered greatly from earthquakes. Although the first records about these extreme phenomena were recorded in Slavic-Romanian chronicles from the XV-XVI centuries, most records about the earthquakes that took place in the Romanian Principalities belong to the founders, deacons, and clerics who wrote, from the perspective of eyewitnesses, on old manuscripts or printed books their impressions of these undesirable events. On the old books from the Husi Diocesan Museum, it was possible to identify no less than 20 earthquakes that occurred between the 18th and 19th centuries in the geographical area of the current Diocese of Husi and beyond. These events came especially with material damage and a lot of fear among the population, regardless of their social categories. Among the earthquakes reported in the old books from Huși, there is a short but valuable mention of a strong earthquake that occurred in the Black Sea in 1901.

Genealógiai emlékezet és tudatosság. A sárospataki Pataki család levéltára

Author(s): Andrea Fehér / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 11/2024

This article discusses a unique family archive from early modern Transylvania. The archive’s distinctiveness lies in the self-documentation efforts of successive generations of the Pataki family – intellectuals, primarily doctors – who produced numerous introspective and chronicle-like ego documents. Above all, it highlights the “loving care” with which the Pataki family preserved the written memory of their ancestors over three centuries. I will explore the construction and curation of the family archive through an inclusive examination of the Pataki family archives and the personal legacy of Jenő Pataki, which is inextricably linked to it. By approaching the archive not only as an object but also as a subject of enquiry, this paper focuses on the motivations of the family members involved in its creation. It examines how and why these repositories came into being, as well as the reasons later generations restructured, reshaped, and refashioned family memory.